diff --git a/MA Thesis_Orly Even.pdf b/MA Thesis_Orly Even.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1e56a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/MA Thesis_Orly Even.pdf differ diff --git a/OrlyEven_CV_12-2020.pdf b/OrlyEven_CV_12-2020.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cae9b41 Binary files /dev/null and b/OrlyEven_CV_12-2020.pdf differ diff --git a/OrlyEven_Portfolio.pdf b/OrlyEven_Portfolio.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..441c321 Binary files /dev/null and b/OrlyEven_Portfolio.pdf differ diff --git a/about.html b/about.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..117a6b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/about.html @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | About + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Atelier Even is an interdisciplinary workshop involving + art, design, architecture and theory.

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The atelier was originally + founded in Tel Aviv by myself – Orly Even - a practicing artist and architect (allow me to continue in + the first person☺). I hold a B.Arch degree in architecture (2010, Tel-Aviv Uni., magna cum laude) and + a Master’s degree in history and philosophy of science and ideas (2016, Tel-Aviv Uni., summa cum laude). Over the past + decade my main professional focus has been on architectural practice, and I have worked in top + architecture firms in Tel + Aviv (commercial, residential and public buildings), alongside with strong affiliation to the academy. + Since 2015 I have also taught at the Faculty of Architecture and + Town Planning at Technion Israel Institute of Technology (design-studios, workshops and architectural + research + courses), and have consulted and edited architectural-theoretical texts. +

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Yet, this point in time has summoned a shift of focus to the arts, which have been my passion and a great + interest of mine since + early age. That is why Atelier Even was covceived as a place of + collaborative and interdisciplinary creation. The + atelier is currently active in Tel Aviv and in Europe. It offers and welcomes creative collaborations in + all fields of + design (including web), art and architecture, as well as editorial services and open exchanges of + original ideas.

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This websites features the atelier's selection of written and visual works, divided into “galleries”. + Full architectural and artist + portfolio are also available upon request.

+

Full CV is available here

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+ + Email: orly@atelier-even.com +

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN

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+ + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/academics&theory0.html b/academics&theory0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf31d7c --- /dev/null +++ b/academics&theory0.html @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Academics & Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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ARTICLE TITLE
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Author: Orly Even
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Figure#1: details [The Central Zionist Archives / Public domain]
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Abstract:
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quote +
source
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Content

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+ + [1] + + +
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Figure#2: Details
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Figure#3:
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Notes:
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[1] Quoted in Frederic Spotts, Hitler + and the Power of Aesthetics (New York: Overlook Press, 2002), p.99

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Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN + +

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+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/academics&theory_Building-Entrances-as-Cultural-Narratives.html b/academics&theory_Building-Entrances-as-Cultural-Narratives.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0456299 --- /dev/null +++ b/academics&theory_Building-Entrances-as-Cultural-Narratives.html @@ -0,0 +1,267 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Academics & Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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Building Entrances as Cultural Narratives: + the Case of Historic Tel-Aviv
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Author: Orly Even
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Figure#1: Tel Aviv, Hertzl St. and the Gimnasium, circa 1910 [Eliyahu Brothers / Public + domain]
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Abstract:
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The entrance to a building is the touch point at which the private domain meets the public realm, where + architecture meets the city. Looking at a building’s façade and its immediate surroundings, one can + identify certain motifs - tectonic, functional or decorative elements, foreshadowing the spatial + experience of the building’s interior. Nonetheless, the urban function that the building entrance holds + is a small-scale gateway to the city’s identity. The entrances, vestibules, doorways, front steps and + porticos - all reflect social, economic, cultural and urban transformations within the city.

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Although only a 109 years old, Tel Aviv has undergone a rapid change in typology of residential + architecture - from the low-rise high-density historic center to a somewhat awkward combination of + conserved buildings with hovering skyscrapers. Yet, the most profound change is found in the way the + ground floor relates to the street. Examining different entrances to residential buildings throughout + the past century, reveals their role as architectural “prologues” or “expositions” to the transforming + narrative of the city. This transformation is identified in several key stages, in accordance to the + image the city wished to present over the years.

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+ The city is a discourse, and this discourse is actually a language: the city speaks to its inhabitants, we + speak to our city, the city where we are, simply by inhabiting it, by traversing it, by looking at it. +
(Roland Barthes, Semiology and Urbanism, 1967)
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+ +
+

The entrance to a building is the touch point at + which the private domain meets the public realm, where architecture meets the city. Following Roland + Barthes’ assertion that the city is discourse, then the architectural street façades are inevitably part + of its language. Looking at a building’s façade and its immediate surroundings, one can identify certain + motifs - tectonic, functional or decorative elements, foreshadowing the spatial experience of the + building’s interior. Nonetheless, the urban function that the building entrance holds is a small-scale + gateway to the city’s identity, it is a form of speech to the city’s inhabitants. The entrances, + vestibules, doorways, front steps and porticos - all reflect social, economic, cultural and urban + transformations within the city.

+

Although only a 109 years old, Tel-Aviv has undergone a rapid change in typology of residential + architecture, from the low-rise high-density historic center to a somewhat awkward combination of + conserved buildings with hovering skyscrapers. Yet, the most profound change is found in the way the + ground floor relates to the street. Examining different entrances to residential buildings throughout + the past century, reveals their role as architectural “prologues” or “expositions” to the transforming + narrative of the city. This transformation could be identified in several key stages, in accordance to + the image the city wished to present over the years:

+

1. Ahuzat Bayit (1909-1921) – front porches of a + garden city

+

Tel Aviv was first founded as a modern suburban neighborhood in the outskirts of 3000-year-old Jaffa. The + new housing estate was founded by Jewish residents of Jaffa, who first named it Ahuzat Bayit, meaning + “homestead” in Hebrew. Their goal was to establish a Hebrew urban center, in the model of a garden city. + The purchased land was divided into 60 plots, and within a year the first 66 houses were built. Along + the main street all houses had a front yard surrounded by a fence, a porch and 3-4 steps elevated the + houses from the ground, according to European custom.

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Figure#2: Ahuzat Bayit circa 1920 [American Colony Photographers / Public domain]
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2. From riots to commercial bloom (1921-1933) – + coming down to street level

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Following the 1920’s riots between the Jewish and Arab populations in Jaffa, Ahuzat Bayit – now named + Tel-Aviv – was further developed as an alternative Jewish financial and commercial center. Little by + little, the ground level of the houses gave way to small businesses. The fences were taken down, and in + some cases even the porches and stairs were dismantled, so the ground floor was lowered to street level. + The relatively small window openings were widened to allow a commercial façade. By the 1930’s the + commercial surge left no corner unused, when the spaces between the houses and even stairways were + filled by kiosks, locksmiths and jewelers.

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Figure#3: Allenby St., Tel-Aviv, 1934 [Zoltan Kluger / Public domain]
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Figure#4: Allenby St., Tel-Aviv, 1964 [Van Der Poll / Public domain]
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3. Bourgeois Bauhaus (1930’s and 40’s) – first + buildings on columns

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During the 1930’s and 40’s there was an immigration wave of Jews who fled Europe to Palestine. After the + closing of the Bauhaus School by the Nazis in 1933, many of its Jewish graduates thus arrived at Tel + Aviv. These unique historical circumstances resulted in the flourishing of the international style which + accommodates most of the urban fabric of central Tel Aviv, named as the “White City”. The urban layout + of the city was planned in the model of a garden city by Patrick Geddes (1927), and over the course of + 20 years it was filled by over four thousand buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style, inhabited by + bourgeois residents. Adopting Le-Corbusier’s principals, the ground floor of the white elegant buildings + gave way to slender columns, stylish lobbies and foyers, and groomed gardens.

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Figure#5: Angel House by Arch. Zeev Rechter, Rothschild Blvd., Tel-Aviv, circa 1940 + [Itzhak Kalter / Public domain]
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Figure#6: Rabinsky House, Sheinkin St., Tel-Aviv, 2010 [Avishai Ticher / CC BY + (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5)]
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4. First years of a young country (1950’s and + 60’s) – functional housing

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Massive immigration following the establishment of the state of Israel, required the rapid erection of + housing projects. Tel Aviv was further expanded according to socialist policy of the young welfare + state, its urban design emphasizing functionalism and zoning. And so, numerous tenements and housing + projects were executed in a repetitive pattern. As the scale of the city changed, along the new main + streets commercial façades were placed under long colonnades.

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Figure#7: Ibn Gavirol St., Tel-Aviv, 2009 [Gellerj / CC BY-SA + (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]
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5. The “White City” (2003) – conservation + dilemmas

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Over the years the historic core of the city had been neglected, yet the UNESCO declaration of the white + city as a world heritage site (2003) was a game changer. The city and its people identified the + cultural, touristic and financial potential of the white city, thus began a conservation surge of the + historic urban fabric. A municipal conservation plan was approved only in 2008, raising a well disputed + conservation dilemma – which architectural stage is the most important to restore? Should façades be + restored to their original state, or is the story of the city more important than the original + architectural intent? Or in other words – is a locksmith housing an old stairway more relevant to the + city’s narrative than the stairway itself? (See Amnon Bar or, A Time + For Conservation, 2013)

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Figure#8: Watchmaker and silversmith shop, Allenby st. Tel Aviv [Yoram Shoval / CC + BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)]
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6. Towers in the garden (2000’s)

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Another dilemma presented to the city planners and conservers is the change in the socio-economic climate + which manifested in the erection of high-rise buildings within the old garden city. Wishing to maintain + the city center as the Israel’s primary financial district, private entrepreneurs were allowed to erect + sky-scrapers amongst the historic buildings, with the obligation to conserve them and allow spaces on + the street level open for public use. While the outcome is debatable, it has undoubtedly changed the + nature of the ground floor – what was once a neighborly front porch has now become a curtain-wall + entrance to a lavish office lobby.

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Figure#9: Rthschild 22 Tower, Tel Aviv [C. Alon / CC BY-SA + (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]
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Figure#10: Tactile Paving for the Blind Leading Where? Bauhaus Tower, Tel Aviv
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To conclude - Barthes defines the city’s user as “a sort of reader who, according to his obligations and + his movements, samples fragments of the utterance” (Barthes, 1967). This discussion aims to sample a few + fragments of Tel Aviv’s architectural utterance, in order to offer their reading as a cultural + narrative.

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To be continued...

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+ + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

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+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/academics&theory_On-A-Portrait-of-the-Artist-as-a-Young-Man.html b/academics&theory_On-A-Portrait-of-the-Artist-as-a-Young-Man.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ebf384 --- /dev/null +++ b/academics&theory_On-A-Portrait-of-the-Artist-as-a-Young-Man.html @@ -0,0 +1,477 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Academics & Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
פונקציות הפתיחה בדיוקן האמן כאיש צעיר
+ +
מאת: אורלי אבן
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+ + +
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Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man [Rembrant van Rijn / Public domain]
+ +
תקציר:
+
+

מאמר זה עוסק בהגדרת ואיתור הפונקציות והסטרוקטורות של טקסט הפתיחה ברומן דיוקן האמן כאיש צעיר מאת ג'יימס ג'ויס - + רומן חניכה מראשית המודרניזם בספרות האנגלית, המתאר את תהליך ההתבגרות ורכישת המודעות העצמית של איש צעיר והתגבשותו כאמן. + הגיבור הוא סטיבן דדאלוס - למעשה בן דמותו של ג'ויס - והרומן מלווה אותו מילדות מוקדמת עד ללימודי האוניברסיטה ומשלב בתוכו + יסודות אוטוביוגרפיים. צורתו, שפתו של הרומן והאמצעים הרטוריים בהם משתמש ג'ויס שוברים קונבנציות של ריאליזם ספרותי ומפנים + את הזרקור לרפלקסיה על עולמו הפנימי של הגיבור ותודעתו.

+

היות ומבנה הרומן והפתיחה שלו מובהקים מצד אחד, ומנגד הטקסט לכשעצמו רב-משמעי ובעל מורכבות לשונית עצומה, המאמר מתמקד בזיהוי + של גבולות הפתיחה, תוך בחינת שתי חלופות אפשריות לתחימתה. התחימה נבחנת בשני מישורים - הסטרוקטורלי והתמטי: ראשית, בזיהוי + הסטרוקטורות הנראטיביות אותן מיישם ג'ויס בפתיחה של הרומן, ועיגונן במכלול הרומן כולו; שנית, באיתור המערכת הסימבולית + והמוטיבים המנחים, אשר להבנייתם כבר בפתיחה פונקציה חשובה בהנעת הנראטיב והתמה המרכזית של הרומן. שני היבטים אלה קשורים קשר + הדוק לשימוש הייחודי בשפה ובדימויים, וכן בטכניקות הנרטולוגיות לעיצוב דמותו של הגיבור ותפישת עולמו כפי שהיא משתקפת בכתיבתו + של ג'ויס. לבסוף, נדון המחבר המובלע והנמען המובלע של הרומן, כפי שהם מצטיירים מן הפתיחה ובקונטקסט של היצירה השלמה, וכן + תפקידו האימננטי של המספר בכינון נקודת המבט ואישיותו של הגיבור כאמן צעיר.

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מבוא

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מאמר זה עוסק בהגדרת ואיתור הפונקציות והסטרוקטורות של הפתיחה ברומן מראשית המודרניזם בספרות האנגלית – דיוקן האמן כאיש צעיר מאת + הסופר האירי ג'יימס ג'ויס (Joyce)[1], או כפי שהוא קרוי במקור A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man[2]. בשנת 1904 כתב ג'ויס מאמר בשם זה, ובשנים 1907-1914 הפך אותו לרומן שנשא את השם Stephen Hero. משלא הצליח לפרסמו, שוכתב + הרומן על ידי ג'ויס והתפרסם בהמשכים בירחון לונדוני, עד שראה אור כרומן מלא ב-1916.[3]

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Portrait הוא רומן חניכה המתאר את תהליך ההתבגרות ורכישת המודעות העצמית של איש צעיר והתגבשותו כאמן. גיבור הרומן הוא סטיבן + דדאלוס, שהוא למעשה בן דמותו של ג'ויס, והרומן מלווה אותו מילדות מוקדמת עד ללימודי האוניברסיטה ומשלב בתוכו יסודות + אוטוביוגרפיים חזקים מתחנות בילדותו של ג'ויס (סטיבן, לדוגמא, מתחנך במוסדות בהם למד ג'ויס). ג'ויס נודע בשילוב יסודות + אוטוביוגרפיים מחוויותיו, רקעו הדתי וחייו העירוניים במכלול יצירתו, ואירלנד היתה הנושא המרכזי בכתיבתו המאוחרת. כל אלה + שימשו חוט מקשר בין כל יצירותיו. כך למשל, אוסף הסיפורים הקצרים הדבלינאים (The Dubliners) שהתפרסם בשנה בה החל להתפרסם + Portrait, גם הוא בעל סטרוקטורה המשכית של מעבר מילדות לבגרות; ואילו יוליסס (Ulysses) נפתח בשובו של אותו סטיבן דדאלוס + מאירלנד לאחר עזיבתו לפריז - הנקודה בה מסתיים Portrait.[4]

+

יחד עם זאת, מבנהו, סגנון כתיבתו של Portrait והאמצעים הרטוריים בהם משתמש ג'ויס מפנים את הזרקור דווקא לעולמו הפנימי של + הגיבור, להתפתחותו הנפשית ולהיבטים פסיכולוגיים של תודעתו. ביצירה זו מופיעים רמזים לסגנון הכתיבה המאוחר יותר של ג'ויס, + בתצורת שימוש במונולוג פנימי, בטכניקת זרם-תודעה, ועיסוק בנפש יותר מאשר במציאות החיצונית. בעשותו כך, ההקבלות + האוטוביוגרפיות בין ג'ויס לגיבור ספרו נעשות פחות חיוניות לקריאה ביצירה, ובנקודות מסוימות נותרות אנקדוטה בלבד.

