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adverb.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>Adverbs</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 id="Anfang"><span class="red">Caibidil a Dó Dhéag</span></h1>
<h1><span class="red">the adverbs (na dobhriathra) </span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<center><hr width="100%"></center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td> <a href="#reihenfolge">word order</a> <br>
<a href="#richt">locational and directional adverbs</a> <br>
<a href="#zeit">temporal adverbs</a> <br>
<a href="#adj">adverbs out of adjectives</a> <br>
<a href="#prep">adverbial pronouns</a>
<br><a href="#subst">adverbs out of nouns</a>
<br><a href="#tag">adverbs out of weekdays</a>
<br>
<a href="#zahl">adverbs out of numeral words</a> <br>
Interrogative adverbs (when, where, how) see <a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">interrogatives</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<p>Adverbs in Irish are unchangeable (no declension or conjugation). <br>
Those adverbs derived from adjectives cam however be incremented (the form is
the same as the adjective) </p>
<h2 id="reihenfolge"><span class="red">word order</span></h2>
<p>The adverb comes mostly:</p>
<ul>
<li><b><i>before</i></b> simple personal- or prepositional pronouns as the object<br>
e.g.: Bhí mo mhac inné agam = My son was yesterday by me.</li>
<li><b><i>after</i></b> emphatic pronouns ( -sa, féin, seo) <br>
e.g. Bhí mo mhac agamsa inné = My son was by me yesterday.</li>
<li>it can, like every other part of speech, move to the <b><i>beginning</i></b>
(as a copular construction), the rest as a dir. relative clause <br>
(Is) inné a bhí mo mhac agamsa. = Yesterday, my son was by me.
<br>
Inné (is ea) a bhí mo mhac agamsa. = Yesterday, my son was by
me.</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
<h2 id="richt"><span class="red">locational
and directional adverbs (dobhriathra treo agus suímh)</span></h2>
<p>Notice the common quartering, depending on a state of being (adverbs begin
often with <b><i class="red">th-</i></b>), a movement towards
the speaker (<b><i class="red">s-</i></b>) or a movement away
from the speaker (<b><i class="red">an-</i></b>) is occurring.
<br>
By expressing a <i>relative</i> location to anothern thing/person, adverbs can
also begin with <b><i class="red">las-/lais-</i></b> (laistigh,
lastoir, etc). The point of reference is then inserted with <i>de</i> (<i>lastuas
den staighre = above the stairs, lastuaidh den tir = north of the country</i>)
<br>
Instead, the forms with <i>las-</i> are also common as forms with the noun <b><i class="red">taobh</i></b>:
<i>taobh thiar de = west of, taobh istigh de = within</i>. <br>
The difference between <b>an-</b> and <b>s-</b> is about the same as the German
<b>her-</b> and <b>hin-</b>, but in other composition (<i>anuas = down from
above, síos = down below</i>)</p>
<p>A <i>following</i> noun may be included (e.g. <i>anuas an staighre = downstairs</i>).
<br>
In this case, the adverbs are used as <b>prepositions</b>. <br>
Additionally, one can use these adverbs as <b>adjectives</b> (<i>an teach thuaidh
= the northern house, an Pol Thuaidh = the North Pole</i>).
