Update

Signed-off-by: burturt <[email protected]>

Author: burturt

AP Chem/u1.c2.lecture.md

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+![Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 4.39.34 PM.png](:/e718037075f44727bc22beced272b129
+)
+- Ionic compounds are ALWAYS expressed in empirical formula
+	- There is no way to find the "true" molecular formula because it tiles
+### Monatomic ions:
+- Anions: gained electrons, negative charge. Mostly non-metals
+	- Name by element + ide
+- Cations: lost electrons, positive charge. Mostly metals
+	- If multiple posibilities for charge, name using (II) where II is the positive charge of that ion
+	- Name by element name + "ion"
+- Cation first, anion last
+
+![Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 4.45.22 PM.png](../_resources/Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 4.45.22 PM.png)
+
+### Polyatomic ions:
+- types:
+	- Binary ionic compounds: 2 monatomic ions (..ide)
+	- Tertiary ionic compounds: 1-2 polyatomic ions (...ate)
+- Memorize Borate, Carbonate, Nitrate4, Phosphate, Sulfate, Chlorate, Hydroxide, Acetate, AMmonium
+	- See pattern for first 6
+	- ![Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.05.57 PM.png](../_resources/Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.05.57 PM.png)
+- Varations:
+	- Normal anion: ....ide
+		- Chloride: Cl-
+	- Normal anion: ....ate
+		- Chlorate ClO3-
+	- 1 extra O:    per....ate
+		- Perchlorate ClO4-
+	- 1 fewer O:     ....ite
+		- Chorite ClO2-
+	- 2 fewer O:     hypo......ite
+		- Hypochorite ClO-
+### Bonds:
+- Ionic bonds: bonding because of different isotopes of opposite polarity attracted to each other. Weak
+- Covalent bond: Atoms share electrons. Strong
+![Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.09.14 PM.png](../_resources/Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.09.14 PM.png)
+
+## Acids:
+- One or two hydrogens become the cation in an ionic compound
+- Chemical name starting with H+1 cation
+- Tertiary anions ending with -ate are renamed -ic acid
+	- HClO3 Normal: Hydrogen chlorate --> chloric acid
+- Tertiary anions ending with -ite are renamed -ous acid
+	- HClO2 hydrogen chlorite --> chlorous acid
+- Binary anions ending with -ide renamed hydro-ic acid
+	- HCl Hydrogen chloride --> Hydrochloric acid
+
+
+| # of oxygen atoms | Acid Prefix/Suffix | Anion Prefix/Suffix |
+|-------------------|--------------------|---------------------|
+| 1 more than -IC   | Per....ic          | Per....ate          |
+| -ic acid (polyatomic)| ...ic              | ...ate              |
+| 1 fewer           | ...ous             | ...ite              |
+| 2 fewer           | hypo...ous         | hypo...ite          |
+| No oxygen/monoatomic | hydro....ic        | ....ide             |
+
+![Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.39.01 PM.png](../_resources/Screen Shot 2021-08-23 at 5.39.01 PM.png)
+
+### Naming molecular compounds
+#### Ionic Compounds:
+- Cation (metal) attracts to charge of anion (nonmetal)
+	- ex Sodium chloride
+#### Molecular Compounds
+- Several nonmetal atoms bond by sharing electrons
+- SO, SO~2~, SO~3~, S~2~O, etc
+- Named with prefixes:
+	- "Sulfer monoxide"
+	- "disulfuer dioxide"
+	- etc
+#### Hydrated ionic compounds:
+- Hydrate is ionic compound where formula includes a fixed number of water molecules. May look try, but contain moisture
+- [formula]*#H~2~O
+- [name]+[prefix]+[hydrate]
+- Ex: Na~2~CO~3~*10H~2~O
+
+![Screen Shot 2021-08-25 at 10.06.04 PM.png](../_resources/Screen Shot 2021-08-25 at 10.06.04 PM.png)
+
+- Alkanes: hydrocarbons with only single bonds between C atoms. Name ends in -ane
+- C~X~H~2X+2~
+- Prefixes:
+	- Meth
+	- Eth
+	- Prop
+	- But
+	- Pent
+	- Hex
+	- Hept
+	- Oct
+	- Non
+	- Dec 