+

חידושיו הפורמליסטיים והנראטיביים של ג'ויס הובילו למבקרים רבים להגדיר את עבודתו כספרות מודרניסטית, המאופיינת בגישה + אקספרימנטלית ורפלקסיבית לצורה ושפה. בתור שכזו היא מחייבת נסיגה מריאליזם, שכן השפה חדלה מלייצג את העולם החיצוני. בהתאם, + כבר בפתיחתו של Portrait ישנה שבירה של הקונבנציות הנוקשות של ריאליזם ספרותי לטובת תיאור אימפרסיוניסטי של אירועים מהותיים + להתפתחותה של הדמות הראשית.[5]

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המאמר יתמקד בזיהוי של גבולות הפתיחה, תוך בחינת שתי חלופות אפשריות לתחימתה. התחימה תיבחן בשני היבטים עיקריים: ראשית, + בזיהוי הסטרוקטורות הנראטיביות אותן מיישם ג'ויס בפתיחה של הרומן, ועיגונן במכלול הרומן כולו; שנית, באיתור המערכת הסימבולית + והמוטיבים המנחים, אשר להבנייתם כבר בפתיחה פונקציה חשובה בהנעת הנראטיב והתמה המרכזית של הרומן. שני היבטים אלה קשורים קשר + הדוק לשימוש הייחודי בשפה ובדימויים, וכן בטכניקות הנרטולוגיות לעיצוב דמותו של הגיבור ותפישת עולמו כפי שהיא משתקפת בכתיבתו + של ג'ויס. לבסוף, אדון במחבר המובלע ובנמען המובלע של הרומן, כפי שהם מצטיירים מן הפתיחה ובקונטקסט של היצירה השלמה, וכן + בתפקידו האימננטי של המספר בכינון נקודת המבט ואישיותו של הגיבור כאמן צעיר.

+

סטרוקטורות נראטיביות (או: פתיחה ראשונה)

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חוקר הספרות הלל דלסקי מגדיר את Portrait כדוגמה המובהקת ביותר באנגלית של הבילדונגסרומן (Bildungsroman)[6] - רומן החניכה, המשרטט את מהלך חייו של הגיבור מילדות עד בגרות.[7] ג'קלין בלאנג'ר (Belanger) מסווגת אותו באופן ספציפי יותר כקונסטלרומן (Künstlerroman)[8] - המתמקד בהתהוות הרגשית והרוחנית של אמן. Portrait מתאר את דמותו של סטיבן דדאלוס החל מהרגעים הראשונים של ילדותו המודעת, דרך + גיבוש תפישת עולמו האסתטית ועד לרגע בו הוא בשל לעזוב את אירלנד כדי להגשים את ייעודו כאמן. מסעו של סטיבן לעבר בגרות מעוצב + לא רק במונחים של עלילה ותיאורים, אלא גם באמצעות שינויים הדרגתיים בטכניקות הנראטיביות והסגנוניות לאורך הרומן.[9]

+

הנראטיב של הספר כולו תחום בין האפיגרף בפתיחת הספר למשפט החותם את הספר. שורת האפיגרף בראשית הספר לקוחה ממטמורפוזות של + אובידיוס (Ovidius): "Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes”.[10] ציטטה זו מתייחסת לסיפור המיתולוגי של דדאלוס ובנו איקרוס, ולפיה דדאלוס "גמר אומר לעסוק באמנויות לא ידען". על פי הסיפור + המיתולוגי, דדאלוס – שפירוש שמו ביוונית הוא אומן ערמומי - ובנו איקרוס נכלאו על ידי מלך כרתים בלבירינת אותו תכנן במקור + דדאלוס כדי להחזיק בשבי את המינוטאור. דדאלוס מתכנן ובונה כנפיים כדי שהוא ובנו יוכלו לברוח. איקרוס לא שועה לאזהרותיו של + אביו ומתעופף קרוב מדי לשמש, אשר ממיסה את השעווה בכנפיים שבנה אביו והוא נופל אל מותו בלב ים. דדאלוס הוא האומן (artificer) + הממציא אמצעי להתעופף כדי להימלט מן הלבירינת. תכליתה של אומנותו היא שחרור. לטענת דלסקי, האפיגרף מניע את הנראטיב הנעה + כפולה, כאשר גיבור הספר סטיבן דדאלוס מונע לאורך העלילה לעבר ההכרה בייעודו כאמן, וכן ההכרה בצורך להשתחרר מכבלי ביתו, ארצו + ודתו.[11] הכרה כפולה זו משתמעת מפנייתו של סטיבן אל דדאלוס המיתולוגי בסוף הרומן: "Old father, old artificer, stand me now and + ever in good stead" (עמ' 196). משהחליט סטיבן ללכת בעקבות דדאלוס, הוא נחוש בדעתו לעזוב את האי והלבירינת שלו – דאבלין – + כצעד ראשון להגשמת ייעודו כאמן.

+

האפיגרף, למעשה מנסח את תכליתו הבסיסית של הנרטיב, ולכן ננקטים אמצעים עלילתיים של צמצום ורדוקציה כך שכל התקדמות עלילתית + מוקדשת לתכליתיות זו. ג'ויס מתאר רק את החוויות ההכרחיות להתפתחותו של הגיבור. כל דבר שאינו קשור במישרין לתכלית מנופה – + תיאור או אפיון של דמויות משנה, תיאור ריאליסטי של הסביבה הפיזית, רצף לינארי של מרחב וזמן – כל אלה נזנחים לטובת חמישה + פרקים דחוסים המהווים סטרוקטורה בסיסית של הבילדונגסרומן. באופן סכמטי, ניתן לאפיין את חמישה הפרקים כרונולוגית ותמטית באופן + הבא: I – רשמי ילדות מוקדמים – מיצוב הגיבור ביחס לעולם (בית ספר יסודי); II – התבגרות ואובדן תום – תגובה של הגיבור לסביבתו + (בית ספר תיכון); III – אשמה, הכאה על חטא, וידוי והתעלות רוחנית (בית ספר תיכון); IV – טרנספורמציה ושיבה לחיק העולם + ה"ארצי" (בית ספר תיכון); V – בגרות, שחרור מכבלי המשפחה, הדת והפוליטיקה לטובת ייסורי האהבה והאמנות (קולג'). כל פרק בספר + מהווה אבן בניין בסטרוקטורה השלמה, ותנאי הכרחי להנחת האבן הבאה אחריה והצגת התמה המרכזית של העלילה. לפי דלסקי הספר, על + מורכבותו המשתלבת, מלוכד בהרמוניה משום שבכל שלב ושלב מצטייר סטיבן דדאלוס כמות שנעשה בלית ברירה, והבחירה שלו בכל שלב + מבוססת על השלב הקודם.[12]

+

מאפיין מלכד נוסף של הבילדונגסרומן הוא העניין בפיתוח דמות מרכזית אחת. מגמה זו מועצת בספר לכדי כך שסטיבן הוא הלכה למעשה + הדמות היחידה.[13] הוא משמש המוקד המחולל של העלילה והמספר מציג את נקודת הראות שלו. יתר הדמויות נותרות שטוחות, ייצוג או תיאור שלהן הוא + פונקציונלי בלבד, ונועד להאיר את דמותו של סטיבן או את מערכת היחסים שלו עמן. הדוגמא הקיצונית ביותר לכך היא ששמה של מושא + אהבתו של סטיבן מוזכר רק בראשי תיבות – E.C..[14]

+

ניתן לראות בפתיחה של הספר הטרמה תמטית למה שבא אחריה, אך כפי שמציין דלסקי היא משמשת גם פרדיגמה לתכונה המרכזית של הנרטיב, + לדרך בה בחר ג'ויס לשרטט את תודעתו של הגיבור.[15] העמוד וחצי הראשון של הספר הוא תיאור העולם מנקודת מבטו ומרמת מודעתו של סטיבן הילד הרך בשנים. באופן דומה, נקודת מבט + סובייקטיבית זו נשמרת לכל אורך הספר, משתנה ומשתכללת ככל שסטיבן גדל ומידת האינטראקציה שלו עם העולם הסובב אותו גדלה

+

הפסקה הפותחת את הספר היא סיפור מעשייה שמספר לסטיבן אביו. הטקסט אינו זיכרון בדיעבד של מבוגר המגולל את חוויית ילדותו, אלא + אם כי תיאור מיידי, ישיר ובלתי אמצעי של החוויה כפי שהיא נתפסת על ידי סטיבן הילד:

+
+

Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was + coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo ...

+

His father told him that story: his father looked at him through a glass: he had a hairy face.

+

He was baby tuckoo. The moocow came down the road where Betty Byrne lived. She sold lemon platt. p.3

+
+

ג'ויס מגביל את עולמו של סטיבן לתיאור ישיר של רשמי חושיו ולמידע שהוא מקבל מהדמויות הסמכותיות בחייו של ילד קטן – אביו + ואמו. כך, מתוודע סטיבן למעשייה (והקורא יודע לזהותה מיד כמעשייה בשל הפתיחה הקלאסית "Once upon a time") אודות הפרה הפוגשת + ילד חמודות אותה סיפר לו אביו, והוא מזהה את הילד הקטן בסיפור כהוא עצמו כיוון שאביו אמר לו זאת, ולכן "He was baby tuckoo". + התיקוף לזהותו וקיומו של סטיבן ניתן לו על ידי אביו.

+

משם ממשיך סטיבן לרשמי חושיו לגבי מאפייניו הפיזיים של אביו - אביו מסתכל עליו מבעד לזכוכית וסטיבן מבחין בשיער הפנים שלו. + השימוש בלשון פשוטה מעיד על כישורי השפה שהספיק הילד לרכוש: אביו מסתכל מבעד לזכוכית ולא "מרכיב משקפיים", ויש לו פנים + שעירות ולא "זקן" או "שפם". כמו כן, ישנו שימוש במשפטים קצרים ופשוטים תחבירית. חשיבותה של השפה, שתתפוס מקום חשוב לאורך + הספר, ניכרת בשורות הבאות:

+
+

O, the wild rose blossoms

+

On the little green place.

+

He sang that song. That was his song.

+

O, the green wothe botheth. (p.3)

+
+

מרגע שסטיבן שר את השיר, השיר הופך לשלו, המילים הן שלו ותפקידן אינו דיסקריפטיבי, בשונה מהמילים ששימשו אותו לתאר את אביו. + משם ממשיך הטקסט לאסוציאציה הבאה:

+
+

When you wet the bed first it is warm then it gets cold. His mother put on the oilsheet. That had the queer smell.

+

His mother had a nicer smell than his father. She played on the piano the sailor's hornpipe for him to dance. He danced:

+

Tralala lala,

+

Tralala tralaladdy,

+

Tralala lala,

+

Tralala lala. (p.3)

+
+

סטיבן שב לתאר את אבחנותיו לגבי העולם החיצוני וכעת נוספת לתיאור אמו, המובחנת מאביו באמצעות הריח. כך מושלם תיאור של כל + רשמי החושים של סטיבן. אביו מתואר באמצעות חוש השמיעה והראיה, כאשר הוא מספר לסטיבן סיפור ומתבונן בסטיבן מבעד לזכוכית. חוש + הטעם מתבטא בעוגת הלימון שבסיפור של אביו. חוש המישוש בא לידי ביטוי בניגוד שבין המיטה החמה כאשר מרטיבים אותה בשתן לבין + הקור שלה לאחר מכן. ולבסוף מתוארת אמו באמצעות חוש הריח והשמיעה, כאשר היא מנגנת עבורו בפסנתר. ושוב, לסירוגין, לאחר תיאור + חושי דסקריפטיבי שבה השפה, עמה משתעשע סטיבן.

+

משם, שב ג'ויס לתאר את שני בני הבית הנוספים:

+
+

When you wet the bed first it is warm then it gets cold. His mother put on the oilsheet. That had the queer + smell.

+

His mother had a nicer smell than his father. She played on the piano the sailor's hornpipe for him to dance. He + danced:

+

Uncle Charles and Dante clapped. They were older than his father and mother but uncle Charles was older than Dante.

+

Dante had two brushes in her press. The brush with the maroon velvet back was for Michael Davitt and the brush with the + green velvet back was for Parnell. Dante gave him a cachou every time he brought her a piece of tissue paper. p.3

+
+

דודו ודודתו של סטיבן ייצגו בהמשך הספר שתי עמדות פוליטיות מנוגדות ויגלמו למעשה את בסיסו של הקונפילקט המרכזי בלאומיות + האירית של שלהי המאה ה-19. מייקל דאוויט וצ'ארלס פארנל הם שתי דמויות פוליטיות חשובות, ופארנל במיוחד מוזכר בספר פעמים רבות. + סטיבן מזהה אותם רק בשמן של מברשות, אך כבר בשלב זה מניח ג'ויס את היסודות לוויכוח הפוליטי המתואר בהמשך הפרק, בו יקחו חלק + כל בני משפחתו.

+

לאחר תיאור התא המשפחתי שלו והבחנה בין בני הבית השונים, עובר סטיבן להבחנה בין המשפחה שלו והעולם שמחוץ לביתו. הוא מבחין + בכך שלמרות שהמילים "אמא" ו"אבא" מסמלות את ההורים שלו, הן גם מסמנות של הורים של אחרים. גם לאיילין, איתה הוא עתיד להתחתן + לכשיגדל, יש אמא ואבא:

+
+

The Vances lived in number seven. They had a different father and mother. They were Eileen's father and mother. When + they were grown up he was going to marry Eileen. He hid under the table. His mother said:

+

—O, Stephen will apologize.