<p>A possibility of substantiation is prefixing <b><i class="red">an
taobh</i></b>: e.g. <i>an taobh istigh = the inside, an taobh thuas =
the upper, an taobh theas = the southern part</i>
<h3 class="lightgreen">The compass (an compás)</h3>
<table border width="100%" cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td nowrap>northwest (of) <br>
<b class="red">laistiar lastuaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>north (of) <br>
<b class="red">lastuaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>northeast (of) <br>
<b class="red">lastoir lastuaidh</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>in the Northwest<br>
<b class="red">thiar thuaidh</b></td>
<td nowrap> </td>
<td nowrap> </td>
<td nowrap>in the North<br>
<b class="red">thuaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>in the Northeast<br>
<b class="red">thoir thuaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>northwesterly<br>
<b class="red">aniar aduaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>northerly<br>
<b class="red">aduaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>northeasterly<br>
<b class="red">anoir aduaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>to the Northwest<br>
<b class="red">siar ó thuaidh</b></td>
<td nowrap>to the North<br>
<b class="red">ó thuaidh</b></td>
<td nowrap>to the Northeast<br>
<b class="red">soir ó thuaidh</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td nowrap>west (of) <br>
<b class="red">laistiar</b></td>
<td>in the West<br>
<b class="red">thiar</b></td>
<td nowrap>westerly<br>
<b class="red">aniar</b></td>
<td nowrap>to the West<br>
<b class="red">siar</b></td>
<td>+</td>
<td nowrap>to the East<br>
<b class="red">soir</b></td>
<td>easterly<br>
<b class="red">anoir</b></td>
<td nowrap>in the East<br>
<b class="red">thoir</b></td>
<td nowrap>east (of) <br>
<b class="red">lastoir</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>to the Southwest<br>
<b class="red">siar ó dheas</b></td>
<td>to the South<br>
<b class="red">ó dheas</b></td>
<td nowrap>to the Southeast<br>
<b class="red">soir ó dheas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>southwesterly<br>
<b class="red">aniar aneas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> southerly<br>
<b class="red">aneas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>southeasterly<br>
<b class="red">anoir aneas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>in the Southwest<br>
<b class="red">thiar theas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>in the South<br>
<b class="red">theas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td nowrap>in the Southeast<br>
<b class="red">thoir theas</b></td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>southwest (of) <br>
<b class="red">laistiar laisteas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>south (of) <br>
<b class="red">laisteas</b></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>southeast (of) <br>
<b class="red">lastoir laisteas</b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The terms for West and East are much more often used in Irish than in English
or German. <br>
One doesn't just go "down" a street, no - one says the actual direction: <br>
<i>Tá mé ag dul siar an bóthar = I'm going down the road
(to the West)</i> <br>
North and South in such sentences is often replaced by "up" (South) and "down"
(North). <br>
<i>Tá mé ag dul síos an bóthar = I'm going down
the road(to the North)</i>
<p>In Connacht (Cois Fhairrge) <i>ó dheas</i> and <i>ó thuaidh</i>
apply independent of the direction(= from/to/in the South / North). <br>
<i>aduaidh</i> and <i>aneas</i> are used in compound directions, independent
of the direction: <br>
e.g.: <i>siar aduaidh = to the Northwese, thoir aneas = in the Southeast</i>
<br>
Wind directions are generally termed as aneas, aduaidh : <i>an gaoth aduaidh
= northerly wind</i>
<p>Directions like "south-southwest" are formed similarly to those above, but
as "southwest-south": <i>theas thiar theas = in the south-southwest, aneas aniar
aneas = from the south-southwest</i>.
<p>The noun forms of the directions differ greatly: <br>
<b class="red">tuaisceart</b> = North, <b class="red">deisceart</b>
= South, <br>
<b class="red">oirthear</b> = East, <b class="red">iarthar</b>
= West<br>
<b class="red">oirdheisceart</b> = Southeast, <b class="red">iardheisceart</b>
= Southwest<br>
<b class="red">oirthuaisceart</b> = Northeast, <b class="red">iarthuaisceart</b>
= Northwest
<h3> <span class="lightgreen">up and down</span> </h3>
<table border cellpadding="5" width="58%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><center>
up (pos.) <br>
<b class="red">thuas</b></center></td>
<td><center>
from above <br>
<b class="red">anuas</b></center></td>
<td><center>
up (dir.) <br>
<b class="red">suas</b> [ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ]</center></td>
<td>above<br>
<b class="red">lastuas</b></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><center>
down (pos.) <br>
<b class="red">thíos</b></center></td>
<td><center>
from below <br>
<b class="red">aníos</b></center></td>
<td><center>
down (dir.)<br>
<b class="red">síos</b></center></td>
<td>below<br>
<b class="red">laistíos</b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p> <i>up</i> <i>(thuas)</i> is often said in place of <i>in the South</i> and
<i>down (thíos)</i> in place of <i>in the North</i>. </p>
<p>Aside from noun phrases like <i>an taobh thuas = the upside</i> there are a
few others: <b class="red">an t-íochtar</b> = the lower,
<b class="red">an t-Uachtar</b> = the upper.</p>
<h3> <span class="lightgreen">front and back</span> </h3>
<table border cellpadding="5" width="57%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><center>
back <br>
<b class="red">thiar</b></center></td>
<td><center>
from the back <br>
<b class="red">aniar</b></center></td>
<td><center>
to the back <br>
<b class="red">siar</b></center></td>
<td><center>
behind<br>
<b class="red">lastiar</b></center></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>"back" and "in the West" are the same (thiar) <br>
(In Ireland one has so to say the West always at your back, so one is always
looking east, "<i>ex oriente lux"</i>). Following this logic, "East"(thoir)
= "front". Which is correct, but is hardly used this way. <br>
Instead, one uses mostly <i>ar aghaidh, ar tosach</i> and other expressions.
