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Information_Systems.Rpres
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Information_Systems.Rpres
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Information Systems
========================================================
author: Brian High
date: `r format(Sys.Date(), format="%B %d, %Y")`
transition: fade
#incremental: true
Research Computing and Data Management
-------------------------------------------------------
[http://github.com/brianhigh/research-computing](http://github.com/brianhigh/research-computing)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.<br />
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a>
</small>
Information System Components
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Gustavb, CC BY-SA 3.0, (Wikimedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Personal_computer,_exploded_5.svg)
</small>
----
- [Hardware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware) (machinery)
- [Software](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software) (OS + apps)
- [Data](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28computing%29) (facts, documents)
- **People** ...
* The most important component!
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system#Components), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Hardware
========================================================
- Computer
* [Central Processing Unit (CPU)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
* Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM)
* Storage
* Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
* Solid State Devices (SSD)
- [Peripherals (accessories)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral)
* Keyboard, mouse, screen, speakers, microphone
- [Communications (networking) equipment](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_hardware)
* Routers, switches, hubs, and wiring
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwares), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Software
========================================================
- Application Software ("Apps")
* Programs used for specific activities, such as:
* Internet use (web browser)
* Editing files (word processor, spreadsheet app)
- Systems Software
* [Operating systems](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system), such as:
* [Windows](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows), [OS X](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X), [iOS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS), [Android](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android) and [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux).
* [Kernel](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system), [device drivers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver), and [firmware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware)
* [Utility software](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_software) and [Software libraries](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Sources: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License) and [Computing Basics](https://github.com/brianhigh/computing-basics/wiki/software), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
</small>
Data
========================================================
Data are values in an information system:
- Raw or processed
- At rest or in motion
- Digital or analog
- Electronic or physical ("hard copy")
----
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Linked Data, CC BY-SA 3.0](http://linkeddata.org/)
</small>
People
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Ted & Ian, CC BY 2.0, (Wikimedia)](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pair_programming_1.jpg)
</small>
Information System Types
========================================================
- [Search](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine) - [Search engines](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_%28computing%29), [Google Search](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search), [PubMed](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed)
- [Spatial](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system) - [Geographic information system (GIS)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system), [ArcGIS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcGIS), [QGIS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QGIS)
- [Global](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_information_system) - GLIS, Global Health Databases ([UNHCR](http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html), [GHO](http://www.who.int/gho/en/))
- [Enterprise](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_systems) - [Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning)
- [Expert](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems) - Diagnosis, forecasting, delivery scheduling
- [Office](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_automation) - [Business Process Automation (BPA)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_automation)
- [Personal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager) - Communications, [calendaring](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendaring_software), journaling/notes
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system#Types_of_information_systems), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Software Development Process
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Beao Old waterfall: Paul Smith, Public Domain, (Wikimedia)](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Three_software_development_patterns_mashed_together.svg)
</small>
----
- [Systems development life cycle (SDLC)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle)
- [Waterfall development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model)
- [Prototyping](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_prototyping)
- [Iterative and incremental development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development)
- [Spiral development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_model)
- [Rapid application development (RAD)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development)
- [Agile development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development)
- [Code and fix](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_coding)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Systems Development Life Cycle
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Dzonatas, CC BY-SA 3.0, (Wikimedia)](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png)
</small>
----
[Systems development life cycle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle) (SDLC) [phases](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#Phases):
- [Planning](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#System_investigation) ([feasibility study](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_study))
- [Analysis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#System_analysis)
- [Design](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle#Design)
- [Implementation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation#Information_Technology_.28IT.29)
- [Maintenance](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_maintenance)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Waterfall Model
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Peter Kemp / Paul Smith, CC BY 3.0, (Wikimedia)](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waterfall_model.svg)
</small>
----
Notable features:
- Similar to SDLC
- Cascading stair-steps
- Each phase feeds another
- Origins in Manufacturing
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Agile Model
========================================================
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [VersionOne, Inc., CC BY-SA 3.0, (Wikimedia)](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agile_Software_Development_methodology.jpg)
</small>
----
Notable features:
- Smaller Teams
- Pair Programming
- Test-driven Development
- Frequent Product Releases
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Transparency
========================================================
Information systems may be:
- Open ([standards](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard), [source](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source))
- Closed ([proprietary](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software))
Affecting [interoperability](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability) of:
- [File formats](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format)
- [Communications protocols](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol)
- [Security](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security) and [encryption](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_standard#Open_v._closed_standards), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
----
Information [transparency](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_%28behavior%29)
supports [openness](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness) in:
- [Government](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government)
- [Research](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_research)
- [Education](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_education)
- [Courseware](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare)
- [Content](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content)
- [Culture](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_culture_movement)
<small style="font-size:.5em">
Source: [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness), [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License)
</small>
Transparency Example: This Course
========================================================
***This course*** is being developed transparently:
- Open content review process
- Open content license ([CC BY-SA 4.0 International](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/))
- Open development (source available on [GitHub](http://github.com/brianhigh/research-computing))
- Open formats ([Markdown](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown), [HTML](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML), [CSS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets), [PNG](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics), [AsciiDoc](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsciiDoc), [PDF](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format))
- Open tools ([RStudio](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RStudio), [Git](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_%28software%29), [Redmine](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmine), [Canvas](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructure#Canvas), [Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux), [Bash](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29))
- Open communications protocol standards ([HTTP/HTTPS](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol))
***Thank you for contributing to this course!***
Wrap-up
========================================================
For more information...
- [Computing Basics Wiki](https://github.com/brianhigh/computing-basics/wiki)
* [Hardware](https://github.com/brianhigh/computing-basics/wiki/hardware)
* [Software](https://github.com/brianhigh/computing-basics/wiki/software)
Next time ...
- [Systems Analysis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis)
* ... including [requirements gathering](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_elicitation)