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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>1st declension</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a hAon: The Noun (an tAinmfhocal)</h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i><span class="red">declension
of nouns (Díochlaonadh na nAinmfhocal)</span></i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2> <span class="red">1st declension (an
chéad díochlaonadh)</span></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">what belongs to it?</h3>
<ul>
<li> exclusively <i>masculine</i> nouns</li>
<li> ending in a <b>broad consonant</b></li>
<li> many common terms and also many surnames (Seán, Séamas, Pól)</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen"> Genitive Singular:</h3>
<ul>
<li> Formed using <a href="palat.htm">palatalisation</a> <b>(Caolú)</b>,
i.e. the final consonant is slenderized,
<ul type="square">
<li> most often just the addition of an <b class="red">-i-</b>
: e.g..: Seá<i>n</i>-Seá<i><b class="red">i</b>n</i></li>
<li> -<b class="red">(e)ach</b> to<b>-<span class="red">(a)igh</span></b>
(note the change of -<i>ch</i> to -<i>gh</i>)</li>
<li> -<b class="red">(e)adh</b> to -<b class="red">(a)idh</b></li>
<li> some require substantial changes to the vowels: <br>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>Vowel</td>
<td class="red bold">-ea-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ea-</td>
<td class="red bold">-éa-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ia-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ío-</td>
<td class="red bold">-io-</td>
<td class="red bold">-iu-</td>
</tr>
<tr align="CENTER">
<td>becomes</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
<td class="red bold">-ei-</td>
<td class="red bold">-éi-</td>
<td class="red bold">-éi-</td>
<td class="red bold">-í-</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
<td class="red bold">-i-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li></ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Nominative Plural:</h3>
<ul>
<li> for the most part <a href="subst2.htm#lagiolra">weak plural</a>:
<ul type="square">
<li> either <b><i>palatalization</i></b> (nominative plural = genitive
singular)</li>
<li> or <b><i>suffix</i> <span class="red">-a</span></b></li>
</ul></li>
<li> rarer, <a href="subst2.htm#treaniolra">strong plural</a>
<ul type="square">
<li> of words ending in <b class="red">-ach</b> or <b class="red">-adh</b>
with <b><i>suffix</i> <span class="red">-aí</span></b> <br>
(with -ach also weak plural in -aigh)</li>
<li> with <b><i>suffixes </i> <span class="red">-ta, -tha</span></b>
<br>
especially those monosyllabic words with long vowel sounds, that end in
-l,-n, -r (e.g. saol - saolta, dún - dúnta, líon
- líonta)</li>
<li> (even rarer) with <b><i>suffixes</i> <span class="red">-nna, -anna,
-acha</span></b> a.o.</li>
<li> with <b><i>palatalisation</i> + <i>omission of the second syllable
</i> + <span class="red">-e</span>:</b> (e.g.: solas-soilse,
uasal-uaisle)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Genitive Plural:</h3>
<ul>
<li> for <i>weak</i> plural: Genitive Plural is the same as the <b>nominative
singular</b></li>
<li> for <i>strong</i> plural: Genitive Plural is the same as the <b>nominative
plural</b></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">"regular" declension (weak plural)</h3>
<table border width="80%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>m/f</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>nom. pl.</b></td>
<td><b>gen. pl.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><i>broad</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
<td>m</td>
<td><b><i>slender</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
<td><b><i>slender</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
<td><b><i>broad</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><i>broad</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
<td>m</td>
<td><b><i>slender</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
<td nowrap><b><i>broad</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br>+ <b class="red">-a</b></td>
<td><b><i>broad</i></b>
<br>consonant
<br> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">typical suffixes</h3>
<table border width="80%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>m/f</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>nom. pl.</b></td>
<td><b>gen. pl.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-<b class="red">(e)ach</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)igh</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)í</b> / -<b class="red">(a)igh</b></td>
<td>-<b><span class="red">(a)í / -<b class="red">(e)ach</b></span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-<b class="red">(e)adh</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)idh</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)í</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">(a)í</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-<b class="red">as</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>-<b class="red">ais</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">ais</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">as</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-<b class="red">án</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>-<b class="red">áin</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">áin</b></td>
<td>-<b class="red">án</b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">examples</h3>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td><b>nom.</b></td>
<td><b>m/f</b></td>
<td><b>gen.</b></td>
<td><b>nom. pl.</b></td>
<td><b>gen. pl.</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Seán </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>Seá<b class="red">i</b>n</td>
<td>Seá<b class="red">i</b>n</td>
<td>Seán</td>
<td>"John"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an cat</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an cha<b class="red">i</b>t </td>
<td>na ca<b class="red">i</b>t</td>
<td>na gcat</td>
<td>cat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an bord</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bho<b class="red">i</b>rd </td>
<td>na bo<b class="red">i</b>rd</td>
<td>na mbord</td>
<td>table</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an ball</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bha<b class="red">i</b>ll </td>
<td>na ba<b class="red">i</b>ll</td>
<td>na mball</td>
<td>member</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an blaincéad</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bhlaincé<b class="red">i</b>d </td>
<td>na blaincé<b class="red">i</b>d</td>
<td>na mblaincéad</td>