</p>
<h3> <span class="lightgreen">left and right</span> </h3>
<p>If one follows the aforementioned <i>behind</i> me is the West and <i>in front
of </i> me the East, then <i>right</i> of me is South:</p>
<p>and it is so!: right = <b class="red">deas</b> (comp.
ó dheas = in the South). <br>
left = <b class="red">clé</b> doesn't quite fit in
this picture, but (left = tuathal is at least in the dictionary, comp. ó
thuaidh = in the North) </p>
<p>Deas and clé are <u>adjectives</u>, adverbially only as <i>ar taobh
deas/clé, ar taobh na láimhe deise/clé</i> or <i>ar dheis/clé
</i>(deis and clé as nouns in the sense of right/left hand, instead of
ar, also other prepositions are used to indicate direction) <br>
Clé can also be used adverbially as-is
</p>
<p>Note the threefold meaning of deas (right, southern, nice)</p>
<h3 class="lightgreen">here and there</h3>
<table border cellpadding="5" width="57%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td nowrap><center>
over there <br>
<b class="red">thall</b></center></td>
<td nowrap><center>
from over there<br>
<b class="red">anall</b></center></td>
<td nowrap><center>
out there (dir.) <br>
<b class="red">sall</b></center></td>
<td nowrap><center>
beyond<br>
<b class="red">lastall</b></center></td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td nowrap>over here<br>
<b class="red">abhus</b></td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td nowrap>this side(of)<br>
<b class="red">lasbhus</b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">in and out</h3>
<table border cellpadding="5" width="56%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>in </td>
<td class="red bold">isteach </td>
<td>inside </td>
<td class="red bold">istigh </td>
<td>within</td>
<td class="red bold">laistigh</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>out</td>
<td><b class="red">amach</b> [ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ]</td>
<td>outside</td>
<td class="red bold">amuigh</td>
<td>outside of</td>
<td class="red bold">lasmuigh</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<h2 id="zeit"><span class="red">temporal adverbs (dobhriathra ama)</span></h2>
A small selection:
<p><table border cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b class="red">anois</b> now</td>
<td><b class="red">ansin</b> then</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">inniu</b> today</td>
<td><b class="red">anocht</b> tonight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">inné</b> yesterday</td>
<td><b class="red">aréir</b> last evening</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">arú inné</b> day before
yesterday </td>
<td><b class="red">arú aréir</b> the evening
before last</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">amáireach</b> tomorrow</td>
<td><b class="red">anuraidh</b> last year</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">arú amáireach</b> day after
tomorrow </td>
<td><b class="red">arú anuraidh</b> year before last</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<h2 id="adj"><span class="red">adverbs out of adjectives (dobhriathra aidiachtacha)</span></h2>
<p><b class="lightgreen">forming with the adverbial particle go:</b>
</p>
<table border cellpadding="5" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b> form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">go</b> + adjective</td>
<td>go maith, go cliste, go sciobtha</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b class="red">go</b> + <b class="lilac">h</b>+adjective
(init. vowel)</td>
<td>go <b class="lilac">h</b>iontach, go <b class="lilac">h</b>ard</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>go</b> <i>is omitted</i> mostly:
<ul>
<li>if there is an additional adverb, e.g.: <br>
<i>D'oibrgh sé reasúnta dona = He worked pretty poorly.</i>
(comp.: <i>D'oibrigh sé go sciobtha = He worked poorly.</i>) <br>
<i>Deirim sin minic go leor = I say it often enough</i> (comp.: <i>Deirim sin
go minic = I say it often</i>) </li>
<li>if the adverb modifies an adjective, e.g.: <br>
<i>go measartha = especially</i> <br>
<i>an teach measartha mór = the especially large house</i></li>
<li>in copular clauses, e.g.: <br>
<i>Ní dona a d'oibrgh sé = He didn't work poorly</i></li>
<li>In the comparative (instead <i>níos</i>), e.g.: <br>
<i>D'oibrigh sé níos measa = He worked poorer</i></li>
<li>before the prefix <i>ró-</i> e.g.: <br>
<i>D'oibrigh sé ródhona = He worked too poorly</i></li>
</ul>
<p><font size="-1"> The <i>adverbial particle go</i> is identical to the <i>preposition
go</i>. <br>
If it is identical to <i>go = to/until</i> or with the today seldomly used <i>go
= with</i>, there are conflicting sources; more likely is <i>go = to/until</i>,
because no eclipsis follows. Also <i>go mór</i> = lit. approx.: "up to
[a] large [degree]" </font>
<p><br>
<h2 id="prep"><span class="red">adverbial pronouns (forainmneacha
dobhriathartha)</span></h2>
<p>Adverbial pronouns are formed with the help of prepositions. In German e.g.