AP Chem/u1.c3.lecture.md

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+Molar mass = M = g/mol
+N = 6.022 x 10^-23^ atoms or molecules per mol
+(Avogadro number)
+Molarity = M = mass / mol
+density = d = g/mL
+Atoms per molecule = # A atoms / (A~#~ mc)
+Mass fraction = # part / # total
+Mole ratio = #A/#B

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1789-1825.md

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-Presidents 1789-1825
-
 ## 1789/George Washington + John Addams:
 - Entered with uncertainty on what presidency can do
 	- Big Experiment

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1824-1849.md

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-Presidents 1824-1849
-
 ## Monroe:
 - Erie Canal built
 - Population huge growth

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1849-1865.md

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-Presidents 1849-1865
-
 ## 1848 Zachary Taylor
 - fought in Spanish-American war = war hero to North and South
 - Large slaveholder = South supported

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1865-1901.md

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-Presidents 1865-1901
-
 ## Andrew Johnson
 - Not prepared to be leader after Lincoln's debt
 - Democrat leading Republican Congress:

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1899-1921.md

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-Presidents 1899-1921
-
 ## Theodore Roosevelt
 - "First modern president"
 	- Brought power back to office

APUSH_notes/Presidents 1920-1945.md

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-Presidents 1920-1945
-
 ## Warren Harding
 - "Return to Normalcy"
 	- rejection of Progressivm

APUSH_notes/Unit 1 - Pre-columbian and the Colonial Period.md

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-Unit 1 - Pre-columbian and the Colonial Period
-
 __Unit Overview__: In a period of almost 150 years during the 17th and 18th centuries, the British established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast that provided a profitable trade and a home to a diverse group of people. From the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North America to that start of a decisive war for European control of the continent, the colonies evolved. At first, they struggled for survival, but they became a society of permanent farms, plantations, towns, and cities. European settlers brought various cultures, economic plans, and ideas for governing to the Americas. In particular, with varying approaches, they all sought to dominate native inhabitants. The British took pride in their tradition of free farmers working the land. The various colonies developed regional or sectional differences based on many influences including topography, natural resources, climate, and the background of their settlers. They largely viewed the American Indian as an obstacle to colonial growth. With their emphasis on agriculture came a demand for labor, and this led to a growing dependence on slavery and  Atlantic slave trade to power the economy. The start of the Seven Years’ War signified the maturity of the British colonies and the influence of European conflicts in the power struggle for control in North America.
 
 **Essential Question**: How did the meeting and interaction of cultures create a new world in America?

APUSH_notes/Unit 10 - The Eisenhower Years and the Turbulent 6.md

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-Unit 10 - The Eisenhower Years and the Turbulent 60s
-
 **Unit Overview**:  In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II with the world’s largest and strongest economy. Despite fears of a return to an economic depression, Americans were happy to get back to civilian life. What no one could predict was how the fall of colonial empires, the spread of Communism, and changes in the global economy would impact American lives in the future.
     At home, Americans enjoyed robust economic growth through the 1960’s with little competition, as the rest of the world’s economies recovered from the war. Pent up consumer demand for autos and housing combined with government road building projects quickly overcame the economic uncertainty after the war and introduced an era of unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. By the 1950’s, Americans enjoyed the highest standards of living achieved by any society in history. 
 Democrats, expanding on the New Deal, enacted major domestic programs, such as Medicare, aid to education, and civil rights for African Americans and women.The 1960’s were in many ways both the best and the worst of times. On the one hand the postwar prosperity peaked in the 1960s. At the same time, racial strife, a controversial war in Vietnam and student radicalism started to tear the country apart. The Cold War against Communism governments dominated U.S. foreign policy. While the threat of the use of nuclear weapons kept the great powers from attacking each other, limited “hot” wars in Korea and Vietnam cost America more than 100,000 lives. By the late 1960’s frustration over the Vietnam War, and opposition to liberal domestic programs, such as civil rights, and increased civil unrest weakened the Democratic majority, which slowly gave way during the 1970’s to a conservative resurgence in 1980.

