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palat.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="gaeilge">
<title>Root Inflexion</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Cúig Déag:</span></h1>
<h1>
<span class="red">Root Inflexion (Infhilleadh na fréimhe)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#caol">Caolú</a> Palatalisation
<br><a href="#entpalat">Leathnú</a> Depalatalisation
<br>
<a href="#synkope">Coimriú</a> Syncopation<br>
<a href="#stimmlos">Díghlórú</a> change from voiced to an unvoiced consonant</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p id="oben">There are many changes of the final sound or <b>inflexions (infhillteacha)</b> some with various flexion suffixes, e.g. plural suffixes like <i>-tha, -a, -í, -anna, -acha</i> or verb suffixes like <i>-im, -ann, -tar</i> etc. This is known as <b>outward flexion</b>.
<br>
This is the case in all inflected languages.
<br>
The more importantly described flexions are those in the <i>word stem </i> or <i>word root </i>, which many languages demonstrate. In German these are the phonetic mutation progressions (Ab- and Umlaute) like <i>"lauf, lief, ging, gegangen"</i>, etc. One terms this as <b>inner flexion </b>
<br>
Those root changes typical in Irish are similar to the German mutations through old, yet often lost suffixes, which once affected the word root (comp. dt. Fuß - Füße, ir. fear - fir [originally: fer - firi])
<br>
As opposed to German, in Irish the changes in <i>slenderness</i> of the final consonants are in the foreground and not the vowels (comp. <i>bord - boird</i> [bord - bord'])
<br>
Syncopation is also to be found in German (e.g. wechseln, ich wechsle)
<h2 id="caol">
<i class="red">Palatalisation (an Caolú)</i></h2>
<i>Caolú</i> (ir.) = slenderisation (of a consonant)
<br>
<i>Palatum </i>(lat.) = palate; slender consonants are formed more in the hard (bony) part of the palate.
<p>This is no more than that a <a href="ortho.htm#caollecaol">"broad"</a> consonant is replaced with its <a href="ortho.htm#caollecaol">"slender"</a> component.
<br>
Because slender and broad consonants are denoted orthographically by appropriate vowels in their proximity, it follows that:
<br>
In
<i>written Irish </i> this is mostly noted <b>by
an inserted <span class="red">i</span></b>.
<p>e.g. bád (a boat)
<i>becomes</i> bá<b class="red">i</b>d
(of a boat or boats)
<br>
So, the <i>broad d</i> in bád becomes <i>slender d</i> in báid.
<p>Partially there are also certain mutations
necessary for the preceding vowels, that then again almost remind one on the German Ablaute and Umlaute:
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>vowel</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-ea-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-ea-</td>
<td class="red bold">-éa-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ia-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ío-</td>
<td class="red bold">-io-</td>
<td class="red bold">-iu-</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>becomes</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-i-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-ei-</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-éi-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-éi-</td>
<td class="red bold">-í-</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><i>example</i></td>
<td><i>man</i></td>
<td><i>horse</i></td>
<td><i>bird</i></td>
<td><i>fish</i></td>
<td><i>chirp</i></td>
<td><i>fair</i></td>
<td><i>wet</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>nom.</td>
<td>f<b>ea</b>r</td>
<td><b>ea</b>ch</td>
<td><b>éa</b>n</td>
<td><b>ia</b>sc</td>
<td>b<b>ío</b>g</td>
<td>f<b>io</b>nn</td>
<td>fl<b>iu</b>ch</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>palat.</td>
<td>f<b>i</b>r</td>
<td><b>ei</b>ch</td>
<td><b>éi</b>n</td>
<td><b>éi</b>sc</td>
<td>b<b>í</b>ge</td>
<td>f<b>i</b>nn</td>
<td>fl<b>i</b>che</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>e.g.: f<b class="red">ea</b>r (a man) <i>becomes</i> f<b class="red">i</b>r (of a man or men)
<br>
So, the <i>broad r</i>
in fear becomes <i>slender r</i> in fir
<br>
Additional vowel mutations (real Ablaute e.g. <i>mac - mic</i>) are more the exception than the rule.