<i>darin, darauf, hierin, deswegen</i>, etc.
<p><b class="lightgreen">with conjugable prepositions</b></p>
<p>Many prepositions are conjugated and form <a href="praepro.htm">prepositional
pronouns</a>. The <b>3rd person singular masc.</b> of these are used as adverbs.
<br>
(exception is <i>idir = between</i>. There one uses the 3rd person plural.)
<br>
e.g.: <b class="red">aige</b> = with it(lit.: "by-him"), <b class="red">air</b>
= on it(lit.: "on-him"), <b class="red">ann</b> = therein (lit.:
"in-him"), <b class="red">eatarthu</b> = between (lit.: "between-them")
<p>Often a <a href="sonstig.htm#Dempron">demonstrativ pronoun</a> follows, especially
if a stronger meaning is desired: <br>
<b class="red">sin</b> (= that, equiv. to the dt. prefix <i>da-/dar-</i>):
<i><b class="red">air sin</b> = on that, <b class="red">dó
sin</b> = to that, <b class="red">de sin</b> = of that,
<b class="red">ann sin</b> = in that</i> <br>
<b class="red">seo</b> (= this, equiv. to the dt. prefix<i>
hier-</i>): <i><b class="red">air seo</b> = on this, <b class="red">dó
seo</b> = to this, <b class="red">de seo</b> = of this,
<b class="red">ann seo</b> = in this</i> <br>
<b class="red">siúd</b> (= that there, equiv. to the
dt. prefix <i>there(dar)-</i>): <i><b class="red">air siúd</b>
= on that there, <b class="red">dó siúd</b> =
thereto, <b class="red">de siúd</b> = from there, <b class="red">ann
siúd</b> = in there</i>
<p>
<table border cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td><b>preposition </b></td>
<td><b>adverb</b></td>
<td><b>Deutsch </b></td>
<td rowspan="9"> </td>
<td><b>preposition </b></td>
<td><b>adverb</b></td>
<td><b>Deutsch</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="ag.htm">ag</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">aige (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
at (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="i.htm">i</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">ann (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
in (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="ar.htm">ar</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">air (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
upon (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="idir.htm">idir</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">eatarthu (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
amongst
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="as.htm">as</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">as (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
out of (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="le.htm">le</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">leis (sin) </b></center></td>
<td><center>
with (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="chuig.htm">chuig</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">chuige (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
towards (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="o.htm">ó</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">uaidh (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
from (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="de.htm">de</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">de (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
of (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="roimh.htm">roimh</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">roimhe (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
before (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="do.htm">do</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">dó (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
to (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="tri.htm">trí</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">tríd (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
by means of (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="fara.htm">fara</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">fairis (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
beside (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="thar.htm">thar</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">thart (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
beneath (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><a href="faoi.htm">faoi</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">faoi (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
under (that)
</center></td>
<td><center><a href="um.htm">um</a></center></td>
<td><center><b class="red">uime (sin)</b></center></td>
<td><center>
around (that)
</center></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Fairis sin > <b class="red">freisin</b> (lit. "besides
that ") has an extended meaning of also (in Connacht). <br>
In the meaning "also" there is also (in Munster) the word <b>leis</b> (lit.:
"with that") and (in Ulster) <b>fosta</b>
<p>A simple <b class="red">ann</b> means "therein" also (more
often) "there". It is used with the verb <a href="bi.htm">bí</a> in the
meaning "there is, there exists": <br>
<i>Tá teach ann = there is a house</i> (lit.: "is a house in-it") <br>
<i>An bhfuil Dia ann? = Is there a God?</i> (lit.: "is God in-it?")</p>
<p><i>Ann sin, ann seo, ann siúd</i> are mostly written <b class="red">ansin,
anseo, ansiúd</b> and have the further meanings: <br>
<b class="red">anseo</b> = here < ann seo = "in-it this"
<br>
<b class="red">ansin</b> = there < ann sin = "in-it that"
(temporal also: <i>then</i>) <br>
<b class="red">ansiúd</b> = over there < ann siúd
= "in-ti there"</p>
<p>The appropriate <a href="sonstig.htm#Fragewörter">interrogatives</a> are
formed using <i>cé, cad</i> or <i>cá</i> (<a href="sonstig.htm#praep">overview</a>
see there): <br>
<i>dó sin = to that, cé dó = why?</i> <br>
<i>faoi sin = under that, cé faoi = under what?</i>, etc.