+

Dante said:

+

—O, if not, the eagles will come and pull out his eyes.—

+

Pull out his eyes,

+

Apologize,

+

Apologize,

+

Pull out his eyes.

+

Apologize,

+

Pull out his eyes,

+

Pull out his eyes,

+

Apologize. (pp.3-4)

+
+

הפתיחה נחתמת במשפט מתוך שיר ילדים מאיים. תגובתו של סטיבן למשמע המשפט אינה מתוארת, אלא רק חזרה שלו על מילותיה של דנטי + מותירה את תחושת החרדה העולה ממנה לדמיונו של הקורא. דורות'י ואן-גנט (Van Ghent) טוענת כי משפט זה מסכם את תחושת חוסר + הביטחון, האימה (Pull out his eyes) והאשמה (Apologize) של סטיבן בעולם אותו הוא אינו מצליח לתפוש במלואו.[16]

+

הפסקה הבאה עוברת במעבר חד לסצנה אחרת, וניתן להבחין בקפיצה קדימה בזמן. סטיבן כבר לא נמצא בבית הוריו בחיק משפחתו, אלא אם + בפנימייהCollege Clongowes Wood בקרב חבריו לספסל הלימודים. כמו כן, ישנו שינוי סגנוני חד בכתיבה ובנקודה זו למעשה מתחיל + הנראטיב. אלה מעידים על תיאור של סטיבן בגיל מתקדם יותר, כאשר תודעתו מפותחת מספיק בכדי לתרגם את חייו באמצעות שפה לכדי + נראטיב קוהרנטי. מבחינה זו, ניתן לתחום את הפתיחה של הספר עד לפסקה זו, כשמנקודה זו ואילך ישנו תיאור יותר ריאליסטי + ופיגורטיבי של מהלך חייו של הגיבור בסדרה של אירועים.

+

למרות שהוא אינו במוקדה של עבודה זו, הסיום של הרומן הוא סימטרי לפתיחה. כפי שצוין כבר, משפט הסיום של הספר חותם את המסלול + שמתווה האפיגרף בפתיחה. סימטריה סטרוקטורלית נוספת היא היעדר הנרטיב בפתיחה ובסיום. כפי שהפתיחה הראשונה של הספר מאופיינת + בסובייקטיביות מועצמת וכתיבה אסוציאטיבית ומקוטעת המבטאת את הפרספציה של סטיבן הילד, שלושת העמודים האחרונים של הרומן הם + למעשה רישומים ביומנו של סטיבן הגבר הצעיר. גם הם מאופיינים בהיעדר עלילה, משפטים קצרים, ובכתיבה אסוציאטיבית ומקוטעת המבטאת + את זרם תודעתו של הגיבור. כל ה"רשתות" (nets) הכובלות מהן רוצה להשתחרר סטיבן המבוגר בסוף הרומן – בית, מדינה ודת, אלה תוארו + במובנן הבסיסי והמיידי ביותר בפתיחה מבעד עיניו של סטיבן הילד.

+

בנוסף, מציינת בלאנג'ר כי השפה, שבעמודי הפתיחה נרכשת על ידי סטיבן באמצעות שירי ילדים וסיפורים אותם הוא מקבל באופן פאסיבי, + הופכת בסיומו של הרומן לשפתו שלו כשהוא מאמץ את תפקיד הסופר שכותב את יומנו. סטיבן מחליף את צורות השפה המוכרות בשפתו שלו, + וכך הסובייקט של הרומן הופך למספר בעצמו.[17] עם הפניה לדדאלוס היוצר המיתולוגי בסוף הרומן, סטיבן מתחיל להיות הסופר של הסיפור שלו, כפי שבעמוד הראשון היה זה השיר שלו – + “his song”. ואת אביו הביולוגי שסיפר לו סיפור בפתיחת הרומן הוא מחליף באביו המיתולוגי בסוף הרומן.[18] כך נתחם הרומן כולו במסגרת סימטרית ותכליתית המאגדת בתוכה את הרעיונות והתכנים הפרושים לאורכו.

+

שפה, מוטיבים, דימויים וסימבוליות (או: פתיחה שניה)

+

ניתן להגדיר לרומן גם פתיחה שניה, החל בנקודה בה מסתיימת הפתיחה הראשונה ובחמישה עשר העמודים הבאים המתארים את חייו של סטיבן + בקלונגוז ווד קולג'. אט אט סטיבן ממצב עצמו ביחס לעולם ומגבש זהות עצמאית בזכות עמידה על ההבדלים בינו לבין אחרים. עמודים + אלה, שהם כאמור תחילתו של הנראטיב, משרטטים את המוטיבים המרכזיים השזורים לכל אורכו של הספר, וכן הדפוסים הפסיכולוגיים + העיקריים בדמותו של הגיבור ועולמו האסוציאטיבי. ניתן לאתר בהם את מרבית הסמלים והדימויים החוזרים שילכו וישתכללו לאורך + הרומן.

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הפתיחה השנייה מתחילה בסצנה במגרש המשחקים בקלונגוז ווד. היא ממקמת את סטיבן לראשונה מחוץ לתא המשפחתי ובקרב קהילת הילדים + בני גילו. אך סטיבן מתואר כמתבונן מן הצד ולא כמשתתף פעיל במשחק בין הילדים: " He kept on the fringe of his line, out of + sight of his prefect, out of the reach of the rude feet…” (עמ' 4). תיאור ההתרחשות נקטע שוב ושוב על ידי אסוציאציות וקטעי + מחשבות של סטיבן, ודפוס זה חוזר על עצמו לאורך הסצנות העוקבות. לפי ואן-גנט, השימוש של ג'ויס בטכניקת זרם התודעה, או מונולוג + פנימי, מעצימה את תחושת הבידוד והניכור של סטיבן מסביבתו.[19]

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בדומה לפתיחה הראשונה, ניכרת חשיבות לרשמי החושים – מזג האוויר, הצלילים הנשמעים, המילים המדוברות – בניסיון של סטיבן לייחס + משמעות להתרחשויות הסובבות אותו. נשמעות צעקותיהם הרמות של הילדים המשחקים כדורגל וקול חבטת רגליהם בכדור השמנוני. לעומת + פעלתנותם של הילדים סטיבן מתואר בחולשתו הפיזית:”He felt his body small and weak […] and his eyes were weak and watery.” + (עמ' 4).

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לאחר מכן פונה סטיבן לעיסוק במשמעותם של שמות, כלומר לקשר שבין המסמן למסומן. כך, הוא תוהה על משמעות הכינוי "dog in the + blanket" שניתן לפודינג, וכיצד כינוי זה מייצג משהו אודות הפודינג ותכונותיו הממשיות. באופן דומה הוא תוהה לגבי המילים + “belt” (“That was a belt round his pocket. And belt was also to give a fellow a belt.”, עמ' 4) ו-“suck” (“Suck was a + queer word…the sound was ugly.”, עמ' 6). סטיבן אף נדרש לפשר שמו שלו ושם אביו, המופיע לראשונה במלואו כאשר תלמיד אחר שואלו + לשמו:

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Stephen had answered: Stephen Dedalus.

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Then Nasty Roche had said:

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—What kind of a name is that?

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And when Stephen had not been able to answer Nasty Roche had asked:

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—What is your father?

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Stephen had answered:

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—A gentleman.

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Then Nasty Roche had asked:

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—Is he a magistrate? + (p.4)

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דמותו של סטיבן וזהותו מתגבשות באמצעות השפה. למן העמוד הראשון של הפתיחה, הגירויים החיצוניים מיתרגמים באמצעות השפה לרגשות + המכוננים את הפרספציה של סטיבן. וכך, לאורך הרומן, לשפה ישנו תפקיד מכונן בתיאור וגיבוש אישיותו של הגיבור, וכן תפיסת + המציאות שלו. דרך השפה ובאמצעותה מתגבשת בפני סטיבן גם תפישת המציאות של הסובבים אותו.[20]

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הביטוי המפורש ביותר למציאת מקומו בעולם באמצעות השפה הוא כאשר סטיבן כותב את שמו, ואז את כתובתו עד מיצובו ההדרגתי בקונטקסט + הכללי של היקום כולו:

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He turned to the flyleaf of the geography and read what he had written there: himself, his name and where he was.

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Stephen Dedalus,

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Class of Elements

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Sallins

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County Kildare

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Ireland

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Europe

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The World

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The Universe (pp.9-10)

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לאחר מכן, חברו ממצב את שמו של סטיבן בקונטקסט של עולמו החברתי-תרבותי:

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That was in his writing: and Fleming one night for a cod had written on the opposite page: +

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Stephen Dedalus is my name,

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Ireland is my nation.

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Clongowes is my dwellingplace

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And heaven my expectation. (p.10)

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ואז הוא נדרש לתהייה המתבקשת אודות הקשר בין צורה וסדר לתוכן, אודות גבולותיו של היקום והאחראי לקיומם:

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He read the verses backwards but then they were not poetry. Then he read the flyleaf from the bottom to the top till he + came to his own name. That was he: and he read down the page again. What was after the universe? Nothing. […] It was + very big to think about everything and everywhere. Only God could do that. (p.10)

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בנוסף לשימוש ולדיון של ג'ויס בשפה כמכוננת תודעה, הוא שזר לאורך הטקסט מספר מוטיבים. אחד המוטיבים המרכזיים שמופיע כבר + בפסקה הראשונה של הפתיחה, ומלווה את העלילה הוא מוטיב הקור והלחות – שימוש חוזר במילים cold, chilly, wet, damp, slime, + water(y) לתיאור מצבים ומחשבות של סטיבן בהקשר של אירועים המתרחשים בבית הספר. כמו כן, ישנו איפיון של האור והאוויר בחוץ, + שישוב ויחזור על עצמו כמעט באופן זהה לאורך כל הרומן. לעתים קרובות האוויר מתואר כחיוור (“The evening air was pale”, עמ' 4) + - אף על פי שלאוויר אין תכונה של צבע, והאור אפור (“grey light”, עמ' 4) - אף כי אור נקשר בדרך כלל עם צבע לבן או צהוב. עם + התקדמות הרומן, דפוסי הדימויים הללו מקבלים משמעויות מורכבות יותר. דימויים הקשורים בקור ומים על פי רוב בעלי אסוציאציה + שלילית עבור סטיבן. העושר של החוויה הפנימית של סטיבן מעומת עם עגמומיותו של העולם החיצוני. הבית ומשפחתו, לעומת זאת, + יתאפיינו בחזרה על מילים המתארות חמימות וצבע.

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לאורך הפתיחה, דימויים של קור ולחות מעידים על חזרה אל הנראטיב. כאמור, העלילה נקטעת על ידי מחשבות אסוציאטיביות של סטיבן, + והדימויים מעידים על שיבה והתקדמות בעלילה הלינארית ומייצרים המשכיות. לאחר הפוגה קצרה בה נזכר בפרידה מאביו ואמו עם הגיעו + לפנימייה, שב סטיבן למציאות בה מגפיהם הבוציות של הנערים שועטות אחר הכדור. ושוב : “It would be better to be in the study + hall than out there in the cold. The sky was pale and cold…” (עמ' 5). משם מפליג סטיבן בדמיונו למחשבות אחרות, ואז שב + לזיכרון של מה שעוללו לו הילדים המשחקים כעת לפניו במגרש:

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He shivered as if he had cold slimy water next his skin. That was mean of Wells to shoulder him into the square ditch + because he would not swop his little snuff box for Wells's seasoned hacking chestnut […] How cold and slimy the water + had been! […] Mother was sitting at the fire with Dante waiting for Brigid to bring in the tea. She had her feet on the + fender and her jewelly slippers were so hot and they had such a lovely warm smell! (p.6)

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בניגוד לאכזריותו של הילד שזרק אותו לבור שופכין משום שלא שיתף איתו פעולה במשחק, אמו של סטיבן מתוארת בדימויים של חום, + יושבת עם דנטי ליד האש, מוגש לה תה ולנעלי הבית שלה ריח חם (שוב, חוסר התאמה בין חוש למילת התואר המוצמדת אליו).

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הנפילה של סטיבן למים גורמת לנפילתו למשכב. אך טרם יגיע למרפאה לקבלת טיפול לחוליו, מתוארים אירועים מהם יכול הקורא להבין את + שגרת יומו ואת רגשותיו כלפי שגרה זו: כשהוא צעד במורד המסדרון האוויר מצנן אותו (“It was queer and wettish”, עמ' 6); כשהוא + מתחרה על תואר התלמיד הראשון בכיתה פניו צוננים (“…he felt his face quite cool.”, עמ' 7); בחדר האוכל הוא לא מסוגל לאכול את + הלחם הלח (“…could not eat the damp bread.”, עמ' 7), נתקף געגועים הביתה ומתחיל לחוש ברע; כשהילדים לועגים לו בחדר המשחקים + גופו מתחמם לרגע ומיד הוא נזכר בקור המים של בור השופכין (“And how cold and slimy the water had been!”, עמ' 9); כשהוא יושב + ליד שולחנו בחדר הלימוד הוא מסמן כמה ימים נותרו עד חופשת חג המולד, ומדמיין את הרגע בו ישכב במיטתו הקרה עד שתתחמם; כשהוא + מגיע לתפילת הלילה גם הקפלה קרה (“There was a cold night air in the chapel…”, עמ' 11); כשהוא כורע להתפלל לפני מיטתו + אצבעותיו רועדות; וכשהוא מזדחל בין הסדינים הוא רועד בכל גופו (“…curled himself together under the cold white sheets, + shaking and trembling.”, עמ' 12). בלילה מדמיין סטיבן את השיבה המיוחלת הביתה לחופשת חג המולד, אך מתעורר חולה לאורו החיוור + של הבוקר (“The sunlight was queer and cold”, עמ' 14). חבריו שקוראים לו לתפילת הבוקר מבחינים בחשש בחוליו וקוראים לאחראי, + שמניח יד קרה על מצחו (“…he felt his forehead warm and damp against the prefect’s cold damp hand.”, עמ' 15) ומוביל את + סטיבן למרפאה. גם מחלונות המרפאה מבחין סטיבן באור היום הקר, אך שיחה עם האח מייקל מרוממת את רוחו, ולכן: “How pale the + light was at the window! But that was nice. The fire rose and fell on the wall.” (עמ' 18). כך מלווים דימויי החום, הקור + והלחות את כל מהלך הנראטיב של הפתיחה.