<td>blanket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an t-eolas </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an eola<b class="red">i</b>s </td>
<td>na heola<b class="red">i</b>s</td>
<td>na n-eolas</td>
<td>knowledge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an leabhar </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an leabha<b class="red">i</b>r </td>
<td>na leabha<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na leabhar </td>
<td>book</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an fear </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an fh<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na f<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na bhfear </td>
<td>man</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an mac </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an mh<b class="red">i</b>c</td>
<td>na m<b class="red">i</b>c</td>
<td>na mac </td>
<td>son</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an páipéar </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an pháipé<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na páipé<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na bpáipéar </td>
<td>paper</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an t-éan</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an é<b class="red">i</b>n</td>
<td>na hé<b class="red">i</b>n</td>
<td>na n-éan</td>
<td>bird</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an cleas </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an chl<b class="red">i</b>s</td>
<td>na cleas<b class="red">a</b></td>
<td>na gcleas</td>
<td>trick</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an t-úll</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an ú<b class="red">i</b>ll</td>
<td>na húll<b class="red">a</b></td>
<td>na n-úll</td>
<td>apple</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an ceart</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an ch<b class="red">i</b>rt</td>
<td>na ceart<b class="red">a</b></td>
<td>na gceart</td>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an samhr<b class="red">adh</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an tsamr<b class="red">aidh</b></td>
<td>na samhr<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>na samhr<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>Summer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an cog<b class="red">adh</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an chog<b class="red">aidh</b></td>
<td>na cog<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>na gcog<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>war</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an deir<b class="red">eadh</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an deir<b class="red">idh</b></td>
<td>na deir<b class="red">í</b></td>
<td>na ndeir<b class="red">í</b></td>
<td>end</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an beal<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bheal<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na beal<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>na mbeal<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>way</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an t-éad<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an éad<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na héad<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>na n-éad<b class="red">aí</b></td>
<td>clothing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an marc<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an mharc<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na marc<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na marc<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>rider(horseback)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an bac<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bhac<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na bac<b class="red">aigh</b></td>
<td>na mbac<b class="red">ach</b></td>
<td>beggar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an taois<b class="red">each</b></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an taois<b class="red">igh</b></td>
<td>na taois<b class="red">igh</b></td>
<td>na dtaois<b class="red">each</b></td>
<td>chieftain, Prime Minister</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an solas </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an tsola<b class="red">i</b>s</td>
<td>na soils<span class="blue">e</span></td>
<td>na soils<span class="blue">e</span></td>
<td>light</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an t-uasal </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an uasa<b class="red">i</b>l</td>
<td>na huaisl<span class="blue">e</span></td>
<td>na n-uaisl<span class="blue">e</span></td>
<td>gentleman</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an saol </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an tsao<b class="red">i</b>l</td>
<td>na saol<span class="blue">ta</span></td>
<td>na saol<span class="lightblue">ta</span></td>
<td>world</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an gaol</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an ghao<b class="red">i</b>l</td>
<td>na gaol<span class="blue">ta</span></td>
<td>na ngaol<span class="blue">ta</span></td>
<td>relation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an scéal </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an scé<b class="red">i</b>l</td>
<td>na scéal<span class="blue">ta</span></td>
<td>na scéal<span class="blue">ta</span></td>
<td>story</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an glór </td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an ghló<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na glór<span class="blue">tha</span></td>
<td>na nglór<span class="blue">tha</span></td>
<td>voice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an briathar</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bhriatha<b class="red">i</b>r</td>
<td>na briathr<span class="blue">a</span></td>
<td>na mbriathr<span class="blue">a</span></td>
<td>verb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an bás</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an bhá<b class="red">i</b>s</td>
<td>na bás<span class="blue">anna</span></td>
<td>na mbás<span class="blue">anna</span></td>
<td>death</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an nós</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an nó<b class="red">i</b>s</td>
<td>na nós<span class="blue">anna</span></td>
<td>na nós<span class="blue">anna</span></td>
<td>fashion, custom</td>
</tr>
</table>
<b>Key:<span class="red"> "Rule"</span></b>, <span class="blue">"Exception"</span>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="subst1.htm">nouns</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a></body>
</html>