<p><b class="lightgreen">with derived prepositions</b>
<p>Combined or <a href="genpraep.htm#abgeleitet">derived prepositions</a> connnect
with nouns in the genitiv or with possessive pronouns. <br>
The acquire an adverbial meaning through the connection with the <b>possessive
pronouns of the 3rd person masc.</b> (often + sin/seo/siúd)
<p><b>examples:</b>
<p><table border cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><center><b>preposition</b></center></td>
<td><center><b>deutsch</b></center></td>
<td><center><b>adverb</b></center></td>
<td><center><b>deutsch</b></center></td>
<td><center><b>lit.</b></center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ar son</td>
<td>because</td>
<td class="red bold"> ar a shon</td>
<td>because of that</td>
<td>"on its welfare"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de bharr</td>
<td>result</td>
<td class="red bold"> dá bharr sin </td>
<td>as a result</td>
<td nowrap>"from-its top of that"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>i lár</td>
<td>central</td>
<td class="red bold"> ina lár sin</td>
<td>centrally</td>
<td>"in-its middle that"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>i ndiaidh</td>
<td>after</td>
<td class="red bold"> ina dhiaidh sin</td>
<td>afterwards</td>
<td>"in-its after that"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>le haghaidh</td>
<td>for</td>
<td class="red bold"> lena aghaidh sin </td>
<td>supporting</td>
<td>"with-its face that"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br>
<h2 id="subst"><span class="red">adverbs out of nouns</span></h2>
<p>Remarkable many adverbs are derived from nouns. Often this took place with
the help of the <i><b>preposition <a href="i.htm">i</a></b></i> in the form
of the modern prefixes <i>a-, i-, an-, in-, is-</i>, that due to their origin
as prepositions, are always unstressed (<i>is-</i> = archaic for <i>sa = in
the </i>) <br>
The substantial origin is today hardly recognisable, aside from the constant
emphasis on the 2nd syllable (the 1st syllable of the noun part). <br>
Similar constructions are also to be found in German and English (often with
the preposition <i>zu, to</i>) (comp. e.g.: engl. <i>today, tomorrow</i>, dt.
<i>zutage, zuhause</i>).
<p>Through a change in the (historical) dative to accusative forms (comp. <i>istigh,
isteach</i>) word pairs with a shifted meaning occur (<i>drinnen, herein</i>).