<p>Caolú aids in the formation of
<ul>
<li>the genitive and vocative in the <a href="1dekl.htm">1st declension</a> of nouns (e.g. an fear - an fhir - a fhir)</li>
<li>the weak plural of the <a href="1dekl.htm">1st declension</a> of nouns (e.g. an fear - na fir)</li>
<li>the genitive of the <a href="2dekl.htm">2nd declension</a> of nouns + suffix -e (e.g. an lámh - na láimhe)</li>
<li>the (old) dative and the dual of the <a href="2dekl.htm">2nd declension</a> of nouns (e.g. an lámh - ar an láimh - dhá láimh)</li>
<li>the genitive of the <a href="adjekt3.htm#erste">1st declension</a> of adjectives, in the feminine form + suffix -e (e.g. fliuch - fliche)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="entpalat"><i class="red">Depalatalisation (an Leathnú)</i></h2>
<i>Leathnú</i> (ir.) = broadening (of a consonant)
<br>
Synonyms: <i>velarisation, attenuation</i>.
<p>This means a <a href="ortho.htm#caollecaol">"slender"</a> consonant is replaced with a <a href="ortho.htm#caollecaol">"broad"</a> consonant.
<br>
(opposite principle of palatalisation)
<br>
In
<i>written Irish </i> <b>mostly only an <span class="red">i</span> is omitted </b>:
<p>e.g. abha<b class="red">i</b>nn (a river) <i>becomes</i> abhann (of a river)
<br>
So, the <i>slender -nn</i> in abhainn becomes <i>broad -nn </i>in abhann
<p>Sometimes more complex mutations need to be taken in the vowels (<span class="red">i zu ea</span>,
etc., partially the reverse of palatalisation, s.o.)
<br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>vowel</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-ei-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-éi-</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
<td class="red bold">-í-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ui-</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>becomes</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-ea-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-éa-</td>
<td align="CENTER"><b class="red">-ea-</b></td>
<td class="red bold">-ío-</td>
<td class="red bold">-o-</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><i>example</i></td>
<td><i>bite</i></td>
<td><i>tinker</i></td>
<td><i>honey</i></td>
<td><i>whistle</i></td>
<td><i>blood</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>nom.</td>
<td>gr<b>ei</b>m</td>
<td>tinc<b>éi</b>r</td>
<td>m<b>i</b>l</td>
<td>feada<b>í</b>l</td>
<td>f<b>ui</b>l</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>depalat.</td>
<td>gr<b>ea</b>ma</td>
<td>tinc<b>éa</b>ra</td>
<td>m<b>ea</b>la</td>
<td>feada<b>ío</b>la</td>
<td>f<b>o</b>la</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>e.g.: Éir<b class="red">i</b>nn (Ireland) <i>becomes</i> Éir<b class="red">ea</b>nn (of Ireland)
<br>
so, the <i>slender -nn</i> in Éirinn becomes a <i>broad -nn</i> in Éireann
<p>Leathnú aids in the formation of:
<ul>
<li> the genitive of the nouns of the <a href="3dekl.htm">3rd declension </a> (e.g. mil - meala)</li>
<li> the genitive of many nouns of the <a href="5dekl.htm">5th declension</a> (e.g. Éirinn - Éireann)</li>
<li> the genitive of the adjectives of the <a href="adjekt3.htm#zweite">2nd declension </a> (e.g. bródúil - bródúla)</li>
<li> the form of some <a href="verbnom.htm">verbal nouns </a> (e.g. cuir - cur)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="synkope"><i class="red">Syncopation (an Coimriú)</i></h2>
<i>Coimriú</i> (ir.) = (syllable-)shortening, also <i>Meánchoimriú</i> = middle(syllable-)shortening<br>
<i>syncopation</i> (griech.) = shrinking, shortening
<p>Syncopation occurs in bi- and polysyllabic words.
<br>
Syncopation means that <b>the vowel of the last syllable of the stem is omitted </b>. (e.g. <i>in<b>i</b>s zu insíonn</i>)
<br>
So, the originally bisyllabic word stem is shortened and monosyllabic (<i>in<b>i</b>s zu ins-</i>)
<p>This always occurs when the following <i><b class="lightgreen">3 characteristics </b></i> come together:
<ol>
<li>
the vowel of the last syllable is unstressed and without accent <br>
(e.g. the second <i>i in in<b>i</b>s = tell </i>)</li>
<li>
this vowel is between a liquid (<b>l, m, n, r</b>) and another consonant<br>
(e.g. <i>n in i<b>n</b>is</i>)</li>
<li>to such a polysyllabic word an <b>additional</b> conjugation, declension, plural or other <i><b>suffix</b></i>
is added <br>
(e.g. <i>inis</i> + suffix <i>-íonn: insíonn</i>)</li>
</ol>
There are a few <i><b class="lightgreen">rules</b></i>:
<ul>
<li>Syncopation also leads to a mutation of vowels/consonants in the first syllable, if the rule <a href="ortho.htm#caollecaol">"Caol le caol"</a> (slender with slender) requires:
<br>
e.g.: <i>r<b>a</b>mhar - r<b>ai</b>mhre, d<b>o</b>mhain - d<b>oi</b>mhne</i></li>
<li><b>nn, ll, rr</b> are shortened to <b>l, n, r</b>. e.g. <i>aoibh<b>inn</b> - aoibh<b>n</b>e</i> (not: <i>aibhnne</i>)</li>
<li>If combinations occur through syncopation like <i><b>ln / nl / dl</b></i>, then <i><b>ll</b></i> is written instead. Instead of <b><i>dn / nd</i></b> then <i><b>nn</b></i>.