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מוטיב נוסף שמוזכר גם הוא בפסקה הראשונה של הפתיחה הוא מוטיב התעופה וסמל הציפור:”… flew like a heavy bird through the grey + light.” (עמ' 4, חוזר על עצמו גם בעמ' 14). לפי בלאנג'ר, מוטיב המעוף והנפילה הוא הן תמטי והן סטרוקטורלי.[21] ציפורים במעופן מופיעות כבר בפתיחה הראשונה, עם המזמור אודות הנשרים שיעקרו את עיניו של סטיבן אם לא יתנצל. הן מופיעות שוב + מספר פעמים ברומן, בחזיונותיו של סטיבן ובתיאור של דמויות כ"דמויות ציפור", והן מהוות מעין תזכורת לדרישה להגשמת ייעודו. כבר + בשורת האפיגרף יש התייחסות למיתוס של איקרוס ודדאלוס שבנה לו כנפיים מנוצות ציפורים כדי לברוח. עבור סטיבן, שמו הוא גם נבואה + לייעודו. כשהוא מתכונן לעזוב את אירלנד ומעלה את דדאלוס כ"אב קדמון" ברישום האחרון ביומנו, מזוהה סטיבן עם איקארוס לא פחות + מאשר עם דדאלוס. ברור שאם יגביה עוף בנסותו לחמוק מן הרשתות הלוכדות אותו, וייסוג משגרת החיים, נכונו לו מפלה כאמן.[22] המעוף והנפילה מטה לארץ מתורגמים גם אל תוך הנרטיב, כשהרגעים של התעלות הרוחנית של סטיבן מלווים במפח נפש ו"חזרה לארץ". כך + למשל ההתרגשות מהחוויה המינית הראשונה של סטיבן בסוף פרק II הופכת לייסורי אשמה בפרק III, וההתעלות הרוחנית שבווידוי בסוף + פרק III מתרוקנת מתוכנה בפרק IV. לאורך הפתיחה המעוף והנפילה מיוצגים בזעיר אנפין במציאות הקרה של חוויות בית הספר ובפנטזיות + החמימות של סטיבן על חופשת חג המולד– הציפור הכבדה מופיעה ראשית לפני שמתוארת נפילתו של סטיבן לבור השופכין, ושנית לפני שהוא + "ניצל" ונלקח למרפאה.

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סופה של הפתיחה בספק חלום ספק הזיה של סטיבן החולה בהיותו במרפאה. כבר עם הגיעו למרפאה מדמיין סטיבן את לווייתו במידה וימות. + ואילו בחלום מדמה סטיבן את הלוויה שלו כאנייה העוגנת באישון ליל כשעל המזח מתקבצים אנשים הבאים לקבל את פני המת. סטיבן מבלבל + את דמותו עם דמותו של פארנל, ובחלומו מכריז האח מייקל על מותו של פארנל.

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פארנל, כאמור, מוזכר בפתיחה הראשונה בצבעי המברשות של דאנטי, וסטיבן חוזר אליהן גם בפתיחה השנייה כשהוא נזכר שדודתו אמרה לו + שפארנל הוא אדם רע, בניגוד לעמדתו של אביו. צ'ארלס פארנל[23] היה, עבור ג'ויס ועבור סטיבן דדאלוס, הדמות הפוליטית החשובה ביותר באירלנד בזמנו. הוא זכה לפופולריות רבה בשל מאבקו לעצמאות + אירית מבריטניה, אך הופלל בפרשיית אהבים אסורה, בעקבותיה הפך פארנל לנטל פוליטי על מפלגתו וגונה בחריפות על ידי אנשי כמורה + קתולים. כתוצאה מכך, הקמפיין לשלטון עצמי אירי קרס ופארנל מת שבור לב זמן קצר לאחר מכן. עבור גו'יס, הבגידה בפארנל היתה + דוגמא לבגידתו של העם האירי במנהיגיו.[24] את המחלוקת סביב פרשה זו הציב ג'ויס בלב סצנת המריבה המשפחתית בארוחת חג המולד אותה הוא מגולל מיד לאחר הפתיחה, ולכן משמש + החלום מעין קטע קישור להמשך הפרק, וכן המשך הרומן. פארנל ייצג את העמדה עמה זוהה ג'ויס, אותה אימץ גם סטיבן בסוף הרומן, לפיה + לכנסיה הקתולית אין מקום בחיים הפוליטיים באירלנד. כאשר סטיבן מבלבל בין הלווייה שלו לזו של פארנל, הוא קושר בין הבגידה + בפארנל לתחושות הבגידה והנידוי שלו עצמו.

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בסוף הרומן, כאשר לאומיות הופכת לאחת הרשתות מהן על סטיבן לחמוק כדי להגשים את ייעודו כאמן, דרכו לחמוק ממנה היא חופש אישי + ואמנותי מוחלטים. על כן הוא גוזר על עצמו גלות. זוהי תפיסה רומנטית של דמות האמן המיוסר. במקום להצטרף לתנועה הלאומית אליה + הצטרפו חבריו, סטיבן בוחר בגלות ובדידות כדרכים לגיבוש זהות עצמאית ושחרור מכבלי הלאומיות, ובמובן זה הולך בעקבות פארנל.

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הכותר, המספר, המחבר והנמען המובלע

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מרביתו של הרומן כתוב בגוף שלישי, ואת חוויותיו של הגיבור מגולל מספר חיצוני. בקריאה ראשונה, עובדה זו מעוררת תמיהה. הרי + ברומן חניכה מסוג זה, בו דמות הגיבור היא למעשה הדמות היחידה והוא כתוב כמעט כאוטוביוגרפיה, נדמה כי מתבקש שג'ויס יבחר לכתוב + את Portrait בגוף ראשון ושסוג המספר יהיה מספר גיבור. ואף על פי שהמספר אינו אובייקטיבי, מבטא את עמדתו, מחשבותיו ותודעתו של + סטיבן, ומתאר את העולם דרך נקודת מבטו של הגיבור, שומר ג'ויס על הכתיבה בגוף השלישי.

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מבקרים רבים רואים בנקודת מבטו של המספר עמדה אירונית כלפי דמותו של סטיבן. יו קנר (Kenner) טוען שהטון של הנראטיב + ב-Portrait אירוני לעייפה, ושהצגתו של סטיבן רובה ככולה אינה אוהדת עד כדי הגחכה מוחלטת שלו בפרק האחרון. לדידו, סטיבן מתואר + כצעיר אגוצנטרי נעדר הומור עצמי, ועל כן לא ניתן לקרוא את Portrait אלא כביקורת על יומרותיו האמנותיות של אדם צעיר.[25]

+

לעומתו, יש הטוענים כי הפרספקטיבה האירונית של סטיבן היא תולדה של האיזון בין נקודות המבט שג'ויס מציע כלפי גיבורו. הכלי + ליצירת איזון זה הוא הכתיבה בגוף שלישי מצד אחד, תוך שימוש בדיבור חופשי.[26] כך, מתואר העולם מנקודת מבטו של סטיבן אך לא מפיו שלו, אלא אם מפיו של המספר. כלי זה מאפשר ריחוק אירוני. הוא גם מאפשר + לג'ויס מרחב תמרון במידת הקרבה או המרחק של המספר מהמספר המובלע (התיאוריה האסתטית אותה שוטח ג'ויס בפרק V היא של סטיבן, של + המספר ושל הסופר בעת ובעונה אחת). ריחוק זה נשבר בעמודים האחרונים כאשר ג'ויס עובר לכתיבה בגוף ראשון, אך גם אז הפניה לקורא + אינה ישירה, כיוון שהיא מוכנסת לפורמט של רשימות ביומנו האישי של הגיבור.

+

ביקורות פוסט-סטרוקטורליסטיות גורסות כי העמדה האירונית כלפי הגיבור הופכת פרשנות אחת לבלתי אפשרית, ובמקומה ניתן לקרוא את + דמותו בכמה קריאות מקבילות ואף סותרות.[27] לדעתי, קריאת דמותו של סטיבן לאורכו של הרומן כדמות אגוצנטרית, נרקיסיסטית או מגוחכת היא קריאה צינית. הכתיבה בגוף השלישי + אכן מאפשרת ריחוק אירוני, ריחוק של אדם בוגר הבוחן בכלים אנליטיים ופרספקטיביים את דמותו שלו כאדם צעיר. מהאופן בו כתב ג'ויס + את דמות גיבורו ניתן לזהות אהדה ולא הגחכה, שכן לאורך מרבית הרומן, וודאי שלאורך הפתיחה, דמותו של סטיבן מכמירת לב בכנותה. + בנוסף, הריחוק האירוני לעומת המאפיינים האוטוביוגרפיים מעידים על רפלקסיה עצמית, המהווה אולי המאפיין המודרניסטי המובהק + ביותר בכתיבתו של ג'ויס.

+

הרפלקסיה העצמית המלווה את הרומן ניכרת כבר בשמו. הבחירה בכותר “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”, ולא למשל "An + Image of the Artist as a Young Man" אינה בכדי. בכוונתה להעיד על אמן המתאר את דמותו. תיאור זה אינו תמונת ראי או בבואתה של + דמותו, אם כי מבט מתוּוך (באמצעות המספר) על דמותו. הדיוקן משמש לריחוק מהדבר ולא לייצוג של הדבר לכשעצמו. הבחירה ב- "A + Portrait" ולא ב- "The Portrait" מחזקת עמדה זו, שכן היא מעידה על כך שמדובר בצורת ייצוג אחת מני רבות, פריזמה מסויימת וספציפית + לייצוג המציאות ומכל מקום ודאי שאינה אבסולוטית. הכותר, יחד עם המספר הכתוב בגוף השלישי וכן המספר המובלע, מייצרים רבדים + שונים ומורכבות של רפרזנטציה.

+

אבל למי מיועד הדיוקן אותו משרטט ג'ויס? Portrait נטוע עמוקות בנוף התרבותי, החברתי והפוליטי של אירלנד בשלהי המאה ה-19 + ותחילת המאה ה-20. באמצעות חבטי ההתבגרות של סטיבן, מעלה ג'ויס שאלות הנוגעות לחיפושה של אירלנד אחר זהות לאומית, ומבטה אל + בריטניה ושאר אירופה.[28] בהתאם לכך, הרומן שזור אזכורים לדמויות מהפוליטיקה האירית, שימוש הן בסלנג מקומי והן בשפה הלטינית, ציטוטים מספרות גאלית + ואנגלית, תיאורים נרחבים של מנהגי ועיקרי הדת הקתולית וציון של מקומות, מוסדות ואישים בדאבלין וסביבותיה.

+

על כן, כבר למן האפיגרף הלטיני והעמוד הראשון של הרומן (“The brush with the maroon velvet back was for Michael Davitt and + the brush with the green velvet back was for Parnell.”) ברור מיהו הנמען המובלע של הספר – אירי משכיל בן תקופתו של ג'ויס. + לקורא העכשווי אין יכולת להבין או לרדת לעומקם של כל הרפרנסים או לעומקה של השפה בה משתמש ג'ויס. לכן מהדורה מחודשת של הספר + נדרשת בהכרח לאינספור הערות שוליים והבהרות לטקסט. שכן ג'ויס כיוון את חיציו לעבר בני עמו ובני תקופתו, ונמען אקטואלי נדרש + לכלי-עזר בכדי לחוות את החוויה האסתטית בשלמותה, ומובן מאליו כי הקריאה בספר לא תעורר בו אותה תגובה רגשית ואינטלקטואלית + אותה עורר בקוראיו האירים או הבריטים עת ראה אור. יחד עם זאת, ניתן לאתר נמען מובלע אוניברסלי יותר. נמען זה יהיה בכל מקרה + כזה שהתחנך על ברכי תרבות המערב, אך באופן כללי יותר מה שיגדיר אותו הוא היותו כזה שעבר תהליך של התבגרות, ניתוק מחבלי + ינקותו וחיפוש מקומו בעולם. מבחינה זו, מרבית קוראיו האקטואליים של Portrait יהיו גם נמעניו המובלעים.

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סיכום

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הבחירה ב- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man לשם הדגמה של פונקציונליות בפתיחה של טקסט פרוזאי נעשתה לא רק בשל חדוות + הקריאה, אלא משום שמבנה הרומן והפתיחה שלו מובהקים מצד אחד, ומנגד הטקסט לכשעצמו רב-משמעי ובעל מורכבות לשונית עצומה. על כן, + זיהוי והגדרה של הפתיחה נעשה בשני מישורים עיקריים – הסטרוקטורלי והתמטי – אשר התבררו כחופפים במידה רבה, אך לא באופן מוחלט. + הפתיחה הראשונה שזוהתה ברמה המיידית, בעלת סטרוקטורה מובהקת וזיקה סטרוקטורלית חזקה למבנה הסימטרי של הרומן כולו ובפרט + לסופו. כך נתחם הרומן כולו במסגרת תכליתית המאגדת בתוכה את הרעיונות והתכנים הפרושים לאורכו. ואילו הפתיחה השנייה שזוהתה + מרחיבה ומזקקת את אותם הרעיונות והתכנים אל סדרה של מוטיבים, סמלים, עולם דימויים ודפוסים עיקריים בדמותו של הגיבור המלווים + את השלד הנראטיבי של הרומן.

+

מבקרים רבים גורסים כי Portrait אינו עונה לקונבנציות הפורמליות של רומן. זאת כיוון שהדגש הושם לא על עלילה קונבנציונלית אלא + על חוויות מכוננות ומעצבות בחיי הגיבור.[29] כך, תיאור עלילתי הוחלף בתיאור חווייתי-רגשי, וניכרת דואליות בין התיאור הריאליסטי של חוויותיו הפיזיות של הגיבור והסובבים + אותו, לבין הנראטיב שלכשעצמו אינו ריאליסטי. הארי לוין (Levin) טוען שהמסגרת הנראטיבית של הקונסטלרומן אפשרה לג'ויס ליישם + שיטות ריאליסטיות על הנושא של אמנות. זאת, בשונה ממבנהו המסורתי של הרומן, אשר נוטה ליישם שיטות אמנותיות על נושאים + ריאליסטיים.[30]

+

הנסיגה מריאליזם והרפלקסיה העצמית ניכרות כבר בשורות הפתיחה של הרומן, בהן ניתן לזהות את האמצעים הרטוריים, השימוש הייחודי + בשפה והכתיבה האסוציאטיבית המשמשים ככלי עבודה בידי ג'ויס לעיצוב עולמו הפנימי של הגיבור ותיאור נקודת מבטו הסובייקטיבית לכל + אורך הספר. אלה לעתים באים על חשבון קוהרנטיות ונראטיב, אך ניתן בנקל להעלות על הדעת שגם אלה נעדרים במתכוון. באופן + פרדוקסלי, בעצם הוויתור של ג'ויס על כלים לתיאור ריאליסטי של רצף מציאותי חיצוני הוא דימה באופן ריאליסטי יותר את המציאות + הפנימית של נפש הגיבור.

