QuasarRAT_config_extractor.py

import os
import re
from base64 import b64decode
from sys import argv
from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
from typing import BinaryIO, List, Optional

from backports.pbkdf2 import pbkdf2_hmac
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from dotnetfile import DotNetPE
from maco.extractor import Extractor
from maco.model import ConnUsageEnum, ExtractorModel

SALT = b"\xbf\xeb\x1e\x56\xfb\xcd\x97\x3b\xb2\x19\x02\x24\x30\xa5\x78\x43\x00\x3d\x56\x44\xd2\x1e\x62\xb9\xd4\xf1\x80\xe7\xe6\xc3\x39\x41"

B64_VALUES = ["Version", "Hosts", "Subdirectory", "InstallName", "Mutex", "StartupKey", "Tag", "LogDirectoryName"]


def decrypt_AES(ciphertext, key, iv):
    cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
    plaintext = cipher.decrypt(ciphertext)
    return plaintext


def get_value_strings(value_decode_list, key, iv):
    non_printable_ascii = re.compile("[^\x20-\x7E]")
    value_strings = []
    for value_decode in value_decode_list:
        try:
            value_decrypt = decrypt_AES(value_decode, key, iv)
            value_strip = value_decrypt[48:]
            value_strip = value_strip.decode()
            # Remove non-printable ASCII characters
            value_strip = non_printable_ascii.sub("", value_strip)
            # Replace "\n" with an empty string
            value_strip = value_strip.replace("\n", "")
            value_strings.append(value_strip)
        except:
            pass
    return value_strings


class QuasarRAT(Extractor):
    family = "QuasarRAT"
    author = "@RussianPanda"
    last_modified = "2024-01-21"
    sharing: str = "TLP:CLEAR"
    yara_rule: str = """
rule QuasarRAT {
   meta:
      description = "Detects Quasar RAT"
      license = "Detection Rule License 1.1 https://github.com/Neo23x0/signature-base/blob/master/LICENSE"
      author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
      reference = "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-annex-b-final.pdf"
      date = "2017-04-07"
      hash1 = "0774d25e33ca2b1e2ee2fafe3fdbebecefbf1d4dd99e6460f0bc8713dd0fd740"
      hash2 = "1ce40a89ef9d56fd32c00db729beecc17d54f4f7c27ff22f708a957cd3f9a4ec"
      hash3 = "515c1a68995557035af11d818192f7866ef6a2018aa13112fefbe08395732e89"
      hash4 = "f08db220df716de3d4f63f3007a03f902601b9b32099d6a882da87312f263f34"
      id = "36220de3-aa1a-5c34-adae-432d939c811e"
   strings:
      $s1 = "DoUploadAndExecute" fullword ascii
      $s2 = "DoDownloadAndExecute" fullword ascii
      $s3 = "DoShellExecute" fullword ascii
      $s4 = "set_Processname" fullword ascii

      $op1 = { 04 1e fe 02 04 16 fe 01 60 }
      $op2 = { 00 17 03 1f 20 17 19 15 28 }
      $op3 = { 00 04 03 69 91 1b 40 }
   condition:
      ( uint16(0) == 0x5a4d and filesize < 5000KB and all of ($s*) or all of ($op*) )
}

rule QuasarRAT_2 {
   meta:
      description = "Detects Quasar RAT"
      license = "Detection Rule License 1.1 https://github.com/Neo23x0/signature-base/blob/master/LICENSE"
      author = "Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)"
      reference = "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-annex-b-final.pdf"
      date = "2017-04-07"
      super_rule = 1
      hash1 = "0774d25e33ca2b1e2ee2fafe3fdbebecefbf1d4dd99e6460f0bc8713dd0fd740"
      hash2 = "515c1a68995557035af11d818192f7866ef6a2018aa13112fefbe08395732e89"
      hash3 = "f08db220df716de3d4f63f3007a03f902601b9b32099d6a882da87312f263f34"
      id = "0ca795c5-3631-5a99-8675-37558485f478"
   strings:
      $x1 = "GetKeyloggerLogsResponse" fullword ascii
      $x2 = "get_Keylogger" fullword ascii
      $x3 = "HandleGetKeyloggerLogsResponse" fullword ascii