<br>
e.g.: <i>álai<b>nn</b> - ái<b>ll</b>e</i> (instead of: <i>ái<b>ln</b>e</i>) or <i>óla<b>nn</b> - ó<b>ll</b>a</i> (instead of: <i>ó<b>ln</b>a</i>)
<br>
(The exception in written Irish of a retained -dl-: <i>codail - codladh</i>. The pronunciation of <i>codladh</i> is however [koL@], as if one had written<i>*colladh</i>).</li>
</ul>
<p>a few important <b><i class="lightgreen">examples:</i></b>
<ul>
<li>
preceding conjugation suffixes of syncopating verbs, mostly of the <a href="typ2.htm">2nd conjugation ending in -il, -ir, -in</a>, partially also -is (if a l, m, n, r comes in front of it, see above)
<br>
e.g.: <i>cos<b>ai</b>n - cosnaíonn</i>, <i>im<b>i</b>r - imríonn</i>, <i>in<b>i</b>s - insíonn</i>, etc.</li>
<li>
in the <a href="adjekt3.htm">declination of adjectives </a>: e.g. the feminine genitive suffix -e, plural suffix-a, -e:
<br>
e.g.: <i>an bhean ramh<b>a</b>r = the fat woman - na mná raimhre = of the fat woman - na mná ramhra = the fat women </i></li>
</ul>
Some words resist syncopation: e.g. <i>freastail</i>: <i>freastalaíonn</i> instead of incorrectly <i>*freastlaíonn</i> (possibly because <i>-stal-</i> sounds better than <i>-stl-</i>). The only thing that helps here is a feel for the language.
<h2 id="stimmlos"><i><span class="red">change from voiced to unvoiced (an Díghlórú)</span></i></h2>
<p>This only occurs before an ending that begins with [h] beginnen. It is especially the future suffixes with <i>f-</i> and verb- and verbal adjective endings with <i>th-</i>.
<br>
The voiced consonants <i>b, d, g, bh, mh</i> are devoiced by the [h], which [h] mutes, <i>-bth-</i> is then spoken [p].
<br>
Often, even the spelling is simplified since the spelling reform: <i>dth > dt, mhth > f, bhth > f</i>
<p>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td width="89"> </td><td width="98"><b>b</b></td><td width="84"><b>d</b></td><td width="93"><b>g</b></td><td width="111"><b>bh</b></td><td width="143"><b>mh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>ending with f-</td>
<td><i>-bf-</i></td><td><i>-df-</i></td><td><i>-gf-</i></td><td><i>-bhf-</i></td><td><i>-mhf-</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>ending with th-</td>
<td><i>-bth-</i></td><td><i>-dt- (-dth-)</i></td><td><i>-gth-</i></td><td><i>-f-(-bhth-)</i></td><td><i>-f-(-mhth)-</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>pronunciation</td><td>[p]</td><td>[t]</td><td>[k]</td><td>[f]</td><td>[f]</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>examples</td><td><i>scuabfaidh sé<br>scuabtha</i></td><td><i>goidfidh sé<br>goidte</i></td><td><i>pógfaidh sé<br>pógtha</i></td><td><i>scríobhfaidh sé<br>scríofa</i></td><td><i>snámhfaidh sé<br>snáfa</i></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>translation</td>
<td><i>he will sweep <br>
swept</i></td>
<td><i>he will steal <br>
stolen</i></td>
<td><i>he will kiss <br>
kissed</i></td>
<td><i>he will write <br>
written</i></td>
<td><i>he will swim <br>
swum</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>One should not confuse the consoant cluster -bhf- within a word with the bhf- as an eclipsis of f-. The latter is spoken [v/w].
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/palat.htm">view original German</a></body>
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