+

נפש האמן-הגיבור וייסורי גדילתה נמצאים בבסיסו של השדר האמנותי והם החלק הארי במען שלו. לכן, למספר הכתוב בגוף השלישי, + חשיבות רבה באפשרו ריחוק אירוני של אדם בוגר הבוחן בכלים אנליטיים ופרספקטיביים את דמותו שלו כאדם צעיר. אם כך, יתכן + והפונקציה המהותית ביותר של הפתיחה היא בעצם הנחת התשתית לרפרזנטציה המורכבת שמייצר ג'ויס בדיוקנו של סטיבן דדאלוס.

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הערות:
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[1] ג'יימס ג'ויס (1882-1941): סופר ומשורר יליד דאבלין, בן למשפחה קתולית ממעמד הביניים אשר ירדה מנכסיה במהלך נעוריו. בעוד אמו + היה קתולית מסורה, אביו התנגד נחרצות להתערבותה של הדת הקתולית בפוליטיקה האירית, גישה אותה אימץ ג'ויס. בשנים 1888-1891 למד + ג'ויס בבית הספר הישועי היוקרתי קלונגוס ווד קולג' (Clongowes Wood College), אותו נאלץ לעזוב לאור הקשיים הכלכליים של + משפחתו. בשנים 1893-1898 למד בבבלוודר קולג' (Belvedere College), והמשיך ללימודי אוניברסיטה ביוניברסיטי קולג' בדאבלין + (University College Dublin) בשנים 1899-1902, שם למד שפות אירופאיות מודרניות. בשנת 1902 עזב את אירלנד לפריז לשנה, וב-1904 + עזב את אירלנד לצמיתות. על יצירותיו הידועות נמנים הסיפורים הקצרים The Dubliners (1914) והרומנים Ulysses (1922) + ו-Finnegan’s Wake (1939).

+

[2] James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, reprint (Ware: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1992) +

המאמר יתייחס לטקסט בשפת האנגלית, ולא לתרגום לעברית. כל הציטוטים המובאים מן הספר מתייחסים למקור זה. מטעמי קיצור להלן + יצוין הספר בשם ‘Portrait’.

+

+

[3] Jacqueline Belanger, “Introduction,” in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, reprint (Ware: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, + 2001), p. vi

+

[4] Ibid, p. vii

+

[5] Ibid +

+

[6] בילדונגסרומן (Bildungsroman): סוגה ספרותית שהתפתחה בתקופת הנאורות בגרמניה. המונח נטבע על ידי הפילולוג הגרמני יוהאן קרל + סימון מורגנשטרן (Morgenstern). רומן חניכה עוסק בהיבטים הפסיכולוגיים, המוסריים והחברתיים של התבגרות הגיבור הצעיר, ובמרכזו + עלילת חייו המתגבשת, העוקבת אחר שלבי צמיחתו ועיצוב זהותו. אחת הדוגמאות הראשונות של רומן חניכה הואקנדיד מאת וולטר (1759).

+

[7] הלל דלסקי, “ג’יימס ג'ויס כוחה המאחד והמלכד של המודעות: 'דיוקן האמן כאיש צעיר',”בתוךבתוך בשר ודם בקסת הדיו: עיונים ברומנים אנגליים קלסיים (ירושלים: מוסד ביאליק, 1993), עמ' 212

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[8] קונסטלרומן (Künstlerroman): מגרמנית – רומן של האמן. תת-סוגה של הבילדונגסרומן, העוסק בתהליך התבגרותו של אמן, לדוגמא - + יסורי וורטר הצעיר מאת גתה (1774).

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[9] Belanger, p. viii

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[10] Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphosis, 8.188 +

מטמורפוזות (מלטינית: Metamorphoseon - שינוי צורה) הוא שיר אפי בן חמישה-עשר חלקים פרי עטו של המשורר הרומאי אובידיוס שנשלם + בשנת 8 לספירה. השיר מגולל רצף של קרוב למאתיים סיפורים מיתולוגיים, הנפתחים בבריאת העולם, ומגיעים עד לימיו של אובידיוס. + החוט המקשר בין כל הסיפורים הוא גלגולי הצורה שעוברות הדמויות בסיפורים, ההופכות לצורות בעלי-חיים, צמחים או דוממים, ומכאן + השם "מטמורפוזות".

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[11] דלסקי. עמ' 212

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[12] שם, עמ' 213

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[13] שם

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[14] בגרסה המוקדמת של Portrait, הרומן Stephen Hero, מזכיר אותה ג'ויס בשמה המלא אמה קלירי.

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[15] דלסקי. עמ' 213

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[16] Dorothy Van Ghent, “On A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,” in Joyce’s Portrait: Critisisms and Critiques, ed. by + Thomas Connolly, 3rd edn (London: Peter Owen Ltd, 1967), p.62

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[17] Belanger, p. ix

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[18] Ibid, p.xiii

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[19] Van Ghent. p.63

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[20] Van Ghent. p.62

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[21] Belanger, p. xv

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[22] דלסקי. עמ' 227

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[23] צ'ארלס פארנל (Charles Stuart Parnell, 1846-1891):מנהיג התנועה לשלטון עצמי אירי בפרלמנט הבריטי ב-1877. השפעתו בקרב המפלגה + האירית הפרלמנטרית הניעה את ראש הממשלה הבריטי לקראת אישור חירויות מוגבלות לאירים, שכונו "Home Rule". הקריירה הפוליטית שלו + הסתיימה ב-1890 כאשר עורב במשפט הגירושין של פילגשו הנשואה קתרין או'שי (O’Shea), בעקבותיו הסירה הכמורה הקתולית את תמיכתה + בו והוא ננטש על ידי מפלגתו הפוליטית. הוא נתבקש לוותר על הנהגת המפלגה האירית הפרלמנטרית וה-"Home Rule" לא אושר. כעבור שנה + נפטר.

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[24] Belanger, p. xxi

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[25] Hugh Kenner, “The Portrait in Perspective,” in Joyce’s Portrait: Critisisms and Critiques, ed. by Thomas Connolly, 3rd + edn (London: Peter Owen Ltd, 1967), pp. 25–60

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[26] Belanger, p. xviii

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[27] Ibid, p. xxvii

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[28] Ibid, p. xix

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[29] Ibid, p. xxvi

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[30] Harry Levin, “The Artist,” in Joyce’s Portrait: Critisisms and Critiques, ed. by Thomas Connoly, 3rd edn (London: Peter + Owen Ltd, 1967), pp. 9–10.

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+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/academics&theory_Re-imagining-the-Face.html b/academics&theory_Re-imagining-the-Face.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c3c2a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/academics&theory_Re-imagining-the-Face.html @@ -0,0 +1,558 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Academics & Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
Re-imagining the Face: Reflections on the Mirror Phase in + the works of Chuck Close
+ +
Author: Orly Even
+
Based on a Paper Presented at LCIR Conference + "Mirror, Mirror: Perceptions, Deceptions, and Reflections in Time" in UCL, London, UK, March 2019
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Chuck Close, Nat @ the National + Gallery of Art, Washington DC [Photograph by author]
+
+ +
Abstract:
+
+

This paper offers a few reflections on Jacques Lacan’s Mirror Phase in relation to the works of American + artist Chuck Close. + Over the past five decades, Close’s work has focused on large-scale + self-portraits, and portraits of the artist’s friends and family. He first gained recognition with + his hyper-realistic paintings, but gradually the photo-like portraits evolved into facial portraits + comprised of thousands of fragments aligned to a grid. In his later works, each fragment became + autonomous, to the extent that the portrait could only be perceived as a coherent image only from a + distance.

+

The experience of looking at the enlarged portraits, with their direct gaze at the viewer, strongly + resonates with Jacques Lacan’s description of the Mirror Phase: + the constitutive moment at which an infant first perceives their own gestalt image and becomes I – a subject with a sense of self. The different stages of + Close’s work throughout the years could be regarded as an illustration sequence to the mirror stage, + and also as representations of structured malfunctions within the symbolic system. In this paper I + attempt to examine the dialectic manner in which Close’s works are both subjected-to and undermine the + symbolic order they depict. +

+
+
+
+

Introduction

+

Over the past five decades, the work of American + artist Chuck Close has focused on large-scale + self-portraits, and portraits of the artist’s friends and family. Close first gained recognition with + his hyper-realistic paintings, but gradually the photo-like portraits evolved into facial portraits + comprised of thousands of fragments aligned to a grid. In his later works, each fragment became + autonomous, to the extent that the portrait could be perceived as a coherent image only from a distance. +

+

The experience of looking at the enlarged portraits, with their direct gaze at the viewer, strongly + resonates with Jacques Lacan’s description of the Mirror Phase: + the constitutive moment at which an + infant first perceives their own gestalt image and becomes I – + a subject with a sense of self. The + different stages of Close’s work throughout the years could be regarded as an illustration sequence to + the mirror stage: first the face as the gestalt of the I, then + the constitution of the subject through + the gaze of the other, through the illusionary fantasy of the dismembered corporal body (or of the + face), and finally the incorporation of the subject into the socio-symbolic order.

+

Close’s portraits could be regarded not only as illustrations but as symptoms - representations of + structured malfunctions in the symbolic system. I ask to examine the thematic relations between Close’s + work and Lacanian concepts such as the mirror stage, and to examine the dialectic manner in which + Close’s works are both subjected-to and undermine the symbolic order they depict.

+

The Face as Gestalt ׀ Imaginary Identification

+

1. Photo-Realism as Absolute Gestalt?

+

The Mirror-Phase is a metaphor for the formation the self. Between the ages 6-18 months, an infant gazes + at the mirror for the first time and sees their reflection – a whole figure which the toddler can + control its movements and recognize as a glorified version of themselves. The reflection is the gestalt + of the infant’s ego, or as Lacan puts it “an exteriority in which his form is certainly more constituent + than constituted, but in which it appears to him above all in a contrasting size that fixes it and a + symmetry that inverts it […]”[1]

+

When asked about the manner in which he envisions himself as the subject of a self-portrait, Close + admitted he sees himself as “visual information”[2]. Close suffers + from ‘face-blindness’, or in its + medical term – Prosopagnosia, which is a cognitive-based + inability to recognize and/or distinguish + between different faces.[3] What makes it difficult for Close to + recognize faces is their movement in three + dimension. Any slight change in angle of facial expression are, to Close, a representation of an + entirely different face. Art researcher Richard Shiff describes it as follows: “[…] every minor + alteration in physical presence or emotional mood becomes so noticeable that it renders his recognition + for a particular face impossible.”[4]

+

Prosopagnosia has had a great impact on Close’s work, and first and foremost on his technique.[5] He describes his face-blindness in the following manner:

+
+
I don’t know who anyone is and have essentially no memory at all for people in real space, + but when I flatten them out in a photograph, I can commit that image to memory in a way; I have almost a + kind of photographic memory for flat stuff. + [6] +
+
+

The first stage in creating these portraits is the photographic documentation of the subjects. Painting + based on photography was typical of photo-realist artists, but in Close’s case the two dimensional + documentation also made the subject’s face recognizable to him. Close’s portrait subjects are his + friends, family members and the artist himself. The portraits are frontal, mugshot-like, with the + figures looking straight at the camera/viewer, such as in the painting of Phil (Phillip Glass) [fig.1]. Most portraits lack a facial expression and the figures + have a vacant look in their eyes.

+
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Figure#1: Chuck Close, Phil, 1969, Polymer on Canvas +

[Stefan Smagula / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/]

+
+ +
+

The first portraits Close drew in the 1960’s were exceptionally large – around 2X2.72m, and they were + meant to be viewed from a close distance. They were created as a handwork reproduction of something that + was created mechanically – not a painting of a face but of a photo of a face. Close created a precise + copy of the photographs, including the focus of the camera lens and its shallow depth of field. The + original photos were magnified by up to 50 times and exposed each skin pore, hairline, wrinkle and + freckle.[7] In order to reach maximal precision Close used to divide + the canvas into an orthogonal grid, and painted over it square after square using an airbrush.

+

The first paintings in this technique were made in black and white. In the 70’s Close began creating + color paintings in a technique simulating color prints - stacking layers of magenta, cyan and yellow one + on top of the other – in order to create an effect of an enlarged photograph, as we can see with Mark [fig.2]. + The use of photography allowed Close to maintain an “objective” appearance of the figures. + Objectification is reached by reducing the human face into an array of color stains placed in a certain + order, with no hierarchy of detail information or treatment. The only hierarchy in the portraits is + found in the nuances of the focal point, which is pre-determined by changes in the camera lens’s depth + of field. Moreover, what intensifies the objectification is the impassive expression characteristic of + the portraits. Gestalt is achieved, therefore, by reducing the subject into an objective category of an + individual. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
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Figure#2: Chuck Close, Mark, 1978-79, acrylic on canvas, 104 x 84 inches, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ +
We are therefore led to regard the function of the mirror-phase […] which is to establish a + relation of the organism to its reality […] + [8] +
+
+

Close’s paintings present the human face much larger than in reality, and present every detail that might + have gone unnoticed by the human eye. Therefore, they summon a prolonged observation of every minor + detail, each pore becomes as important as a pupil or a nostril [fig.3]. In this manner a seemingly absolute + gestalt is created – the ultimate reflection, the model of the face which is more than the face itself. + In a way, the objectification of the human face only enhances the particularity of each portrait. + Nonetheless, curator Robert Storr describes the portraits as ones in which “[a] person’s distinguishing + traits are lost and found lost again”, and describes Close’s approach to the faces he paints as “a + taxonomist studying a specimen”.[9]

+

Political scientist Jenny Edkins argues the photo-realism is the first step in dismantling the face and + breaking gestalt. In his meticulous work, she argues, Close actually translates his face blindness into + the canvas by undermining the viewer’s perception of the face in front of them. In the absence of + overall gestalt of the face, the viewer is required to meticulously examine each and every detail of the + portrait, to come near and step back from the portrait, in order to reassemble a coherent image of the + face.[10]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Figure#3: Chuck Close, Mark (detail), 1978-79, acrylic on canvas, 104 x 84 inches, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ + +
+

2. Imaginary Identification and the Big Other

+

Self-consciousness is constituted when the I becomes an object + for itself. This Hegelian concepts is + described by Lacan as a psychic phenomenon. In order to constitute self-consciousness, the subject must + identify themselves with an imaginary other, to put their identity outside of themselves in the image of + their double. The subject’s alienation from themselves is constitutive. Lacan refers to this action as + imaginary identification:[11]

+
+
We have only to understand the mirror-phase as an identification, in the full sense which + analysis gives to the term: namely, the transformation which takes place in the subject when he assumes an + image […] + [12] +
+
+

There is an illusion that the self exists as an autonomous agent a-priori. This is the imaginary + self-perception of the subject, intended to prevent the subject from recognizing their dependence in the + big Other – which is the symbolic order, the place of all + signifiers.[13] Yet, even in the early perceptual stage the + otherness exists as something which comes from the individual. The I cannot exist a-priori, it needs be + constituted first through the image of the self, and later by the image of the other. + The imaginary is the gap between I and the image of I. Once the image becomes an integral part of + self-identity, it is made an integral part of human life. This is the transition from the inner world to + outer society. Here Lacan adds to Freud’s ego ideal the term ideal ego – the gap between the ideal I + lead by the pleasure principal, and the real world which does not allow the ideal I to exist. As a + result, Lacan argues that one cannot experience their selfhood but as determined by the outer world.[14] The subject constitutes themselves in their imaginary + identification with the gaze of the other, for the gaze of the other. This is the fundamental turning + point of the mirror-phase. +

+

Returning to Close, we can now see in the first stage of his work a somewhat figurative metaphor for + Lacan’s imaginary identification. The face in the portrait is validated as an image of a subject through + the viewer’s look, who recomposes the gestalt of the complete face. But it is not only the viewer who + assumes the position of the Other, by also the photographic medium. Opposed to looking in a mirror, or + looking at a painting which imitates a mirror reflection, with Close’s paintings the awareness to the + Other is intensified because he’s duplicating a photograph. The perception of the I is constituted by an + outer perception in itself. The photograph actively makes the Other’s view-point present, and presents + reality as mediated by a big Other, which incorporates the + depicted self into the symbolic order.

