language.js

function shuffled(list) {
    var newlist = [];
    for (var i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
        newlist.push(list[i]);
    }
    for (var i = list.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
        var tmp = newlist[i];
        var j = randrange(i);
        newlist[i] = newlist[j];
        newlist[j] = tmp;
    }
    return newlist;
}

function choose(list, exponent) {
    exponent = exponent || 1;
    return list[Math.floor(Math.pow(Math.random(), exponent) * list.length)];
}

function randrange(lo, hi) {
    if (hi == undefined) {
        hi = lo;
        lo = 0;
    }
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * (hi - lo)) + lo;
}

function join(list, sep) {
    if (list.length == 0) return '';
    sep = sep || '';
    var s = list[0];
    for (var i = 1; i < list.length; i++) {
        s += sep;
        s += list[i];
    }
    return s;
}

function capitalize(word) {
    return word[0].toUpperCase() + word.slice(1);
}

function spell(lang, syll) {
    if (lang.noortho) return syll;
    var s = '';
    for (var i = 0; i < syll.length; i++) {
        var c = syll[i];
        s += lang.cortho[c] || lang.vortho[c] || defaultOrtho[c] || c;
    }
    return s;
}

function makeSyllable(lang) {
    while (true) {
        var syll = "";
        for (var i = 0; i < lang.structure.length; i++) {
            var ptype = lang.structure[i];
            if (lang.structure[i+1] == '?') {
                i++;
                if (Math.random() < 0.5) {
                    continue;
                }
            }
            syll += choose(lang.phonemes[ptype], lang.exponent);
        }
        var bad = false;
        for (var i = 0; i < lang.restricts.length; i++) {
            if (lang.restricts[i].test(syll)) {
                bad = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (bad) continue;
        return spell(lang, syll);
    }
}

function getMorpheme(lang, key) {
    if (lang.nomorph) {
        return makeSyllable(lang);
    }
    key = key || '';
    var list = lang.morphemes[key] || [];
    var extras = 10;
    if (key) extras = 1;
    while (true) {
        var n = randrange(list.length + extras);
        if (list[n]) return list[n];
        var morph = makeSyllable(lang);
        var bad = false;
        for (var k in lang.morphemes) {
            if (lang.morphemes[k].includes(morph)) {
                bad = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (bad) continue;
        list.push(morph);
        lang.morphemes[key] = list;
        return morph;
    }
}

function makeWord(lang, key) {
    var nsylls = randrange(lang.minsyll, lang.maxsyll + 1);
    var w = '';
    var keys = [];
    keys[randrange(nsylls)] = key;
    for (var i = 0; i < nsylls; i++) {
        w += getMorpheme(lang, keys[i]);
    }
    return w;
}

function getWord(lang, key) {
    key = key || '';
    var ws = lang.words[key] || [];
    var extras = 3;
    if (key) extras = 2;
    while (true) {
        var n = randrange(ws.length + extras);
        var w = ws[n];
        if (w) {
            return w;
        }
        w = makeWord(lang, key);
        var bad = false;
        for (var k in lang.words) {
            if (lang.words[k].includes(w)) {
                bad = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (bad) continue;
        ws.push(w);
        lang.words[key] = ws;
        return w;
    }
}
function makeName(lang, key) {
    key = key || '';
    lang.genitive = lang.genitive || getMorpheme(lang, 'of');
    lang.definite = lang.definite || getMorpheme(lang, 'the');
    while (true) {
        var name = null;
        if (Math.random() < 0.5) {
            name = capitalize(getWord(lang, key));
        } else {
            var w1 = capitalize(getWord(lang, Math.random() < 0.6 ? key : ''));
            var w2 = capitalize(getWord(lang, Math.random() < 0.6 ? key : ''));
            if (w1 == w2) continue;
            if (Math.random() > 0.5) {
                name = join([w1, w2], lang.joiner);
            } else {
                name = join([w1, lang.genitive, w2], lang.joiner);
            }
        }
        if (Math.random() < 0.1) {
            name = join([lang.definite, name], lang.joiner);
        }

        if ((name.length < lang.minchar) || (name.length > lang.maxchar)) continue;
        var used = false;
        for (var i = 0; i < lang.names.length; i++) {
            var name2 = lang.names[i];
            if ((name.indexOf(name2) != -1) || (name2.indexOf(name) != -1)) {
                used = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (used) continue;
        lang.names.push(name);
        return name;
    }
}

function makeBasicLanguage() {
    return {
        phonemes: {
            C: "ptkmnls",
            V: "aeiou",
            S: "s",
            F: "mn",
            L: "rl"
        },
        structure: "CVC",
        exponent: 2,
        restricts: [],
        cortho: {},
        vortho: {},
        noortho: true,
        nomorph: true,
        nowordpool: true,
        minsyll: 1,
        maxsyll: 1,
        morphemes: {},
        words: {},
        names: [],
        joiner: ' ',
        maxchar: 12,
        minchar: 5
    };
}

function makeOrthoLanguage() {
    var lang = makeBasicLanguage();
    lang.noortho = false;
    return lang;
}