APUSH_notes/Unit 11 - The Age of Limits to the Present.md

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-Unit 11 - The Age of Limits to the Present
-
 **Unit Overview**:  The election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 signaled the closing of the chapter on the postwar era, and the emergence of a decidedly more conservative political era. The decline of faith in the federal government’s ability to solve social and economic problems, the championing of unregulated markets by American corporations and the growth of religious fundamentalism combined to give conservatives new life. The demographic growth of the Sunbelt and the shift of Southern white conservative voters to the Republican party also helped create an electoral majority. Conservatives achieved some of their goals, but the enduring popularity of government programs such as Social Security and Medicare limited the amount of actual change.
     The Reagan administration pursued an aggressive anti-communist foreign policy, but the end of the Cold War took away the forty-five-year focus of U.S. foreign policy. After the terrorists’ attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States quickly became involved in wars in Afghanistan and Iraq with a new focus on homeland security.
     The Great Recession of 2008 and demographic and cultures changes deepened the political divide in the nation, between an older white population who dominated the Tea Party movement and a younger multicultural society who represented the new emerging majority. The election of Donald Trump in 2016 highlighted the divide between the coastal population and that of what is known a “flyover’ states, as many of working class in the typically Democrat strongholds of the midwest were affected by globalization and the outsourcing of American jobs.

APUSH_notes/Unit 2 - The American Revolution and the New Repub.md

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-Unit 2 - The American Revolution and the New Republic
-
 **Unit Overview**:  In less than fifty years the  British went from consolidating their control along the Atlantic coast of North America to watching 13 of their colonies unite in revolt and establish an independent nation. After the Seven Years’ War ended in 1763, the British desired more revenue to pay for protecting their empire while many American colonists saw themselves as self-sufficient. These clashing views resulted in the colonies declaring independence, winning a war, and founding a new nation. Initially governed by the Articles of Confederation with a weak federal government, the new United States soon replaced it with a new constitution that created a federal government that was stronger, though still with limited powers. Out of the debates over the new constitution and policies emerged two parties. The test of the stability of the American system came in 1800, when one party, the Federalists, peacefully transferred power to the other, the Democratic -Republicans. Throughout this period there was a continuous westward migration resulting in new opportunities, blended cultures, and increased conflicts with the American Indians and other European nations. 
 
 **Essential Question**: How and why did the American colonies forge a new nation?

APUSH_notes/Unit 3 - From Jefferson to Jackson.md

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-Unit 3 - From Jefferson to Jackson
-
 **Unit Overview**: The new republic worked to define itself during a time of rapid demographic, economic, and territorial growth. It increase suffrage; reformed its schools, prisons, and asylums; and developed its own art, literature, and philosophy. The cultural life in Jeffersonian America both embraced and strayed from Republican ideals.True to their ideals, Republicans focused on national education, a cultural identity and a commitment to cultural independence. Although overwhelmingly rural and agrarian, America was slowly moving slowly in the direction of an urban industrial society. A coherent transportation system began to develop and, as a result, cities grew and became centers of commerce, education and affluence. Conflict with Britain would rise again and lead the country into the War of 1812. Neither Britain nor the United States wanted their dispute to end in war but pressures leading up to war came from continued violations of U.S. neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier. The war achieved none of its goals but it had important consequences for the future development of the American republic. The election of James Monroe as president in 1816, two years after the last battle of the war, inaurgurated what one newspaper editorial characterized as the “Era of Good Feelings.” This perception of unity and harmony, however, can be misleading and oversimplified. Throughout the era people had heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. Sectionalism tensions over slavery were becoming ever more apparent. When Andrew Jackson won the presidency in 1828, he ushered in the Age of Jackson, the only president to ever have an “age” named after him. It is also called the Age of the Common Man or the Era of Jacksonian Democracy. Historians debate how much Jackson had on this time period but nonetheless, the changing politics of the Jacksonian years paralleled complex social and economic changes.
 
 **Essential Question**: How did the newly formed United States develop a distinct national culture?

APUSH_notes/Unit 4 - The Antebellum Period.md

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-Unit 4 - The Antebellum Period
-
 **Unit Overview**:  
 Several historic reform movements began during the Jacksonian era and in the following decades. This period before the Civil War, which started in 1861, was known as the antebellum period. During this time, a diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to such causes as establishing free (tax-supported) public schools, improving treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery. The enthusiasm for reform had many historic sources: the Puritan sense of mission, the Enlightenment belief in human goodness, the politics of Jacksonian democracy, and changing relationships among men and women, among social classes, and among ethnic groups. The most important source may have been religious beliefs. It was also during this time that a market economy emerged and people benefited from the addition of fertile land farther west and advances in industry and transportation everywhere.
 