      $s1 = "DoShellExecuteResponse" fullword ascii
      $s2 = "GetPasswordsResponse" fullword ascii
      $s3 = "GetStartupItemsResponse" fullword ascii
      $s4 = "<GetGenReader>b__7" fullword ascii
      $s5 = "RunHidden" fullword ascii
   condition:
      ( uint16(0) == 0x5a4d and filesize < 5000KB and $x1 ) or ( all of them )
}
"""

    def run(self, stream: BinaryIO, matches: List = []) -> Optional[ExtractorModel]:

        with NamedTemporaryFile() as file:
            file.write(stream.read())
            file.flush()

            dotnet_file = DotNetPE(file.name)
            data = dotnet_file.get_user_stream_strings()

            base64_pattern = r"^(?!.*//)(?=.{20,})(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{4})*(?:[A-Za-z0-9+/]{2}==|[A-Za-z0-9+/]{3}=)?$"

            matches = []

            for value in data:
                if re.search(base64_pattern, value):
                    matches.append(value)

            value_decode_list = []
            for value in matches:
                if re.search(base64_pattern, value):
                    value_decode = b64decode(value)
                    value_decode_list.append(value_decode)

            key_enc = matches[8]
            key_enc = bytes(key_enc, "utf-8")
            key_size = 16
            key = pbkdf2_hmac("sha1", key_enc, SALT, 50000, key_size)
            key_s = matches[2]
            iv = value_decode_list[0][32:48]

            value_strings = get_value_strings(value_decode_list, key, iv)
            if len(value_strings) < 2:
                # Not enough values extracted, try again with 32 bytes key length
                # reference: https://research.openanalysis.net/quasar/chaos/rat/ransomware/2023/04/13/quasar-chaos.html
                # using different key size, 32 bytes

                key_size = 32
                key_enc = matches[6]
                key_enc = bytes(key_enc, "utf-8")
                key = pbkdf2_hmac("sha1", key_enc, SALT, 50000, key_size)
                key_s = matches[6]
                value_strings = get_value_strings(value_decode_list, key, iv)

            encryption_key = matches[8]
            authkey = matches[3]

            if key_size == 16:
                del value_strings[2]

            config_dict = {"Key": key_s, "EncryptionKey": encryption_key, "Authkey": authkey}
            config_dict.update({B64_VALUES[i]: value_string for i, value_string in enumerate(value_strings)})
            [self.logger.info(f"{k}: {v}") for k, v in config_dict.items()]

            cfg = ExtractorModel(family=self.family)

            # Set version
            cfg.version = config_dict.pop("Version")

            # Append C2 hosts
            [
                cfg.http.append(cfg.Http(uri=c2, usage=ConnUsageEnum.c2))
                for c2 in config_dict.pop("Hosts", "").split(";")
            ]

            # Append install path
            cfg.paths.append(
                cfg.Path(
                    path=os.path.join(config_dict.pop("Subdirectory"), config_dict.pop("InstallName")),
                    usage=cfg.Path.UsageEnum.install,
                )
            )

            # Append mutex
            cfg.mutex.append(config_dict.pop("Mutex", ""))

            # Append encryption details used for comms
            cfg.encryption.append(
                cfg.Encryption(
                    algorithm="AES",
                    key=config_dict.pop("Key"),
                    iv=str(iv),
                    usage=cfg.Encryption.UsageEnum.communication,
                )
            )

            # Append registry keys used
            cfg.registry.append(
                cfg.Registry(
                    key=f"HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\{config_dict.pop('StartupKey')}",
                    usage=cfg.Registry.UsageEnum.persistence,
                )
            )

            # Remaining data wll be in other
            cfg.other = config_dict
            return cfg


if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = QuasarRAT()
    file_path = argv[1]

    with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
        result = parser.run(f)
        if result:
            print(result.model_dump_json(indent=2, exclude_none=True, exclude_defaults=True))
        else:
            print("No configuration extracted")