function makeRandomLanguage() {
    var lang = makeBasicLanguage();
    lang.noortho = false;
    lang.nomorph = false;
    lang.nowordpool = false;
    lang.phonemes.C = shuffled(choose(consets, 2).C);
    lang.phonemes.V = shuffled(choose(vowsets, 2).V);
    lang.phonemes.L = shuffled(choose(lsets, 2).L);
    lang.phonemes.S = shuffled(choose(ssets, 2).S);
    lang.phonemes.F = shuffled(choose(fsets, 2).F);
    lang.structure = choose(syllstructs);
    lang.restricts = ressets[2].res;
    lang.cortho = choose(corthsets, 2).orth;
    lang.vortho = choose(vorthsets, 2).orth;
    lang.minsyll = randrange(1, 3);
    if (lang.structure.length < 3) lang.minsyll++;
    lang.maxsyll = randrange(lang.minsyll + 1, 7);
    lang.joiner = choose('   -');
    return lang;
}
var defaultOrtho = {
    'ʃ': 'sh',
    'ʒ': 'zh',
    'ʧ': 'ch',
    'ʤ': 'j',
    'ŋ': 'ng',
    'j': 'y',
    'x': 'kh',
    'ɣ': 'gh',
    'ʔ': '‘',
    A: "á",
    E: "é",
    I: "í",
    O: "ó",
    U: "ú"
};

var corthsets = [
    {
        name: "Default",
        orth: {}
    },
    {
        name: "Slavic",
        orth: {
            'ʃ': 'š',
            'ʒ': 'ž',
            'ʧ': 'č',
            'ʤ': 'ǧ',
            'j': 'j'
        }
    },
    {
        name: "German",
        orth: {
            'ʃ': 'sch',
            'ʒ': 'zh',
            'ʧ': 'tsch',
            'ʤ': 'dz',
            'j': 'j',
            'x': 'ch'
        }
    },
    {
        name: "French",
        orth: {
            'ʃ': 'ch',
            'ʒ': 'j',
            'ʧ': 'tch',
            'ʤ': 'dj',
            'x': 'kh'
        }
    },
    {
        name: "Chinese (pinyin)",
        orth: {
            'ʃ': 'x',
            'ʧ': 'q',
            'ʤ': 'j',
        }
    }
];

var vorthsets = [
    {
        name: "Ácutes",
        orth: {}
    },
    {
        name: "Ümlauts",
        orth: {
            A: "ä",
            E: "ë",
            I: "ï",
            O: "ö",
            U: "ü"
        }
    },
    {
        name: "Welsh",
        orth: {
            A: "â",
            E: "ê",
            I: "y",
            O: "ô",
            U: "w"
        }
    },
    {
        name: "Diphthongs",
        orth: {
            A: "au",
            E: "ei",
            I: "ie",
            O: "ou",
            U: "oo"
        }
    },
    {
        name: "Doubles",
        orth: {
            A: "aa",
            E: "ee",
            I: "ii",
            O: "oo",
            U: "uu"
        }
    }
];

var consets = [
    {
        name: "Minimal",
        C: "ptkmnls"
    },
    {
        name: "English-ish",
        C: "ptkbdgmnlrsʃzʒʧ"
    },
    {
        name: "Pirahã (very simple)",
        C: "ptkmnh"
    },
    {
        name: "Hawaiian-ish",
        C: "hklmnpwʔ"
    },
    {
        name: "Greenlandic-ish",
        C: "ptkqvsgrmnŋlj"
    },
    {
        name: "Arabic-ish",
        C: "tksʃdbqɣxmnlrwj"
    },
    {
        name: "Arabic-lite",
        C: "tkdgmnsʃ"
    },
    {
        name: "English-lite",
        C: "ptkbdgmnszʒʧhjw"
    }
];

var ssets = [
    {
        name: "Just s",
        S: "s"
    },
    {
        name: "s ʃ",
        S: "sʃ"
    },
    {
        name: "s ʃ f",
        S: "sʃf"
    }
];

var lsets = [
    {
        name: "r l",
        L: "rl"
    },
    {
        name: "Just r",
        L: "r"
    },
    {
        name: "Just l",
        L: "l"
    },
    {
        name: "w j",
        L: "wj"
    },
    {
        name: "r l w j",
        L: "rlwj"
    }
];

var fsets = [
    {
        name: "m n",
        F: "mn"
    },
    {
        name: "s k",
        F: "sk"
    },
    {
        name: "m n ŋ",
        F: "mnŋ"
    },
    {
        name: "s ʃ z ʒ",
        F: "sʃzʒ"
    }
];

var vowsets = [
    {
        name: "Standard 5-vowel",
        V: "aeiou"
    },
    {
        name: "3-vowel a i u",
        V: "aiu"
    },
    {
        name: "Extra A E I",
        V: "aeiouAEI"
    },
    {
        name: "Extra U",
        V: "aeiouU"
    },
    {
        name: "5-vowel a i u A I",
        V: "aiuAI"
    },
    {
        name: "3-vowel e o u",
        V: "eou"
    },
    {
        name: "Extra A O U",
        V: "aeiouAOU"
    }
];

var syllstructs = [
    "CVC",
    "CVV?C",
    "CVVC?", "CVC?", "CV", "VC", "CVF", "C?VC", "CVF?",
    "CL?VC", "CL?VF", "S?CVC", "S?CVF", "S?CVC?",
    "C?VF", "C?VC?", "C?VF?", "C?L?VC", "VC",
    "CVL?C?", "C?VL?C", "C?VLC?"];

var ressets = [
    {
        name: "None",
        res: []
    },
    {
        name: "Double sounds",
        res: [/(.)\1/]
    },
    {
        name: "Doubles and hard clusters",
        res: [/[sʃf][sʃ]/, /(.)\1/, /[rl][rl]/]
    }
];