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adjektiv.htm
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adjektiv.htm
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>the abstract noun</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000FF" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#000088" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td nowrap>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a hAon: The Noun(an tAinmfhocal)</h1>
<h2 id="substantivierte Adjektive"><i><span class="red">the abstract noun (an t-ainmfhocal teibí)</span></i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="lightgreen">the abstract noun </b>
<br>
<a href="#abstraktesSubstantiv">abstract noun</a> (ainmfhocal teibí)
<br> - <a href="#gnach">common abstract noun</a> (ainmfhocal teibí gnách)
<br>
- <a href="#ceime">gradiated abstract noun</a> (ainmfhocal teibí céime)
<br>
<b class="lightgreen">syntax of the gradiated abstract noun </b>
<br>
- <a href="#wieerist">wonderful, how big he is </a>
<br>
- <a href="#wiegrossister">how big is he ?</a>
<br>
- <a href="#wieauchimmer">however big </a>
<br>
- <a href="#jedesto">the bigger, the better </a>
<br>
- <a href="#besserwerden">getting bigger </a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="abstraktesSubstantiv"><i class="red">abstract noun (ainmfhocal teibí)</i></h2>
<p><b class="lightgreen">Synonym:</b> <i>substantivised adjective</i>
<p>Abstract nouns do not describe something concrete but something abstract. With this, there are a wide array of abstract nouns.
<br>
In a more specific sense, we're only discussing those which are derived from adjectives.
<br>
One subdivides these abstract nouns in <b><i>common</i></b> and <b><i>gradiated</i></b>.
<br>
By many of these, both will have the same form, but often they do differ from one another.
<h3 id="gnach"><b><i><span class="red">common abstract noun (ainmfhocal teibí gnách)</span></i></b></h3>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">formation:</span></h4>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="45%"><col width="5%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>forms</b></td>
<td><b>m/f</b> </td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>comparative form of the adjective</td>
<td>f</td>
<td nowrap>minice = frequency, bacaí = lameness </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>comparative form + <b class="red">-(e)acht, -(a)íocht</b></td>
<td>f</td>
<td nowrap>deirgeacht = redness, clistíocht = cleverness </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>adjective + <b class="red">-(a)íl</b> (some adjectives ending in -ach)</td>
<td>f</td>
<td nowrap>bacaíl = lameness </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>adjective + <b class="red">-(e)as, -(e)adas</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td nowrap>maitheas = goodness, beos = vitality, dorchadas = darkness </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>adjective + <b class="red">-achar</b> (some adjectives ending in -ach)</td>
<td>m</td>
<td nowrap>lagachar = weakness </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>adjective</td>
<td>m/f</td>
<td nowrap>maith = (the) Good </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Many adjectives have more than one appropriate abstract noun (e.g.: <i>maith - maith, maithe, maitheas</i>)
<p> The comparative of the adjective ending in <b>-mhar</b> or in a <b>-vowel</b> may <b>not</b> be used as the <i>common</i> abstract noun(<i>beo, crua, grianmhar - grianmhaire</i>) This refers also to the comparative ending in <b>-a</b> (<i>fearúil - fearúla</i>) as well as the irregular <i>dócha - dóichí</i>.
<br>
These comparatives are <b>only</b> used as the <i>gradiated</i> abstract noun.
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>general expressions of a quality without respect to a bearer (like in German or English, but mostly with the article)
<br>
e.g. <i>Ní maith liom an dorchadas = I don't like (the) darkness</i></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ceime"><b><i class="red">gradiated abstract noun (ainmfhocal teibí céime)</i></b></h3>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">formation:</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>adjectives ending in -<b>ach, -mhar</b> and ending in a <b>vowel</b> form this via the <i><b>comparative</b></i>. e.g: dá chrua[cha] é (crua), dá aistí é (aisteach), dá dhóichí é (docha), dá ghreannmhaire é (greannmhar)
<br>
as well as those adjectives, whose comparative ends in -<b>a</b>. e.g. dá dheacra é = however difficult, dá fhearúla é = however masculine he may be </li>
<li>many adjectives use either the comparative form or comparative + -(e)acht/-íocht: e.g.: <i>minic - minice, minicíocht, moch - moiche, moicheacht</i></li>
<li>the following adjectives use in this case always the form in the following table e.g. <i>maith - feabhas</i> instead of: <i>maitheas, maithe</i>. Some of these only serve as the grad. abstr. noun.</li>
</ul>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="10%"><col width="40%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>adjective</b></td>
<td nowrap><b>abstract grad. noun </b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>maith </td>
<td class="red bold">feabhas</td>
<td nowrap>dá fheabhas é = however good it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mór</td>
<td class="red bold">méad</td>
<td nowrap>dá mhéad é = however big/much it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>olc</td>
<td class="red bold">olcas</td>
<td nowrap>dá olcas é = however evil it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dona</td>
<td class="red bold">donacht</td>
<td nowrap>dá dhonacht é = however bad it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fada</td>
<td class="red bold">fad</td>
<td nowrap>dá fhad é = however long it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>beag</td>
<td class="red bold">laghad</td>
<td nowrap>dá laghad é = however small/little it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>iomaí</td>
<td class="red bold">liacht</td>
<td nowrap>dá liacht é = however much it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>furasta</td>
<td class="red bold">fusacht</td>
<td nowrap>dá fhusacht é = however easy it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gearr</td>
<td class="red bold">giorracht</td>
<td nowrap>dá ghiorracht é = however short it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>luath</td>
<td class="red bold">luas</td>
<td nowrap>dá luas é = however fast it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tiubh</td>
<td class="red bold">tiús</td>
<td nowrap>dá thiús é = however thick/dense it is</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dócha</td>
<td class="red bold">dóichí</td>
<td nowrap>dá dhóichí é = however possible it is</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="lightgreen">use:</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>if an extent or a certain degree of a quality is given.
