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chuig.htm
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chuig.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="die irische Präposition chuig">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Gaeilge, Irisch-Gälisch">
<title>The preposition chuig</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i class="red">chun, chuig = to, towards </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p><i>chun</i> stems from <b class="red">dochum</b> <i>< tochim</i>, an Old Irish verbal noun ("to step towards "), this is why it required the genitive. Prior to the spelling reform: <b class="red">chum</b>
<br>
The form <i>chuig</i> is a reversion of the personal form of the 3rd person <i>chuige</i>.
<br>
The personal forms once belonged to the preposition with the same meaning <a href="sonpraep.htm#go%20dti">go</a> = to (Old Irish. <i>co</i>), the forms came about in relevance to the forms of <i>ag</i>).
<p>In Munster, chun is actually pronounced [xun], in Connacht and Ulster only [un] or [@n].
<h3 class="lightgreen">Case</h3>
<p><i>chun</i> (moreso in Munster and in the standard) requires the <b>genitive</b>,
<br>
<i>chuig</i> (in Connacht and Ulster) requires the <b>dative</b> (in the dialect of Clare, chuig also takes the genitive)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations after chuig</h3>
<ul>
<li>without an article: no lenition or eclipsis e.g.<i> chuig cailín = to a girl </i></li>
<li>with the singular-article: <b>eclipsis</b> (except d,t) e.g.<i> chuig an gcailín = to the girl </i>
<ul type="square">
<li>in Munster, d,t also eclipses </li>
<li>in Connacht, <b>t-prefix</b> precedes femin. nouns with s-: <i>chuig an tsúil</i></li>
<li>in Ulster, always <b>lenition</b> e.g.: <i>chuig an chailín</i></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations after chun</h3>
<ul>
<li>without the article: <b>genitive,</b> without lenition e.g.: <i>chun buachalla = to a boy </i></li>
<li>with the article: <b>genitive</b> e.g.: <i>chun an bhuachalla = to the boy </i>
<br>
(<i>chun an/chun na</i> both in Ulster > <b class="red">'na</b>, e.g.: <i>dul chun an chnoic > goil 'na chnoic = go to the hill</i> )</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Interrogative</h3>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">Cé / cad chuige</b> = to whom, why?</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Combination of chuig/chun with personal pronouns </h3>
<table border width="51%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td><b>general</b></td>
<td><b>contrast form </b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td class="red bold">chugam</td>
<td class="red bold">chugamsa</td>
<td>to me </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you</td>
<td class="red bold">chugat</td>
<td class="red bold">chugatsa</td>
<td>to you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>he</td>
<td class="red bold">chuige</td>
<td class="red bold">chuigesean</td>
<td>to him </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>she</td>
<td class="red bold">chuici</td>
<td class="red bold">chuicise</td>
<td>to her </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>we</td>
<td class="red bold">chugainn</td>
<td class="red bold">chugainne</td>
<td>to us </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>you(pl)</td>
<td class="red bold">chugaibh</td>
<td class="red bold">chugaibhse</td>
<td>to you </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>they</td>
<td class="red bold">chucu</td>
<td class="red bold">chucusan</td>
<td>to them </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In <i>Connacht/Ulster</i>: chuig > [huig] > <a href="ag.htm">ag</a>. In place of <b><i>chuig</i></b> also <b><i>ag</i></b> is used. <br>
By pronominal forms, often those with h (<i>hagam, agam</i> statt <i>chugam</i> etc.) are found <br>
in <i>Munster</i>, the g is mostly(except in the 3rd pers. sg.) lenited: <b class="red">chugham</b>, <b class="red">chughat</b>, <b class="red">chuige</b>, <b class="red">chuichi</b>, <b class="red">chughainn</b>, <b class="red">chughaibh</b>, <b class="red">chuchu</b>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>directional <i>to</i></b>: e.g.: <i>scríobh chugam = write to me, dul chuig an dochtúir = go to the doctor </i>
<br>
also applied: cuir chun báis = <b>to</b> bring s.o. to their death, dul chun olcais = to turn bad, dul chun dearmaid = to be forgotten, chun bealaigh = <b>on</b> the way </li>
<li>also with town names with an article <b><i>to</i></b>: chun na Fraince = to France (instead of chun also <a href="do.htm">do</a>, <a href="sonpraep.htm#go%20dti">go dtí</a> is possible)</li>
<li><b>cause <i>for, because </i></b>: <i>rinne muid chuig glóire Dé é = we did it for the Glory of God </i></li>
<li><b>chuige</b> = especially (Adverb)</li>
<li><b>proximity <i>on, by </i></b> chun na gaoithe = <b>close to the </b> wind, chun mo laimhe
= <b>near to </b> my hand </li>
<li>chugat leat = away with you!</li>
<li><b>temporal <i>until, as soon as </i></b>: chun gur ghlaoigh an coileach
= no sooner did the cock crow </li>
<li><b>temporal by time of day <i>before</i></b> a ceathrú chun a dó = quarter to two (here also: a ceathrú don dó) or <b><i>almost, nearly </i></b> tá sé chun a dó = it is almost 2 O'clock.</li>
<li><b>with the verbal noun:</b> "<a href="verbnom1.htm#um%20zu">in order to </a>" <b>(intention,purpose):</b> chuig/chun an fhírinne a rá = (in order) to tell the truth, chun teanga a fhoghlaim = (in order) to learn a language, after chun here, mostly <b>no genitive</b> (instead of chun, also <a href="le.htm">le</a>)</li>
<li><b>with the verbal noun:</b> "<a href="verbnom1.htm#chun">ready to </a>" <b>(prepared / suitable <i>for</i>):</b> <i>tá an féar chun bainte = the grass is high enough to be cut; réidh chun ...= ready to,fear chun cainte = a man to talk, lá chun taistil = a day to travel, an aimsir chuige = fitting weather </i></li>
</ol>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
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<a href="https://braesicke.de/chuig.htm">view original German</a></body>
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