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eklipse.htm
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eklipse.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Eclipsis</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Ceathair Déag: </span></h1>
<h1>
<span class="red">Initial Mutations (na hAthruithe Tosaigh)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">Eclipsis (an tUrú)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b><i class="red">Eclipsis</i></b> (griech.:omission, disappearance) is the substitution of the <b><i>unvoiced </i></b>consonants with the corresponding <b><i>voiced</i></b> ones (<i>c </i>becomes<i> g, f </i>becomes<i> bh, t </i>becomes<i> d, p </i>becomes<i> b</i>).
<br>
<b><i>Voiced</i></b> consonants are then replaced with <b><i>nasals</i></b> (<i>b</i> becomes <i>m</i>, <i>d</i> becomes <i>n</i>, <i>g</i> becomes <i>ng</i>). This is why eclipsis is sometimes called <b><i class="red">nasalisation</i></b>.
<p>Here is some background about the <a href="sindos.htm">causes</a> of eclipsis.
<h3>
<b id="schreib" class="lightgreen">about the written notation of eclipsis:</b></h3>
<ul>
<li>In written Irish, the consonant replacement appears <i>in addition </i> to the consonant being replaces, the latter disappears in speech ("ng" is only the velar nasal without the g , as in the German: "lang")</li>
<li>in titles and similar capitalisations, the eclipsing letter appears in lowercase, the eclipsed one in uppercase: <i>mB, gC, nD, bhF, nG</i>, etc. e.g.: <i>i gConnachta = in Connacht, i nGaeilge = in Irish, i mBéarla = in English</i></li>
<li>preceding a vowel one inserts an n- (see <a href="thnd.htm#n">n-prefix</a>)</li>
</ul>
<table border width="30%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>consonant</b></td>
<td class="red bold">eclipsed</td>
<td><b>spoken</b></td>
<td><b>consonant</b></td>
<td class="red bold">eclipsed</td>
<td><b>spoken</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>b</b></td>
<td class="red bold">mb</td>
<td> [m]</td>
<td><b>g</b></td>
<td class="red bold">ng</td>
<td>[ng]</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>c</b></td>
<td class="red bold">gc</td>
<td>[g]</td>
<td><b>p</b></td>
<td class="red bold">bp</td>
<td>[b]</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>d</b></td>
<td class="red bold">nd</td>
<td>[n]</td>
<td><b>t</b></td>
<td class="red bold">dt</td>
<td>[d]</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>f</b></td>
<td class="red bold">bhf</td>
<td>[v] / [w]</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table border width="30%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td nowrap><b>l, m, n, r, s</b>
<br>
(and<b>h, j, v, w, z</b>)</td>
<td class="red bold">no eclipsis</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="besond"><span class="lightgreen">Besonderheiten:</span></h3>
<b class="red">d, t</b> are (except in Munster) <b><i>not</i></b> eclipsed after a preposition + article! e.g.:<i><span class="red">ar an teach </span> = on the house </i>
<br>
<b class="red">s</b> can is some dialects in Munster "be eclipsed". There, the unvoiced [s] is replaced with the voiced s [z], a sound which is otherwise foreign to Irish. This remains unnoted in written Irish. (e.g.: an sagart [@ sag@rt], ar an sagart [er' @ zag@rt])
<h3 id="verwend"><span class="lightgreen">Use:</span></h3>
<ol>
<li>after the prepositions <b class="red">ag, ar, as, le, mar, ó, faoi, roimh, thrí, thar, um</b> if <b><i>with the </i> article <span class="red">an</span></b>: (in Munster always, in Connacht by d, t no eclipsis as well as a t-prefix preceding s by femin. nouns) e.g.: <i>ar an mbord = on the table </i></li>
<li>after a preposition with an article <b class="red">sa</b> (in Connacht always, in Munster only by f, in the standard/Ulster, lenition):
<br>
e.g.: <i>sa bhfarraige = in the sea </i></li>
<li>after the preposition <b class="red">i</b> if <b><i>without</i> article</b> e.g.<i> i dteach = in a house </i> <br>
(similarly also after the archaic prepositions <i>go = with, iar = to </i>)</li>
<li>after the genitive plural article <b><span class="red">na</span> </b> e.g. <i>na dtithe = of the houses </i></li>
<li>after the plural possessive pronouns <b class="red">ár, bhur, a</b> e.g. <i>ár dteach = our house, a gcarr = their car </i></li>
<li>after the numbers <b class="red">7-10</b>, (17-19, 27-29 etc.) e.g.: <i>deich dteach = ten houses </i></li>
<li>verb after verbal particles / conjunctions <b class="red">an, go, nach, mura, dá, sula, ach a</b></li>
<li>verb after the interrogative <b class="red">cá</b> (in the meaning "where")</li>
<li>verb after the indirect relative particle <b class="red">a</b></li>
<li>verb after the generealising relative pronoun <b class="red">a</b> ("all, that ")
<br>
as well as after the expression <b class="red">diabhal a</b> ( = ní, "not", lit.: "devil all, that ")</li>
<li>after the prefix <b class="red">éa-</b> ( = "un-") Here, one leaves out the sound being eclipsed (<i>éa- + cóir = éagóir = injustice, éa + trom = éadrom = not heavy, light </i>)</li>
<li>in a few place names after those nouns which are normally things, e.g. <i>Loch nEachach (Lough Neagh)</i>, as well as after other nouns in the genitive plural, e.g. <i>Mainistir Ó dTorna (Abbeydorney)</i>, lit.: "Abbey of the O'Dorneys"</li>
</ol>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="anlaut1.htm">initial mutations </a>
<br>
<a href="lenition.htm">lenition</a>, <a href="thnd.htm">n-, t-, h-, d'-prefix</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/eklipse.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>