APUSH_notes/Unit 5 - Sectionalism, Civil War, and Reconstructi.md

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-Unit 5 - Sectionalism, Civil War, and Reconstruction
-
 **Unit Overview**:  As the young nation grew in population and land, it struggled to resolve problems that ultimately lead to a bloody clash that brought “a new birth of freedom” and permanently changed the nature of the government. Following a philosophy of manifest destiny, land was added through negotiations, purchase, and war. With victory in the Mexican War, the United States secured its southern border and ports on the Pacific Ocean. Expansion and sectionalism intensified the differences over politics, economics and slavery. Opposition to slavery ranging from free soilers to abolitionists and an underground railroad grew in spite of fugitive slave laws and the Dred Scott decision. A series of compromises failed and, following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, a civil war ravaged the country. The Union victory ended the questions of slavery and states’ rights. Reconstruction brought confrontations between the executive and legislative branches, and between the federal government and state governments. As the freed African Americans established new lives, black codes and sharecropping were established to maintain their subservience.
 
 **Essential Question**: How did the Civil War and its aftermath impact the United States?

APUSH_notes/Unit 6 - Industrial America_ The _Gilded Age_.md

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-Unit 6 - Industrial America: The "Gilded Age"
-
 **Unit Overview**:  Historians have labeled the period in many ways. For some it is the “Second Industrial Revolution,: which introduced the wonders of electric-powered technologies, petroleum energy, and the first industrial laboratories. Others called it the “Railroad Era,” which produced a continental network of railroads that could move the products of the new large-scale industries. For some it is the “Last Frontier,” which witnessed the settlement of lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, and the end of the “Indian Wars.” However, the characterization that has most endured is the “Gilded Age,” a time during which the “captains of industry” controlled large corporations, created great fortunes, and dominated politics, while the problems of farmlands and burgeoning cities festered under the surface.
            During the late 1800’s, waves of “new” immigrants also added to the growth of the nation, while reformers, labor unions, farmer organizations, and a growing middle class began to challenge economic, political, and cultural institutions. It was during this time period that the United States emerged as the largest economy in the world and a potential international power.
 

APUSH_notes/Unit 7 - Imperialism, Progressivism, and War.md

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-Unit 7 - Imperialism, Progressivism, and War
-
 **Unit Overview**:  As the United States industrialized in the late 19th century, it also intensified its foreign involvement, partly because it wanted both sources of raw materials for manufacturing and worldwide markets for its growing quantity if industrial and agricultural products. A principal target of American imperialism was the nearby Caribbean area. Expansionists from the South had coveted Cuba as early as the 1850’s. Now in the 1890’s, large American investments in Cuban sugar, Spanish misrule of Cuba, and the Monroe Doctrine all provided justification for U.S. intervention in the Caribbean’s largest island.
             By the turn of the century, a reform movement had developed that included a wide range of groups and individuals with a common desire to improve life in the industrial age. Their ideas and work became known as progressivism, because they wanted to build on the existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through government action. This progressive movement was complicated, however, by a growing European war that threatened U.S. involvement. During a relatively short period (1914-1919),the United States and its people rapidly moved through a wide range of roles; first as a contented neutral country, next as a country waging a war for peace, then as a victorious world power, and finally, as an alienated and isolationist nation.
 

APUSH_notes/Unit 8 - 1920_s and The Great Depression.md

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-Unit 8 - 1920's and The Great Depression
-
 **Unit Overview**:  Politics took a backseat in the 1920’s as Americans adapted to economic growth and social change. The decade began with a brief postwar recession, included a lengthy period of business prosperity, and ended in economic disaster with the nation’s worst stock market crash. During the boom years, unemployment was low and the standard of living for most Americans improved significantly. More than half of the American population lived in urban areas. However, the culture of the cities was increasingly at odds with the strict religious and moral codes of rural America. High school and college youth expressed their rebellion against their elders’ culture by dancing to jazz music, which became the symbol of the “new” and “modern” culture of the cities. 
 The depression of the 1930’s lasted longer and caused more business failures and affected more people-- both middle class and working class -- than any preceding period of hard times. This was in fact not just an ordinary depression but the Great Depression. President Hoover, who relied on what he believed was the “rugged individualism” of Americans, was reluctant to use the full resources of the government to pull the country out of its slump. It would be up to Franklin D. Roosevelt who would expand the size of the federal government and the role of the presidency to experiment with political solutions to the country’s economic problems.