+

The Fragmented Face | Symbolic Identification

+

1. Face-in-Pieces

+

When an infant looks in the mirror they see their entire body for the first time, and can recognize it as + themselves. The infant identifies with the figure reflected in the mirror as the “shape” of the ego, the + I receives a form and that is in fact the gestalt. The mirror + symbolizes the reflection of a + consolidated figure which creates the infant’s self-identity, first reflected by their parents and on by + the social order.

+

The infant is (justly) captivated by the relation between their actual body and its reflected image. + Against that narcissist experience, when the infant has complete control over their reflection, arises + the fantasy of the body-in-pieces or the fragmented body, described by Lacan as “a certain level of + disintegration in the individual"[15]. The infant perceives their + body as divided by their ontological existence and its image.

+

Fragmentation is an inseparable part of Close’s work from the beginning. Close reduces the human face to + a collection of supposedly arbitrary fragments, set in a specific composition. At first, the + fragmentation was disguised by erasing/hiding the grid and creating a united figure. Later on, Close + gradually intensified the fragmentation to the point where the fragments became independent objects.

+

As mentioned, Close used to divide the canvas to a square grid. In his early works the grid was + invisible, but in later works he chose to expose it, following different print techniques he had + experimented with.[16] He also experimented with different grid + sizes, + in division to squares and dots, like in the portrait Robert (Chuck Close, Robert/104,072, 1973-74, Synthetic polymer paint and ink with graphite on gessoed canvas, 274.4 x 213.4 cm, + Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York), composed of tiny black dots applied with a spray gun, each set inside a single square + of a grid. There, one can notice the painting becoming more ‘grained’. + Later on, the airbrush was replaced with fingerprints - as in the painting of Fanny [fig.4]. Eventually, the grid disappeared altogether and, in + turn, was replaced with projecting photographs on the canvas.

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Figure#4: Chuck Close, Fanny/Fingerpainting, 1985, oil on canvas, 259.1 x 213.4 x 6.3 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC +

[angela n. / CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/]

+
+ +
+

In the mid-1980’s the grid re-appeared in close’s portraits, but in a different way as a result of change + in his work technique.[17] The canvas was divided into larger + segments, + and each segment was filled by colored x-s or circles. The large segments each had a multitude of + colors and shapes. From a close look the depicted portrait of Lucas disintegrates into colorful fragments and + becomes unrecognizable. Only by looking at the painting from a distance is the re-construction of + the gestalt possible [fig.5,6]. Other alterations to the grid, such as uneven spacing, placing the grid + diagonal to the canvas or using a radial grid like in Lucas II (Chuck Close, Lucas II, 1987, Oil on canvas, 91.4 x 76.2 cm, Collection Jon and Mary Shirley), intensify the fragmentation. The face dissolves into + the background, to the point that a full reconstruction is not always possible. Moreover, the figure + on the canvas is dismantled to begin with, and Close serves it to the viewer in a manner which + re-evokes the fantasy of the fragmented body.

+
+ + +
+ + +
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Figure#5: Chuck Close, Lucas, 1986-87, Oil and graphite on canvas, 254 x 213.4 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York +

[Photograph by author]

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+ + +
+ + +
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Figure#6: Chuck Close, Lucas (detail), 1986-87, Oil and graphite on canvas, 254 x 213.4 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York +

[Photograph by author]

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+ +
+

Unlike Close’s early works, where the viewer is captivated by the hyper objectification of the portraits, + in his later works the portraits dissolve. By doing so, Close challenges the level of information needed + to depict a portrait.[18] The viewer is left to reassemble the + portrait, but the figure behind the portrait always remains lacking.

+

2. Symbolic Identification and the Interpellation of the + Subject

+

If we could draw a parallel between the first stage of Close’s work and Lancan’s imaginary identification + in the mirror stage, then the later stages of his work represent Lacan’s symbolic identification. In + order to present the symbolic identification in Close’s portraits, we first need to elaborate several + Lacanian concepts.

+

The moment in which symbolic meaning is fixed is defined by Lacan as the point de capiton (nodal point) – the point at which the signifier + and signified are quilted together.[19] The point de capiton has + only a structural role, but holds no fixed meaning in itself. Therefore, the process of symbolization is + contingent. Slavoj Žižek presents the formation of ideological space as an assembly of signifiers whose + identity is not pre-determined, but sewn together into a fixed meaning in the process of ‘ideological + quilting’.[20] For instance, Liberal ideology ‘quilts’ the + neoclassical architectural style into public buildings that represent the republic, or the largest + democracy in the world. Fascist ideology, on the other hand, ‘quilts’ Neoclassicism to buildings that + represent subordination of the public to the leader.

+

What determines an object’s identity then, beyond its descriptive qualities, is its ‘quilting’ into a + certain ideological field. Žižek argues that the point de capiton is misconceived as a concentrated + place of meaning, giving meaning to all other elements in the ideological field. Whereas, the point de + capiton is the embodiment of a lack, a point of pure relativity perceived as identity.[21]

+

The point de capiton marks the place of the big Other, it is the point through which the subject is + ‘sewn’ to the signifier.[22] So what is symbolic identification, + then? It is the subject’s identification with a certain signifying trait within the symbolic order.

+

Imaginary identification is the identification with an image that represents who we would like to be – + our ego ideal; whereas symbolic identification is + identification with the place from where we are seen, + the place from where we observe ourselves – our ideal ego.[23] In the moment of symbolic identification the subject gains an + autonomous self-identity, detached from the Other, by identifying with the Other. Symbolic + identification constitutes the imaginary + identification, which in turn is constituted. The + interaction + between the imaginary and symbolic identifications creates the mechanism that incorporates the subject + into the socio-symbolic order, and thus ends the mirror-phase:

+
+
The moment in which the mirror-phase comes to an end inaugurates, by the identification with + the imago of the fellow […], the dialectic which will henceforth link the I to socially elaborated + situations. + [24] +
+
+

If we examine Close’s fragmented portraits as symbolic spaces, then we can regard the face as a rigid + signifier that determines the identity of the various color patches and forms a united object. The color + fields of the grid - whether they are round, square, exes of triangles – are actually ‘floating’ + signifiers devoid of meaning. Their identity as objects (ear, nose or eye, for instance) is set + retroactively through the viewer’s gaze, which gives them a fixed meaning – that is, the gestalt of a + subject.

+

The viewer constitutes the face through symbolic identification with the portrait – identification with + the symbolic order of the portrait space. The face painted in the portrait is constituted as an actual + subject, through its interpellation into the symbolic order of the artwork [fig.7]. The viewer assembles the + face in the portrait by identifying with the place from where they are looking at a fellow subject. What + allows them to assemble the pieces of the picture into a gestalt of a figure is the same big Other with + whom the identify; and simultaneously it is the place from where they are being watched themselves and + constituted as a subject.

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Figure#7: Chuck Close, Emma (Subway Portraits), 2017, Glass and ceramic mosaic, ceramic tile, 2nd Avenue - 86th Street subway station, New York City +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ +
+

The point de capiton - at which the face as signifier ‘sews’ the grid together to create meaning – is + perceived as the point where the figure in the portrait is given meaning as a subject. But in fact, it + embodies the fact that there is no such subject. By breaking the image into fragments, Close is possibly + undermining the existing symbolic order. Recognizing the illusion of the point de capiton disassembles + the portrait back to its individual fragments, the face dissolves into the background and the illusive + gestalt is stripped of form.

+

Grid as Screen | Ideological Fantasy

+
+
Our experience shows that we should start instead from the function of misrecognition which characterizes the ego in all its + structures […] to socially elaborated + situations. + [25] +
+
+

The point de capiton is the point at which the individual is interpellated into a subject by the big + Other. The big Other’s desire in relation to the subject is manifested in fantasy – an imaginary + representation of fulfilling the desire. Fantasy defines the principals of desire, and at the same time, + it is a structural framework through which we experience the world as consistent and meaningful.[26]

+

Can we regard Close’s grid as a fantastic structure? According to Edkins, the grid functions as a screen + concealing the face and making it less recognizable. The face retreats behind the paint. What hides + behind the screen is what resists representation. The figure behind the portrait always remains in its + lack, and this inconsistency in the symbolic order is concealed by the structure of the grid. Adkins + argues that “dismantling the face” means accepting that the signifying system—the social or symbolic + order—is incomplete, itself structured around an impossibility.[27] +

+

Žižek defines ideology as a social fantasy “which is possible only on condition that the individuals + partaking in it are not aware of its proper logic.”[28] The role of + the fantasy is to paint a coherent picture of a homogeneous society, while there is no such society. The + fantasy is not located in social theory but in material reality, in the form of an illusory structure.[29] +

+

On an individual level, this is the function of the grid in Close’s later portraits – attempting to + create a coherent image of a subject, while the subject in the portraits exists only in its lack. Once + we focus our attention on the grid structure, the fantasy dissolves.[fig.8]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Figure#8: Chuck Close, Self Portrait (Subway Portraits), 2017, Glass and ceramic mosaic, ceramic tile, 2nd Avenue - 86th Street subway station, New York City +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ +
+

The last issue arising from the fantastic quality of the grid is the symptom. Symptom is a pathological + failure in the symbolic system. The final stage in Lacanian analysis is identifying with the symptom – + acknowledging it as an element that provides consistency in the subject’s being.[30] In order to go beyond the social fantasy, Žižek offers to ‘identify with + the social symptom’ – to acknowledge that the characteristics attributed to a socially abnormal object, + are necessarily a product of the social structure itself.[31] The dismantled faces in Close’s portraits have + also a symptomatic aspect. The fragmentation via the grid is a representation of a structured lack in + the artwork’s symbolic space. In going through the symptom, we create a new symbolic reality, so that + going through the fragmentation is what re-builds the face, as a result of the symbolic system which + constitutes it.

+

Conclusion

+

This paper asked to draw the parallels between Close’s artistic work and Lacan’s Mirror-phase, as a stage + in the formation of the I and the representation of the I as defined through the eyes of the other. Psychoanalyst Steven + Mitchell presents a nice analogy between the work of the analyst and the portrait painter:

+
+
+

The analyst becomes a kind of portrait painter of the patient’s experience, revealing the + inner structure of that experience. The problem is that in painting their subjects, portrait painters also + are expressing their own sensibility, their own subjectivity, and what they capture on canvas is partly the + impact of their personality. + [32]

+

Artists, like psychoanalysts, have a great impact on what on what it is they are trying to understand, and there seems + to be no way to factor out or analyze away that impact. There is no “me” awaiting to be captured, either by an artist or + an analyst or even by myself. + [33]

+
+ +
+ If we consider Mitchell’s analogy via Lacanian categories, it is in fact a metaphor to the constitutive role of the + other. The artist’s/analyst’s/other’s gaze is what constitutes the self. The artist’s or analyst’s function in relation + to the subject or patient, is supposedly to elaborate their desires or pathologies, to outline their physiognomy and + personality. But the portrait, or the reflection in the mirror for that matter, is not a mere documentation or + extraction of the self It holds a constitutive role. “There is no ‘me’ awaiting to be captured“, but rather there is + ‘me’ awaiting to be formed. +
+
+ +
+
+
+ + +
Notes:
+
+

[1] Jacques Lacan, ‘The Mirror-Phase as a Formative of the Function of the I’, in Mapping Ideology, ed. by Slavoj Žižek + (London: Verso, 1994), p.94.

+

[2] Madeleine Grynsztejn, ‘Navigating the Self: Chuck Close Discusses Portraiture and the Topography of the Face’, Walker + Art Center Magazine(Minneapolis, MN, 2005) http://www.walkerart.org/magazine/2005/navigating-the-self [accessed 29 + September 2015].

+

[3] Prosopagnosia is a congenital disorder, but it can also be caused by trauma or following a head injury. From a cognitive + aspect, Prosopagnosia is similar to disorders such as Dyslexia or Topographical disorientation.

+

[4] Richard Shiff, ‘Through a Slow Medium’, in Chuck Close Prints: Process and Collaboration; with an Essay by Richard + Shiff, ed. by T Sultan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Universityl Press, 2003), p. 36.

+

[5] Biographies and monographs on Chuck Close commonly do not address his face-blindness directly, probably because the + disorder was only diagnosed and more researched in recent years. +

+

[6] Oliver Sacks, The Mind’s Eye (London: Picador, 2010), p.91

+

[7] Jenny Edkins, ‘Dismantling the Face: Landscape for Another Politics?’,Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 31 (2013), p.544

+

[8] Lacan. p.96

+

[9] Robert Storr,Chuck Close (New York: Museun of Modern Art, 1998)

+

[10] Edkins. p.543

+

[11] Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989), pp.103-104

+

[12] Lacan. p.94

+

[13] Žižek, p.104

+

[14] Lacan. p.96

+

[15] Ibid

+

[16] Christopher Finch,Chuck Close: Work (Munich: Prestel, 2007), p.97

+

[17] In 1988 Close suffered from a collapsed artery in his spinal cord, which hurt his motoric functions and left him + partially paralyzed. Though Close had experimented in alterations to his technique prior to his illness, the damage + caused to his motor skills held a great influence on his work methods and the detail level of the portraits.

