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modal.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>modal constructs</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Trí / Caibidil a Trí Déag</span></h1>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">Modals and Auxilliary verbs
(na Briathra Módúla agus Cúnta)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><a href="#müssen">must</a>
<br><a href="#sollen">should</a>
<br><a href="#können">can</a>
<br><a href="#dürfen">may</a></td>
<td><a href="#mögen">like</a>
<br><a href="#wollen">want</a>
<br><a href="#brauchen">need</a>
<br><a href="#haben">have</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="erl"><span class="lightgreen">explanations</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>In Irish there are virtually <b>no real modal verbs</b>. <br>
One exception is <i>féad = can</i><br>
<br>
</li>
<li>Instead of them, one expresses these through certain <i><b>idiomatic expressions</b></i>.
<ul type="square">
<li>They mostly contain the "auxilliary verb" <i><a href="bi.htm">bí</a></i>
(present tense: tá) or die <i><a href="kopul1.htm">copula</a></i>
(present tense: is).</li>
<li>The related conditional form (must, could, should...) comes from the
use of the conditional form of the auxilliary verb (<i>bheadh</i> instead
of tá , <i>ba</i> instead of is etc.)</li>
<li>Many of these expressions are formed with prepositions. The preposition
introduces the actual (logical) subject, although in copular clauses,
it is grammatically part of the predicate or in sentences with bí,
an indirect object.</li>
<li>The copula with the preposition <i><a href="do.htm">do</a></i> + log.
subject gives the objective portrayal: e.g.: <i>B'éigean dom =
I would have to</i></li>
<li>The copula with the preposition <i><a href="le.htm">le</a></i> + log.
subject gives the subjective assessment: <i>ní foláir liom
= I think it is necessary</i> <br>
This is especially necessary in modal expressions of <i>wants, likes</i>
: <i>Is maith liom = I like, ba mhaith liom = I would like</i></li>
<li>By omitting the preposition + subject, it takes on a passive meaning:
e.g.: <i>B'éigean = man müßte, ní foláir
= it is necessary, is féidir = it is possible, b'fheidir = it would
be possible = maybe</i>.</li>
<li>Some other verbs have modal submeanings if they appear in certain tenses
(e.g.: <i>caithfidh = must, glacadh = should</i>)</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li>Mostly, "modal verbs" of musts, shoulds and cans are supplemented by <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infin">infinitive
constructions</a> (like in German: Ich muß <i>das Haus streichen</i>=I
must paint the house). With objects, the preposition <i>to</i> appears (as
opposed to the German): <i>Caithfidh mé an teach a phéinteáil
= lit.: "use-will I (= I must), the house to paint"</i><br>
<br>
</li>
<li>Just like in German/English, go/nach-clauses that supplemented modal constructions
of musts, shoulds and coulds have the meaning "it must/must be so, that",
"it could be so, that", "it should be so, that..." ("<b>epistemic modal verbs</b>"),
whereby certainly also here infinitive constructions are possible. <br>
<br>
</li>
<li>an <b>auxilliary verb <i>have</i> also doesn't exist</b>, <br>
As a substitute of the verb <i><a href="#haben">have</a></i> one uses the
verb <i>bí</i> and the preposition <i><a href="ag.htm">ag</a></i>
or sometimes <i><a href="ar.htm">ar</a></i> <br>
In Irish one "<i>has</i>" nothing, but it "is <i>by</i> or <i>on</i> one"
<br>
<i><a href="#besitzen">Ownership</a></i> is expressed via the copula with
the preposition <i><a href="le.htm">le</a></i> , "one owns" nothing, it "is
<i>with</i> one"</li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<b>*</b><font size="-1">With </font><font size="-1"><b><span class="lightblue">"subject"</span>/<span class="lilac">"object"</span></b>
, we are speaking here of the word, which in German would have the subject- or
object function. In Irish,in constructions with bí it is mostly the other
way around, ... in copular constructions, that which is termed here as the "subject"
is actually part of the predicate and the following subordinating clause or infinitive
construction is actually the <i>grammatical subject</i> of the sentence. <br>
The word called "subject" is also in Irish understood as the <i>logical subject</i>
of the statement. "subject" is therefore the one who "must", "can",
"should", "may" etc. <br>
Abbreviations: <b class="lilac">VN</b> for verbal noun or infinitive
construction ("infinitive with to": object + verbal noun), <b class="lilac">go</b>
for a go/nach-clause ("that").</font>
<hr width="100%">
<h3 id="müssen"><span class="lightgreen">I must.../would have to</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="red">ar</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Tá orm imeacht = I must go</i> (lit. "is on me to go") <br>
<i>Bhéadh ar Sheán a theacht = Séan would have to come</i>(lit.:
"would be on Seán to come")</li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="red">ag</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span>
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span>*</b>
<br>
This is an obvious borrowing from the English (comp. "to have to": bí
ag = have, le = (in order) to). <br>
<i>Tá agam le dul = I must go</i> ("I have to go") </li>
<li><b class="red">caithfidh</b> (= future tense of caith [use,
throw etc].) + <b><span class="lightblue">subject</span> + <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Caithfidh mé imeacht = I must go </i>(lit.: "use will I to go")
<br>
After <i>má (if)</i>, a habit. present tense form of caith in the meaning
"must" is allowed and necessary (because the future after má is always
prohibited): <br>
<i>Má chaitheann sé imeacht = if he must go</i> <br>
Otherwise (except in Munster) besides the future- only conditional forms of
caith are common. <br>
<i>Chaithfinn imeacht = I would have to go </i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span> + <span class="red">éigean</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b> (especially in the preterite <b class="red">b'éigean
do</b>, is also common as a substitute for earlier in the present tense
sense <i>caithfidh</i> ) <br>
<i>B'éigean dom é a dheanamh = I had to do it</i> (lit. "was
a force to me, it to do")</li>
<li>negative form of the copula <b><span class="red">ní</span>
+ <span class="red">mór</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Ní mór duit bheith anseo = You must be here</i> (lit.: "is
not big to you, to be here")</li>
<li>negative form of the copula <b><span class="red">ní</span>
+ <span class="red">foláir</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Ní foláir dom é a rá = I must say it </i>(lit.:
" is not too-much to me, to to say")</li>
<li>An impersonal "must" in the sense of conditions and obvious necessities,
the following expressions are used:
<ul type="disc">
<li>in the preterite: <b class="red">b'éigean dó
go</b> lit.: "was force to that, that" <br>
<i>B'éigean dó gur thit a gcodladh orthu = She must have
fallen asleep</i></li>
<li>in the present tense: <b class="red">ní folair nó</b>
lit.: "not-is too much or" (or <i>ní folair</i> at the end of the
sentence.) <br>
<i>Ní folair nó tá sí tinn = Tá sí
tinn, ní folair = She must be sick</i></li>
<li>in the present tense/future tense: <b class="red">caithfidh
(sé) go</b> lit.: "will-use, that" <br>
<i>Caithfidh go bhfuil sí ann = She must be there then</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="sollen"><span class="lightgreen">I should .../should have</span></h3>
<ol>
<li><b class="red">imperative</b>: <br>
<i>Tagadh Seán = Seán should come! </i>(lit.: "Seán,
come / it should come Seán! ")</li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">ceart</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Is ceart do Shéan a theacht = Seán should come</i> (lit.:
"is right to Seán to come") <br>
<i>Ba ceart do Sheán a theacht = Seán should have come</i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">cóir</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Ba chóir duit é a dheanamh = You should do it </i>(lit.:
"would be right to you it to do")</li>
<li><b><span class="red">ghlacfadh</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span></b> (only in Ulster, only conditional of
the verb glac = accept) <br>
<i>Ghlacfainn imeacht = I should better go</i> (lit.: "I-would-accept to go")</li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">beite</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span></b>
<br>
<i>beite</i> is the"<b>participle of necessity</b>" of <i>bí</i> <br>
<i>Is beite do dhuine Dia a ghuí = One should pray to God</i> (lit.:
"is necessary-to-be to person God to pray")</li>
<li>Instead of <i>beite,</i> it is theoretically possible to form a <a href="verbadj.htm">participle
of necessity</a> with any verb (form = verbal adjective) and then to make
a statement closer to the "should, must" construct. But this participle
is hardly useful if then in the negated form: "it is not necessary to ...":
<br>
e.g.: <i>Ní gearánta ar an aimsir duit = There is no reason
for you to be complaining about the weather</i></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="können"><span class="lightgreen">I can..../could</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span> + <span class="red">féidir</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b> <br>
<i>Is féidir liom Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish </i>
(lit. "is possible with me Irish to write") <br>
<i>Ach ní féidir liom Rúisis a scríobh = But I
can not write Russian</i> <br>
<i>B'fhéidir go bhfuil sé ann = It could be (= maybe) it's here</i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="red">in ann / in acmhainn / in inmhe / abalta</span></b>
+ <b class="lilac">VN</b> (this is limited to "to have the