<br>
Especially:</li>
<li>by the <a href="adjektiv.htm#besonkonstrukt">below</a> mentioned special constructs.</li>
<li>after the following words: <b>méad</b> ("size"), <b>méid</b> (masc., partitive: "amount, quantity, extent ") and <b>méid</b> (fem., "measure, size ") e.g.: <i>méid na donachta = the dimension of poorness </i></li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<h2 id="besonkonstrukt"><i><span class="red">syntax of the gradiated abstract noun (comhréir an ainmfhocail theibí chéime)</span></i></h2>
<p>In German, one uses the adjective itself instead of a substantivised adjective in these uses.
<br>
In many of these uses, in German a comparison is made, often with an imaginary extent of a quality (this is why in German "how", is "wie auch immer"="however").
<br>
In Irish, the actual degree is viewed (hence the use of "a = his ", "cá = which of his " instead of "how") or it is included as part of an imaginary degree (this is the reason for the use of "dá = of his " instead of "however")
<h3 id="wieerist"><span class="lightgreen">"wonderful, how big he is."</span></h3>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">a</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + direct relative clause <sup>[ <a href="#fn2" id="fnverweis2">2</a> ]</sup></td>
<td nowrap>Is iontach <i>a fheabhas atá sé</i> = it is wonderful, <i>how good he is </i>
<br>
Is cuma <i>a mhéad atá sé</i> = it doesn't matter,<i> how big he is</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>The particle <b class="red">a</b> ("like") is actually the masculine possessive pronoun of the 3rd person singular ("his"), therefore one could literally translate the above example as <i>"it is wonderful his goodness, that he is"</i>. The masculine pronoun is always used.</li>
<li><b class="red">a</b> requires lenition.</li>
<li>Because <b class="red">a</b> is the possessive pronoun, combinations with prepositions are also possible:
<br>
e.g.: <i>Fuair sé ardmholadh <b class="red">trina</b> fheabhas a rinne sé an obair = He received high praise through how well he did the work</i></li>
<li>after <i>agus</i>, this construct takes on the meaning of a <i>state of being </i>:
<br>
e.g.: <i>Tá sé go han-mhaith agus a óige atá sé = He is very good considering how young he is.</i></li>
<li>instead of this construct one can also use<b class="red"> chomh</b> + adjective (see <a href="adjekt2.htm#Gleichheit">equative</a>).</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="wiegrossister"><span class="lightgreen">"how big is he?"</span></h3>
<p>Similar to the previous example, one can also form a question:
<br>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">cá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + direct relative clause <sup>[ <a href="#fn2">2</a> ]</sup></td>
<td nowrap><i>Cá fheabhas atá sé? = How good is he?</i>
<br>
<i>Cá mhinice a bhí sé anseo? = How often was he hier?</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><b>This <span class="red">cá</span></b> (= how?) is a combination of the interrogative cé/cá and the possessive pronoun <b class="red">a</b> (lit.: cá = "which his ")</li>
<li><b class="red">cá</b> requires lenition</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="wieauchimmer"><span class="lightgreen">however big </span></h3>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + subject </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá dheacracht é = however difficult it is</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + subject + direct relative clause </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá mhéad dúil a bhí aige ann = however much love he had for it </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + direct relative clause <sup>[ <a href="#fn2">2</a> ]</sup> </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá fheabhas a rinne sé é = however well he did it </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + <b class="red">dá</b> + indirect relative clause </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá fheabhas dá ndéarna sé é = however well he did it </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + indirect relative clause </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá fheabhas a ndéarna sé é = however well he did it </i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><b class="red">dá</b> is a compound of <a href="de.htm">preposition de</a> + particle <b class="red">a</b> (= how). Hence the approximate literal translation of the sentence "Dá dheacreacht é": <i>"of which difficulty it may be "</i>. Because <b class="red">a</b> is the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person singular: <i>"of his difficulty it may be"</i>
<br>
On the other hand, it does resemble the conjunction <i>dá = if </i> (<i>"if it may be difficult"</i>), which would cause eclipsis.