+

[18] Finch. p.192

+

[19] Žižek, pp.97-8

+

[20] Ibid, pp.87-8

+

[21] Ibid, pp.97-9

+

[22] Ibid, p.101

+

[23] Ibid, p.105

+

[24] Lacan, p.97

+

[25] Ibid, p.98

+

[26] Žižek, pp.111-23

+

[27] Edkins, pp.546,550

+

[28] Žižek, p.21

+

[29] Ibid, pp.33,126-7

+

[30] Ibid, p.75

+

[31] Ibid, pp.127-128

+

[32] Stephen A. Mitchell, Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis (New York: BasicBooks, 1993), p.54

+

[33] Ibid, p.55

+ + +
+
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN + +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/academics&theory_The-Sublime-Object-of-Nazi-Architecture.html b/academics&theory_The-Sublime-Object-of-Nazi-Architecture.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dad0f4e --- /dev/null +++ b/academics&theory_The-Sublime-Object-of-Nazi-Architecture.html @@ -0,0 +1,731 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Academics & Theory + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
The Sublime Object of Nazi Architecture
+ +
Author: Orly Even
+
Based on a Paper Presented at ISPA Conference + "Building as Service" in Colorado Springs, CO, USA, July 2018
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#1: Albert Speer, North-South Axis of Welthauptstadt + Germania, view from Southern end, 1936 (Model) +

[Bundesarchiv, Bild 146III-373 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de]

+
+
+ +
Abstract:
+
+

In his Essay on Kitsch and Death, historian Saul Friedländer suggests that the persuasive power of Nazism + was less derived from explicit ideology, rather than the power of emotions, images and phantasms. + Friedländer refers to the presence of an unknown factor which has not been addressed by research. Though + the architectural products of Nazi ideology are the subject of many research works, still the unknown + factor for fascination with these “mighty works” has yet been fully theorized.

+

In this paper, I ask to use the term sublime as a philosophical framework for an interpretive reading of + Nazi architecture and its modern and ideological aspects. For the purpose of this discussion, I examine + how the sublime is manifested in Welthauptstadt Germania - the mostly unrealized urban plan of Berlin’s + city center, devised by Hitler and architect Albert Speer in the years 1933-1939.

+

The paper explores specific expressions of the sublime in Nazi architecture, which exceed quantitative + descriptions and also regard the cornerstones of the socio-symbolic order. As will be shown, the sublime + is found in all aspects of Nazi architecture and is inseparably linked with its modernity.

+
+
+
It is precisely these buildings which will help to unify our people politically more closely + than ever […]; these buildings will inspire German society with a proud consciousness that each and all + belong together; they will prove how ridiculous in our social life are all earthly differences in the face + of these mighty, gigantic witnesses to the life which we share […].They will fill our people with a + limitless self-confidence as they remember that they are German. These mighty works will at the same time provide the most sublime + evidence of the political strength of the German nation. +
Adolf Hitler[1]
+
+
+

In In his Essay on Kitsch and Death, historian Saul + Friedländer suggests that the persuasive power of Nazism was less derived from explicit ideology, rather + than the power of emotions, images and phantasms.[2] Nazism’s + distinguishing quality lies in its psychological dimension and its hypnotic influence over so many + people. That quality cannot be fully theorized by historiography stemming from political, socio-economic + and cultural explanations. Friedländer refers to the presence of an unknown factor which has not been + addressed by research.[3]

+

Though the architectural products of Nazi ideology are the subject of many research works, still the + unknown factor for fascination with these “mighty works” has yet been fully theorized. Borrowing from + Hitler’s wording, I would like to refer to this factor as the “sublime”. In this paper, I ask to use the + term sublime as a philosophical framework for an interpretive reading of Nazi architecture[4] and its modern and ideological aspects. For the purpose of this discussion, + I will examine how the sublime is manifested in Welthauptstadt + Germania - the mostly unrealized urban plan of Berlin’s city center, devised by Hitler and + architect Albert Speer in the years 1933-1939.

+

1. On the Sublime

+

The sublime refers to infinite or absolute greatness which is beyond perception and cannot be represented + in form or language. Spatial, temporal, and conceptual characteristics of the sublime have furnished its + importance in aesthetic theory and praxis since the 18th century.

+

Immanuel Kant and Edmund Burke were first to articulate the dialectics of the sublime and the beautiful, + which stood at the center of aesthetic discourse of that time. Burke emphasized the sensual-material + aspect of aesthetic appreciation, while Kant focused on its subjectivity as well as its universality – + “a representation of limitlessness, yet with a super-added + thought of + its totality”[5]. Both applied the sublime on the relations between + man and nature, addressing its alluring yet intimidating qualities – “whatever is in any sort + terrible”[6]. +

+

In the 18th and 19th centuries Burke and John Ruskin both formulated criteria for + achieving sublimity in + architecture, including monumentality, scale manipulation, multiplicity, infinity and light (or lack + thereof). These physical criteria were followed in the 20th century by additional criteria + involving + emotional responses to architecture.

+

Sublime discourse renewed in the late 1970’s in the context of critique of modernity. Poststructuralism + re-incorporated the sublime into aesthetics, led by Jean François Lyotard who declared it “the single + artistic sensibility to characterize the Modern”[7]. Jacques Lacan + incorporated the sublime into psychoanalysis via the sublime + object, a term referring to negative + representation of a lack. This concept was later taken up by Slavoj Žižek, in his critique of ideology. +

+

In architecture theory, Anthony Vidler and others called attention to the 18th-century + ‘architects of the + sublime’ – Claude Nicolas Ledoux and Étienne-Louis Boullée. Later on, Vidler articulated the + Architectural Uncanny, inspired by Freud’s uncanny - the frightening aspect of the sublime, referring + the alienated presence of something once familiar that has been repressed. The Architectural uncanny + stems from modern architecture’s tendency for alienation, anxiety and fear of disintegration of the + body.[8]

+

Another notion of sublime is the technological sublime, + replacing the romantic relations between man and + nature with the modern relations between man and the machine, or the postmodern relations between man + and global-network technology (see Frederic Jameson, Perry Miller, David Nye et al).

+

While theoretical discourse has referred to the sublime in regards with modern art, technology and + architecture, there has hardly been any discussion on the sublime in fascist architecture. For this + reason, I ask to offer another perspective on Nazi architecture via the sublime. Let us, then, take a + short excursion into Nazi aesthetics, in the form of a stroll down the grand boulevard of Welthauptstadt + Germania.

+

2. What’s Between Welthauptstadt Germania and Modernism?

+

Welthauptstadt + Germania, meaning “World Capital Germania”, offered a new urban layout to Berlin’s city + center. The plan, initiated by Hitler and executed by his architect and Minister of Armaments and War + Production Speer [9], is a paradigm of modern urban planning that + uses aesthetic means for ideological + purposes. The plan was comprised mainly of a 5-kilometer-long boulevard, 120 meters in width, along + which were placed consecutive large-scale megastructures [fig.1]. These were meant to form the + governmental, financial, cultural and social center of the Reich’s capital. According to the planners’ + vision, visitors to the new city would have landed at Tempelhof Airport, and within a short walking + distance arrived at the grand boulevard - where they would have witnessed the greatness of Nazi rule in + an architectural display unprecedented in its urban scale. Historian Steven Helmer suggests that Speer + engaged not in urban planning, but in planning a giant exhibition hall or a theatre stage for the German + captive audience.[10]

+

At both ends of the boulevard were placed the most noticeable monuments – north was the Great Hall + (Volkshalle), a pantheon topped by a gigantic dome, 250-meter in diameter; and south was a + 117-meter-high Triumphal Arch, supposed to compete with the Parisian arch.[11] Two thirds of the + boulevard were assigned for leisure uses –theatres, an opera house, concert and congress halls, a hotel, + stores and restaurants. The surrounding urban blocks were smaller in scale and designated for offices + and commerce. Further along were planned smaller residential blocks.[12]

+

Nazism called for the renewal of Germanic-Volk culture and the perception of the people as a community + (Völkisch), in order to eliminate social stratification (Volksgemeinschaft). For that purpose, colossal + versions of the ‘people’s house’ assembly halls (Volkshaus) were erected in German towns. Such was the + Great Hall, designed to contain 160,000 people during public gatherings [fig.2].

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#2: Albert Speer, Great hall and Konigsplatz Square, 1936 + (Model) +

[Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1986-029-02 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de]

+
+ +
+

Welthauptstadt + Germania was a prototype masterplan for all large German cities. Each city was to have a + wide parade boulevard, an assembly hall, a bell tower and party institutions.[13] In-spite of + comprehensive planning, almost none of the buildings planned for Berlin were ever built. Planning + commenced with Hitler’s rise to power, and the architectural, urban and ideological characteristics of + Welthauptstadt Germania were defined in detail. Extensive preparations for execution were made before + and during WWII, but came to a halt by 1940. Among only four buildings that were completed, two remain + today – Tempelhof Airport and the Ministry of Aviation building (currently housing the Ministry of + Finance) [fig. 3,4].

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#3: Tempelhof Airport by Architect Ernst Sagebiel, Entrance to + Terminal, 2009 + (Panorama) +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#4: German Ministry of Finance by Architect Ernst Sagebiel (Former + Ministry of Aviation), 2008 +

[Peter Kuley / CC BY-SA 2.5]

+
+ +
+

The architectural style designated by the Third Reich for the public sphere was a combination of + 19th-century + neoclassicism and Volk-romantic design. Architectural historiography till mid-20th century + did + not classify + architecture of totalitarian regimes as modern, since it lacked in innovation and its monumentality was + considered antithesis to modernity.[14] Nevertheless, later + examination + of Nazi architecture has revealed + distinct modern characteristics: technological and functional innovation, use of industrialized building + materials, and efficient bureaucracy – monumental construction erected rapidly. Nazi buildings wore an + old + ‘costume’ of stone and marble, covering steel frames and concrete beams.

+

Historian Jeffery Herf presents the dialectical approach of the Third Reich toward modernism in the term + Reactionary Modernism - sanctification of modern technology and + progress, while dismissing the liberal + values of the Enlightenment.[15] Following opposing standpoints, I + contend that Nazi architecture was not + only a reaction, but the direct outcome of cultural, sociological, technological and aesthetic processes + of + the Enlightenment. One aesthetic process promoted by Nazi architecture was the introduction of + aesthetics + into political life.

+

3. Aestheticization of Politics

+ +
+ +
[Mankind’s] self-alienation has reached such a degree that it can experience its own + destruction as an aesthetic pleasure of the first order. This is the situation of politics which Fascism is + rendering aesthetic. Communism responds by politicizing art.[16]
+ +
+

In The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, Walter Benjamin argues that the + perception of + architecture is more tactile than optical – appropriated by touch, accomplished by habit and consummated + in + state of distraction, so it would easily incite the masses at turning points of history. In light of + these + qualities, architecture was the ideal instrument for “the introduction of aesthetics into political + life” by + fascism, as Benjamin puts it.[17]

+

Hitler saw in architecture an important tool of propaganda. The organized public gathering in a structure + such as the Great Hall made an individual a part of a group, by what he called ‘suggestion of the + masses’.[18] Therefore, Hitler organized the masses in various + spaces – + stadiums, halls and parades – which + transformed the shapeless masses into Volk.[19]

+

The metropolitan masses, captive of all-encompassing architecture, would become alienated of their + individuality. Best put by Speer – “as soon as they, […] stepped out of the station they would be + overwhelmed, or rather stunned, by the urban scene and thus the power of the Reich”.[20]

+

Modern age is perceived as an age of trauma, when man is subjected to physical shock, followed by + suppression + of physical reality. To Friedländer, the corner-stone of Nazi aesthetics is the combination of + contradicting + imagery of oppression with apocalyptic visions, which has a paralyzing effect on the senses. This allows + the + unbearable reality to be scaled down to a tolerable social conduct that forms the social + infrastructure.[21] Thus, at the core of aestheticization there is a + numbness of the senses, performing as an anesthetic and + allowing humanity to relish in its destruction.

+

4. Expressions of the Modern Sublime in Nazi Architecture

+

4.1 The Sublime in Nazi Discourse

+

Though absent from scholarly research on architecture, the concept of the sublime was clearly present in + Nazi discourse. Nazi life philosophy adopted Kantian aesthetics as evidence of the intellectual + supremacy of German culture. Philosopher Ludwig Klages proclaimed that modern man had alienated himself + from life. He who experiences life doesn’t think, want or act, he is ‘enchanted’, ‘overwhelmed’, + ‘fascinated’, ‘shocked’, ‘surrendered’ by life. Klages is using the 18th-century rhetoric of the + sublime, and according to historian Boaz Neumann it was that kind of life experience that Nazis wanted + to go back to.[22]

+

The implementation of common philosophical conceptions in politics was a Nazi novelty. In its Nazi + adaptation, the sublime became an object one succumbs to and was often used in relation to major + political figures, especially the Führer.[23]

+

Returning to the opening quote of this paper – at the Nazi Party General Assembly in 1937 Hitler + describes the intent behind the buildings of Welthauptstadt + Germania, which would “provide the most + sublime evidence of the political strength of the German nation”. His use of the sublime is dialectical + - on the one hand, it evokes aesthetic pleasure, wonder and aw in the presence of the gigantic, mighty + and limitless; on the other hand, those exact qualities evoke fear and terror. Modern conception of the + sublime can be found also, in appealing to the collective and individual unconscious. Hitler claims that + the giant buildings would fill the Germans with limitless self-confidence, when in fact they were + intended to do the opposite – to alienate the individuals from themselves and their environment. In what + architectural-sublime means can that manipulation be achieved?

+

4.2 Architectonic Manipulation of the Sublime

+

As mentioned, Burke and Ruskin defined criteria for achieving sublimity in architecture that included + physical and spatial qualities. Vidler added psychological criteria, involving the emotional response to + architecture. In common with these approaches is the use of illusions, evoking discomfort or terror. As + phantasms were key element in Nazi aesthetics, the use of sublime aesthetics in architecture matched the + aspiration to unify the Volk under Nazism. + I would like to point out five elements – concrete and conceptual – as the primary means of manipulation + which is achieved by the sublime in Welthauptstadt + Germania:

+

A. The Artificial Infinite

+

A distinct characteristic of totalitarian urban planning (but not exclusive to totalitarianism), is the + infinite axis. This is the embodiment of what Burke called the “artificial infinite” - “the eye not + being able to perceive the bounds of many things”, producing the effect of infinity.[24] The infinite + axis is a leitmotif of modernism – the myth of autogenesis, of modern man creating himself and his + world. In early 20th century, autogenesis manifested in an unprecedented scale of urban + planning. Much + like Berlin’s grand boulevard - a main axis one cannot see the end-of, though less ambitious, Benito + Mussolini planned the Esposizione Universale di Roma in the + outskirts of Rome in 1938-42; in 1935 the + Gran Via was planned in Madrid; and Moscow was re-designed as + the Capital of Socialism. The infinite + axis did not skip democracies, as the length of Washington’s National Mall (1901) is 3.1 kilometers, + compared with the 5 kilometers of Berlin’s boulevard.