ability to do something") <br>
<i>Tá mé in ann Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish
</i> (in Connacht) <br>
<i>Tá mé abalta Gaeilge a scríobh = I can write Irish</i>
(in Ulster and Munster) <br>
(after <i>ann, aicmhe, inmhe</i> the genitive may follow, because these are
nouns: <i>in aicmhe a dhéanta = able to do it</i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">tig</span> + <span class="red">le</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>* + <span class="lilac">VN</span></b>
(tig is actually the Ulster variant of tagann, the present tense of <a href="tar.htm">tar</a>
= to come.) Besides in the present tense (tig in Connacht, thig in Ulster)
it is only common in the conditional (tiocfadh). <br>
<i>Tig le Pól é a dhéanamh = Paul can do it</i> (lit.:
"coming with Pól it to do") <br>
<i>Thiocfadh le Pól é a dhéanamh = Paul could do it</i>
(lit.: "would be-coming with Pól it to do") </li>
<li>the "real" modal verb <b class="red">féad</b> =
can (all tenses possible) is rather rare: <br>
<i>Nach bhféadfá fanacht? = Couldn't you stay?</i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span> + <span class="lightblue">sé</span>
+ <span class="red">ar cumas</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span></b> ("subject" in the genitive or instead
of it a possessive pronoun) <br>
<i>Tá sé ar mo chumas é a dheanamh = I can do it </i>(lit.:
"is it on my ability it to do"</li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="red">i gcumas</span> + <span class="lilac">VN</span></b>
<br>
<i>Tá mé i gcumas é a dheanamh = I can do it</i> (lit.:
"am I in ability it to do")</li>
<li>Certain abilities are not a matter of can, but of <i>having</i> (see below:
<a href="#haben">have</a>): form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span> + <span class="red">ag</span> +
<span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b> <br>
<i>Tá Gaeilge agam = I can speak Irish</i> (lit.: "is Irish by me /
I have Irish") <br>
<i>Tá léamh / snámh agam = I can read / swim</i></li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">faigh</span> + <span class="lilac">VN</span></b>
<br>
The verb <a href="faigh.htm">faigh</a> means actually <i>to receive</i>. Here
is in the sense of "to get the hang of something" <br>
<i>Fuair sé an obair a dhéanamh = He could do the work</i> (lit.:
"he got (the hang of) the work to do")</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="dürfen"><span class="lightgreen">I could..../may</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="red">cead</span>
+ <span class="red">ag</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Tá cead ag an bhfear fuisce a ól = the man may drink whiskey
</i>(lit.: "is allowance by the man whiskey to drink")</li>
<li><b class="red">féadfaidh</b> (form of <i>féad</i> in the future tense)
+ <b><span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">VN</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Féadfaidh tú imeacht anois = you can/may go now.</i> (lit.:
"can-will you go now") </li>
<li>A form of <b><span class="red">is</span> + <span class="red">miste</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span></b> (+ recipient), actually.: "to bother
someone " is often used in requests for permission (and the answers to that):
<br>
<i>Ar mhiste leat mé a dhul ansin? = May I go there?</i> (= would it
you bother, if I went there?)</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="mögen"><span class="lightgreen">I like..../would like</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span> + <span class="red">maith</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">object/VN/go</span></b> <br>
<i>Ba mhaith liom fuisce a ól = I would like to drink whiskey </i>
(lit.: "would be good with-me whiskey to drink") <br>
To emphasise, one can use <b><span class="red">is</span> + <span class="red">breá</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span></b> instead of that. <br>
<i>Ba bhreá liom fuisce a ól = I would like a lot to drink whiskey
</i> (lit.: "would be nice with-me whiskey to drink")</li>
<li>Form des verbs <b><span class="red">taitin</span> + <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span> + <span class="lightblue">subject</span></b>*
<br>
<i>Taitníonn iasc liom = I like fish</i> (lit.: "pleases fish with-me")
<br>
<i>Thaitin an capall leis = He liked the horse</i></li>
</ol>
<h3 class="lightgreen">I would rather ...</h3>
<ol>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">fearr</span>
+ <span class="red">le </span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">object/VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Is fearr liom tae ná caife = I like/would rather tea than coffee</i>
(lit.: "is better with me tea than coffee")</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="wollen"><span class="lightgreen">I want ...</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">ó</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Tá braon fuisce uaim = I want some whiskey</i> (lit.: "is a drop