<br>
The
<i>second</i> <b class="red">dá</b> in the second-to-last construct is a combination of <i>de</i> and one of the <a href="sonstig.htm">relative pronoun</a>, lit. translation of this sentence: <i>"of his goodness of which he did it "</i></li>
<li>(The first) <b class="red">dá</b> requires lenition.</li>
<li><b class="red">dá</b> + abstr. noun can also follow a nound as an attribute, this is then often introduced throuhg <i>gach</i>
<br>
e.g.: <i>Chuir sé gach cóir dá fheabhas orm = He let me have every treatment, no matter how good it was</i> (lit.: "he laid every justice of-his goodness on-me") or: <i>Mhill sé gach aon ní dá bhreatha = He destroyed everything, no matter how beautiful </i></li>
<br>
It also often appears in negations:
<br>
e.g.: <i>Níl amhras dá laghad faoi = There is not even the smallest doubt about it/ no doubt about it, however small </i>
<li>regional (Connemara) also: <b class="red">dhá</b> instead of
<b class="red">dá</b></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="jedesto"><span class="lightgreen">"the bigger, the better"</span></h3>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + subject + <b class="red">is ea is</b> + comparative</td>
<td nowrap><i>dá mhéad é is ea is fearr = the bigger he is, the better </i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">dá</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b> + subject + <b class="red">is amhlaidh is</b> + comparative </td>
<td nowrap><i>dá mhéad é is amhlaidh is fearr é = the bigger he is, the better </i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>This is the same <b class="red">dá</b> as in the previous construct.
<br>
We then have the same variants in place of the named <i>subject</i> at our disposal:
<br>
e.g.: <i>Dá mhéad a rinne sé is ea is fearr = the more he did, the better.</i>
<br>
or: <i>Dá laghad a gcím díot is amhlaidh is fearr dom = the less I see of you, the better it is for me </i></li>
<li><b class="red">amhlaidh</b> is an adverb ( = so, exactly)[ <a href="#fn1" id="fnverweis1">1</a> ]. <b class="red">is amhlaidh is</b> also appears outside of this construct, meaning "the" as in "the bigger, the better".</li>
</ul>
<p>Note the small difference between these constructs:
<br>
<i><b>Dá</b> laghad é <b>is ea is</b> fearr é = The smaller he is, the better</i>
<br>
<i><b>Dá</b> laghad é is fearr é = However small he is, he is the better one </i>
<p>In <b>Donegal</b>, there is another way of forming it, without an abstr. noun:
<p><table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><b class="red">mas</b> + <b class="red">comparative </b>+ ... + <b class="red">mas</b> + <b class="red">comparative </b>+ ...</td>
<td nowrap> <i>mas mó atá ann mas fearr é = the more that are here, the better</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li>instead of <b class="red">mas</b> also <b class="red">mars</b>, <b class="red">más</b>.
<br>
These stem from <i>mar (= as, like) + is (= copula)</i> </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="besserwerden"><span class="lightgreen">"it is getting bigger"</span></h3>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup><col width="50%"><col width="50%"></colgroup>
<tr>
<td><b>form</b></td>
<td><b>examples</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>form of <b class="red">téigh</b> + subject + <b class="red">i</b> + <b class="red">grad. abstr. noun</b></td>
<td nowrap>Tá sé ag <i>dul i bhfeabhas</i> = It will get better.
<br>
<i>Rachaidh</i> sé <i>i bhfeabhas</i> amárach = Tomorrow it'll get better.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a href="teigh.htm">téigh</a> = go, <a href="i.htm">i</a> = in.
<br>
(<i>Tá sé ag dul i bhfeabhas = It is getting better.</i> lit.: "It is at going in improvement")</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
<p><hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Inhalt" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="adjekt1.htm">adjectives</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<p><br><br><br>
<font size="-1">
[ <a href="#fnverweis1" id="fn1">1</a> ] <b>amlaidh</b> etym. actually a prepositional pronoun of <i>amhail + eadh (old form to ea)</i> = "as it "
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[ <a href="#fnverweis2" id="fn2">2</a> ] Sometimes, <b>agus/is</b> is placed before the direct relative clause, possibly analogous to the expression with a similar meaning with chomh (see <a href="adjekt2.htm#Gleichheit">equative</a>: <i>chomh maith agus a bhí sé = as good as him </i>). As opposed to that, is es is actually unnecessary e.g.: <i>a fheabhas [agus] a bhí sé = how good he is</i>
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