<p><b>examples</b>
<br>
<i>inné = yesterdy < i ndé = "in a day"</i> <br>
<i>inniu = today< i ndiu = "in a day"</i> <br>
<i>amuigh = outside< i muigh (i maigh) = "in a field"</i> <br>
<i>amach = out< i mach = "in a field"</i> <br>
<i>istigh = inside< is tigh (sa tigh) = "in the house"</i> <br>
<i>isteach = inside< is teach (sa teach) = "into the house"</i> <br>
<i>amárach = tomorrow< i mbárach = "in a morning"</i> <br>
<i>anuraidh = last year< i n-uraidh = "in last year"</i> <br>
<i>anocht = tonight< i nocht = "in a night"</i></p>
<p>In adverbs, with the help of other prepositions, one can mostly still recognize
the nouns: <i>ar uaireanta = sometimes</i>, etc.</p>
<p><br>
<h2 id="tag"><span class="red">adverbs out of weekdays</span></h2>
<p>These adverbs are in German and English more used as normal nouns of time periods
(<i>"On Monday, I go to school"</i>). The adverbs (Mondays = every Monday =
gach Luan etc.) are nouns in Irish.</p>
<p>The adverbs are formed with <i><b class="red">Dé</b></i>
(archaic for <i>day</i>). They are always written capitalized. (Déardaoin
always keeps its Dé)</p>
<table border cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>day</b></td>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>adverb</b></td>
<td><b>English</b></td>
<td><b>origin</b></td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Luan</td>
<td>Monday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé Luain</td>
<td>(on) Monday</td>
<td>lat. "dies lunae = day of the moon"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Máirt</td>
<td>Tuesday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé Máirt</td>
<td>(on) Tuesday</td>
<td>lat. "dies martis = day of Mars"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Céadaoin</td>
<td>Wednesday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé Céadaoin</td>
<td>(on) Wednesday</td>
<td>alt-ir. "first fasting"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Déardaoin</td>
<td>Thursday</td>
<td class="red bold">Déardaoin</td>
<td>(on) Thursday</td>
<td nowrap>alt-ir. "day between the fastings"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Aoine</td>
<td>Friday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé hAoine</td>
<td>(on) Friday</td>
<td>alt-ir. "fasting" (lat. "dies jejunii")</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Satharn</td>
<td>Saturday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé Sathairn</td>
<td>(on) Saturday</td>
<td>lat. "dies saturni = day of Saturn"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="red bold">Domhnach</td>
<td>Sunday</td>
<td class="red bold">Dé Domhnaigh</td>
<td>(on) Sunday</td>
<td>lat. "dies dominica = day of the Lord"</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Usage, comp.: <br>
<i>an Luan = the Monday</i> <br>
<i>Dé Luain = on Monday, this Monday</i> <br>
<i>Dé Luain seo caite = last Monday</i>
<br><i>Dé Luain seo chugainn = next Monday</i>
<br>
<i>gach Luan = every Monday, Mondays</i> <br>
<i>ó Luan go Satharn = von Monday bis Saturday</i>
</p>
<p><br>
<h2 id="zahl"><span class="red">adjectives/adverbs out of numeral
words </span></h2>
<table border cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td><b>-time(s)</b></td>
<td><b>-times (math.)</b></td>
<td><b>-fold</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td class="red bold">(aon) uair (amháin)</td>
<td> </td>
<td class="red bold">singil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td class="red bold">dhá uair</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi dhó</td>
<td class="red bold">dúbailte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td class="red bold">trí huaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi thrí</td>
<td class="red bold">tréaga</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td class="red bold">ceithre huaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi cheathair</td>
<td class="red bold">ceathairfhillte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td class="red bold">cúig uaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi chúig</td>
<td class="red bold">cúigfhillte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td class="red bold">sé huaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi shé</td>
<td class="red bold">séaga</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td class="red bold">seacht n-uaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi sheacht</td>
<td class="red bold">seachta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td class="red bold">ocht n-uaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi ocht</td>
<td class="red bold">ochtfhillte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td class="red bold">naoi n-uaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi naoi</td>
<td class="red bold">naoifhillte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td class="red bold">deich n-uaire</td>
<td class="red bold">faoi dheich</td>
<td class="red bold">deichfhillte</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The last column of the table is only to be used as an adjective. Instead of
<i>tréaga, séaga, seachta</i> also <i>tréfhillte, séfhillte,
seachtfhillte</i>. <br>
Further formations of similar adjectives with<i>-chodach</i> (<i>ochtchodach
= eightfold</i>).</p>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="." title="Hauptseite">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
</center>
<hr width="100%">
<br><center><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p><br><br>
[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ] <br>
suas and amach mean extended also: <i>completely, fully</i><br>
e.g.: <i>Tá mé caite amach = I am completely out. Amach is amach
= through and through</i>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/adverb.htm">view original German</a></body>
</html>