of whiskey from me")</li>
<li>form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="red">ó</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Tá uaim fuisce a ól = I want to drink whiskey </i> (lit.:
"is from me, whiskey to drink")</li>
<li>
<b><span class="red">Teastaíonn</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">ó</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Teastaíonn arán uaidh = He wants/needs bread </i>(lit.: "is
need of bread from him")</li>
<li><b><span class="red">Teastaíonn</span>
+ <span class="red">ó</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Teastaíonn uaim fuisce a ól = I want to drink whiskey </i>
(lit.: "need from me, whiskey to drink")</li>
<li>copula <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">mian / áil</span>
+ <span class="red">le </span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">object/VN/go</span></b>
<br>
<i>Is mian liom é a dhéanamh = I want/wish, to do it </i> (lit.:
"is desire with-me, it to do" <br>
<i>"mian"</i> can as the desired object also be carried as the genitive attribute
: <i>mian a dhéanta = desire, to do it</i> (lit.: "desire of its doing")</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="brauchen"><span class="lightgreen">I need ...</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="red">gá</span>
+ <span class="red">ag</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="red">le</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span></b>
<br>
<i>Tá gá aige leis an bpeann = He needs the pen</i> (lit.: "is
necessity by-him with the pen")</li>
<li>
<b><span class="red">Teastaíonn</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">ó</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
This can both be a "want" or "need" depending on the context (where one only
should want what man really needs :-)) <br>
<i>Teastaíonn arán uaidh = He wants/needs bread</i>(lit.: "is
need of bread from him")</li>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">de dhíth ar</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Tá braon fuisce de dhíth orm = I want/need some whiskey</i>
(lit.: "is a drop of whiskey of loss on me")</li>
<li>copula <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">gá</span>
+ <span class="red">do</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*
+ <span class="lilac">VN/go</span></b>
<br>
Something that is necessary to be done, <i>must</i> be dome, what isn't necessary,
<i>needs not</i> to be done. <br>
<i>Is gá dom é a dhéanamh = I must do it</i> (lit.: "is
necessity to-me, it to do") <br>
<i>Ní gá duit é a dhéanamh = You must/need not
do it</i> (lit.: "not-is necessity to-you, it to do")</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="haben"><span class="lightgreen">I have ....</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">ag</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Tá teach agam = I have a house </i>(lit.: "is house by-me") <br>
<i>Níl carr againn = We have no car</i> (lit.: "not-is car by-us")
<br>
<i>Bhí cúpla leabhar ag Síle = Síle had a couple
of books</i> (lit.: "was couple of book by Síle")</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="zustand"><i class="lightgreen">I have... (phys./psych. conditions,
sicknesses, parts, names)</i></h4>
<ul>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">bí</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>
+ <span class="red">ar</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Níl ocras orm = I have no hunger</i> (lit.: "not-is hunger on-me")
<br>
<i>Beidh tart uirthi = She will have thirst</i> (lit.: "will-be thirst on-her")
<br>
<i>Bhí áthas ar an bhfear = The man was happy</i> (lit.: "was
happiness on the man") <br>
<i>Tá slaghdán ar an gcailín = The girl has a cold</i>
<br>
<i>Tá féasóg ar an seanfhear = The old man has a beard</i>
<br>
<i>Tá doirse móra ar an teach = The house has big doors </i>(lit.:
"are doors big on the house") <br>
<i>Cén t-ainm atá ort? = What is your name?</i> (lit.:"which
name, that-is on-you?") <br>
<i>Seán an t-ainm atá orm. = I'm Seán</i> (lit.: Seán
the name, that-is on-me)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="besitzen"><i class="lightgreen">I have .... (own)</i></h4>
<ul>
<li>
form of <b><span class="red">is</span>
+ <span class="red">le</span>
+ <span class="lightblue">subject</span>
+ <span class="lilac">object</span>*</b>
<br>
<i>Is liom an carr seo = This car is mine</i> (lit.: "is with me the car this")
<br>
<i>Is le Pól an teach = The house belongs to Paul </i>(lit.: "is with
Paul the house")</li>
</ul>
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<center><a href="modal.htm#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="verben.htm">verbs</a>
<br>
<a href="satz1.htm">sentences and syntax</a> <br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
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