+

Modern urbanism’s pretension was to build cities without memories. Modernists such as Le-Corbusier and + Bruno Taut wanted to erase the monuments of the traditional city since they were agents of memory, and + proposed grandiose utopian city plans. Speer’s plan was less ambitious, yet it combined the motif of + autogenesis with the traditional conception of the city full of monuments. Moreover, it went beyond + utopia and achieved concrete realization.

+

The image of infinity in the urban scale repeated itself in all levels of planning, down to the single + building. For instance, the total length of Tempelhof Airport is 1.3 kilometers, and even today it + remains one of the longest buildings in the world. The sense of infinity is intensified by the + building’s radial shape, making it impossible to see its end. [fig.5]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#5: Templehof Airport, Aerial View, circa 1948 +

[USAF / Public domain]

+
+ +
+

B. Monumentality and Repetitiveness

+

The main novelty in Speer’s plan was its scale. The limits of proportion which guided neo-classical + architecture were broken, with each building in Welthauptstadt + Germania being as large as an entire city + block of historic Berlin [fig.1]. Since the plan was applied on a built urban fabric, an extensive + demolition project was needed. Speer acknowledged that the Great Hall and Grand Arch would have + completely distorted the city’s architectural proportions.[25]

+

Hitler and Speer aspired for buildings which would stand for a thousand years, and even when demolished + would retain their status of monuments. Speer also admitted they took inspiration from Ledoux and Boulée + [fig.2,6].[26] On Hitler’s tendency for exaggeration Speer remarks: + “He wanted the biggest of everything + to glorify his works and magnify his pride.”[27] On another + instance, Speer denies the exaggeration and + claims the buildings were not excessive in comparison with skyscrapers and public buildings of the + 1960’s. Possibly, it was not their size but their pretension that made them “abnormal”.[28]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#6: E.L. Boullée’s Newton's Cenotaph, Elevation, 1784 + (Drawing) +

[Étienne-Louis Boullée / Public domain]

+
+ +
+

There was uniformity in plan and rhythm amongst all buildings along the Grand Boulevard. Since the + erection of skyscrapers was not allowed, buildings were planned in spans of 150-180 meters, along which + the architectural elements repeated monotonously. Hitler declared that propaganda must focus on little + and repeat it endlessly. Only thousands of repetitions on the simplest terms would penetrate the memory + of the masses.[29] The buildings of the city could also be + considered a form of speech - accentuating + content by repetition (rows of columns/windows/entire façades), often use of slogans (Greek-Dori + columns, multitude of eagle sculptures and swastikas), a shouting tone of voice (the height of the Great + Hall, the width of the boulevard).

+

The use of repeating elements and the motif of eternity are effective tools of hypnosis by repetition. + The sensual overflow caused by the architecture is followed by a perceptual failure. The image stored in + the collective memory of the people is the same repeating image.

+

Nazi buildings, supposed to lose their aura as a result of reproduction, still retained it due to their + monumentality. Size in itself transformed the buildings into empty symbols, loaded with meaning. This is + reflected in Speer’s words:

+
+ +
We had this one fatal flaw to contend with in this business of designing buildings […] the + architects were all very unsure […] they wanted to please. So when you built something, it was widely + copied, which made the original lose its value […]. Perhaps it still had some value by virtue of its larger + dimensions, its better proportions, but it had lost its originality.[30]
+ +
+

C. The Question of Scale or: The Nazi Phantasmagoria

+

Phantasmagoric constellations are illusionary representations of reality through technical manipulation + of the senses. Phantasmagoria, in its totality, assumes the position of objective truth. By means of + monumentality, repetition, scale manipulations and the illusion of infinity, Nazi urban space would have + become a total alternate reality to historic Berlin.

+

The Nazi phantasmagoria is best exemplified in one of Tempelhof’s façade segments. The façade is composed + by repeating segments appearing in regular intervals. The entire curved façade can only be seen from a + distant bird’s-eye view. Since there is not enough distance to allow full perception from beginning to + end, the sense of totality is intensified. [fig.7,8]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#7: Ernst Sagebiel, Tempelhof – Elevations of Towers 6-8, + 1:200, 1936-1945 + (Drawings) +

[Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität Berlin in der Universitätsbibliothek]

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#8: Tempelhof – Repetetive Façade + (Photo Collage) +

[Photograph by author]

+
+ +
+

Moreover, the size of the architectural elements composing the façade exceeds their common function. When + isolating a random segment with no external size reference, one can mistakably think that the size of a + man in relation to the building would be as on the left side of fig.9. The actual size of a man in + relation to the building is as on the right side. Human scale ceases to provide any reference for the + size of the architectural element, and scale - in itself a relative term - becomes irrelevant and + unmeasurable. The phantasmagoria sets a contingent point of reference in a total reality.

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#9: Tempelhof – Façade Segment + (Drawing) +

[Drawing by author]

+
+ +
+

D. The Flâneur in Nazi Berlin

+

The Return of the Flâneur (1929) is a review Benjamin wrote on + Franz Hessel’s book Walking in Berlin, in + which he described the experience of strolling in Berlin. The Flâneur – a figure of a stroller Benjamin + had borrowed from Baudelaire - walks the streets aimlessly and traces the landscape of everyday city + life. Unlike the rushed walk of the city crowd, the flâneur walks subversively in a slow pace, + challenging the fast rhythm of modern urban life.[31] However, + Berlin was never as populated metropolis + as Paris or London, and its streets were never crowded. Berlin does not possess the physical or cultural + qualities for wandering, which does not come naturally for Berliners. The flâneur evokes their + suspicion.[32]

+

The flâneur that Benjamin describes with excitement in 1929 is Berlin’s daydreamer, who ultimately loses + his space of flânerie in Hitler’s 1933 drawings. Strolling down the Grand Boulevard, his shock reaction + to the phantasmagoric totality would transform the flâneur into the man of the crowd. In that anesthetic + state phantasm would become his reality, thus the flâneur would succumb to ideology.

+

E. (Light as Matter)

+

In a party rally held at Tempelhof in 1933, Speer first conceived the ‘Cathedral of Light’ (Lichdom) – + using light as matter via vertical columns of light, created by projectors placed on a stage facing + upwards. Although that kind of use of light was never realized in Welthauptstadt Germania, it could be + presumed that Speer had intended to recreate the iconic Cathedral of Light created in the Zeppelinfeld + of Nuremberg. On the 1936 Reich Party Day Speer lit the Zeppelinfeld at a night rally using 130 + anti-aircraft searchlights, each with a 2-meter radius, facing the sky [fig.10].[33]

+

When recalling the rally, Speer describes the elements required for enchantment with the Nazi sublime: +

+
+ +
The actual effect far surpassed anything I had imagined. […] The feeling was of a vast room, + with the beams serving as mighty pillars of infinitely high outer walls. […] I imagine that this […] was the + first luminescent architecture of this type, and for me it remains not only my most beautiful architectural + concept but, […] the only one which has survived the passage of time.[34]
+ +
+

Appearance, a monumental effect of height, depth and size and a mass of light - all are of course a + phantasm of no less than a cathedral, emerging from the darkness. The cathedral of light is considered a + highlight in the process of aestheticization of Nazi political space.

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ Figure#10: Cathedral of Lights at Zeppelinfeld, Nuremberg, 1936 +

[Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-1982-1130-502 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 [CC BY-SA 3.0 de]

+
+ +
+

5. The Sublime Object of Nazi Architecture

+

Having mapped the architectural manipulations of the Nazi sublime in their historic context, let us now + focus on what lies in the kernel of Nazi architecture. In other words, let’s examine how a Nazi building + functions as a sublime object a-la-Lacan and Žižek.

+

5.1 The ‘Ideological Quilting’ of a Building

+

A building assumes the position of a sublime object, following Lacanian logic, when raised to the level + of the Thing – a Freudian term referring to a traumatic kernel + which resists representation, yet its + existence allows representation to occur.[35] The objects chosen to + represent what is beyond + representation become alluring yet intimidating, and hence sublime.

+

Žižek describes the sublime object as an object with “a massive, oppressive material presence; it is not + an indifferent void […], but at the same time it does not circulate between the subjects”[36] The + material excess compensates for a structured absence. Once approaching the sublime object too closely, + it loses its sublimity and becomes an ordinary everyday object, because its sublimity is not intrinsic, + but an outcome of its structural place in the symbolic order. The intent in grasping what is at the + kernel of the phenomenon, is to get close enough to it that it would lose its enchanting power.[37]

+

Tempelhof airport exemplifies a building that performs as a sublime object. In order to achieve symbolic + identification with the Nazi social order, spatial manipulations were required – the illusion of + infinity, monumentality, repetition, phantasmagoric totality and perceptual failure. Moreover, the + neoclassical style associated the airport compound with Nazi architecture.

+

The moment in which symbolic meaning is fixed is defined by Lacan as the point de capiton (nodal point) – + the point at which the signifier and signified are quilted together.[38] Žižek presents the formation of + ideological space as an assembly of signifiers whose identity is not pre-determined, but sewn together + into a fixed meaning in the process of ‘ideological quilting’.[39] + For instance, Liberal ideology + ‘quilts’ the neoclassical architectural style into public buildings that represent the republic, or the + largest democracy in the world. Fascist ideology, on the other hand, ‘quilts’ Neoclassicism to buildings + that represent subordination of the public to the leader.

+

What gives Tempelhof its symbolic meaning then, beyond its descriptive qualities, is its ‘quilting’ into + Nazism. Following that logic, ‘quilting’ to another ideological field could potentially give it a + different meaning. This is exemplified in Tempelhof’s recent function as temporary shelter for refugees. + The building, as a sublime object, is charged with excessive symbolic meaning, while it is not + pre-dispositioned toward a specific ideology, but only toward ideology as such, mainly because of its + size.

+

The point de capiton which gives Tempelhof its meaning is but + the embodiment of a lack at the heart of + representation, which the sublime object needs to compensate for. Tempelhof’s architectural features + nicely illustrate this point: the radial elongated building could be regarded as sort of medieval ‘city + wall’; the enormous building, surrounded by the city from one side, conceals the fact that there is + nothing behind it [fig.5].The empty field in the midst of the city is the void within representation, + and it is disguised by the sublime object.

+

5.2 The Fantastic City: A Structure of Interpellation +

+

Žižek defines ideology as a social fantasy “which is possible only on condition that the individuals + partaking in it are not aware of its proper logic.”[40] The role of + the fantasy is to paint a coherent + picture of a homogeneous society, while there is no such society. The fantasy is not located in social + theory but in material reality, in the form of an illusory structure.[41] + The illusionary structure of the Nazi City is built on repetition. Following Hegel’s concept of historic + repetition, if a monumental building such as the Great Hall raptures Berlin’s historic city, it is + experienced as trauma in the urban fabric. But if the monumental presence appears repeatedly along the + Grand Boulevard, it acquires a symbolic value and is experienced as part of a cohesive urban layout. + Each element receives its meaning retroactively through repetition, and the illusion is that meaning was + there a-priori. +

+

The sublime objects in the image of Welthauptstadt Germania’s + buildings are a device of interpellation of + the German people, it is where they are integrated into the new socio-symbolic order. The Nazi + phantasmagoria forms the fantastic structure – the reality through which the subjects experience the + world as consistent and meaningful and escape trauma.

+

The unification of society – through volkism, through the united appearance of the material space, by + establishing a city as the ultimate place for public gathering – is an ideological fantasy. Through + urban design, the structured lack within the social order receives positive materialization. The role of + the critique of ideology according to Žižek, is to locate those sublime objects - with their fascinating + presence - within ideology, and to recognize them as placeholders in the symbolic order.[42]

+

Conclusion

+

The sublime is an interruption within representation that is not limited to aesthetics. When the + political assumes an aesthetic form, then the interruption invades the entire social order. One can + point out many instances of the aestheticization of politics in modern times. This paper addressed the + instance of Nazi aesthetics, in the form of the architecture designated for the Third Reich’s capital. +

+

Nazi architecture is commonly described in terms of ineffability in research literature. When addressing + its unusual monumentality, the length and girth of the buildings is counted in many kilometers, as well + as the number of stones, steel beams, and the number of slave workers who chiseled the stones and + mounted the beams into a whole monument. These figures are meant to shock the reader in order to + illustrate the megalomaniac intentions of the Führer embodied in architecture. But couldn’t the same + count be made for a typical 1930’s New-York skyscraper? Doesn’t this representation apply to monuments + of our time, which are just as large (e.g., the ‘Bird’s Nest’ stadium in Beijing, whose construction + caused a world shortage of iron)? Isn’t the sublime height of skyscrapers the subject of lucrative + competitions? Are all of these sublime in the same manner in which Nazi architecture is sublime?

+

This paper explored specific expressions of the sublime in Nazi architecture, which exceed quantitative + descriptions and also regard the cornerstones of the socio-symbolic order (going beyond the phantasm). + As shown, the sublime is found in all aspects of Nazi architecture and is inseparably linked with its + modernity.

+
+
+ + +
Notes:
+
+

[1] Quoted in Frederic Spotts, Hitler + and the Power of Aesthetics (New York: Overlook Press, 2002), p.99

+

[2] Saul Friedländer, Reflections of + Nazism: An essay on Kitsch and death, Hebrew translation by Jenny Navot (Jerusalem: Keter, + 1985), p.15

+

[3] Ibid, p.110

+

[4] Or of Fascist architecture in general

+

[5] Immanuel Kant, Critique of + Judgement, ed. by Nicholas Walker, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p.75 +

+

[6] Edmund Burke, A Philosophical + Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed. by Adam Phillips + (Oxford UK ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p.36

+

[7] Jean-François Lyotard, “The Sublime and the Avant-Garde,” Artforum, 20 (1982), p. 37

+

[8] Anthony Vidler, “Theorizing the Unhomely,” Newsline, 3 (1990), p.3

+

[9] Albert Speer (1905-1981): Leading member in the Third Reich, was + Hitler’s chief architect and close friend. In 1942, he was appointed the Minister of Armaments and War + Production. During his ministry, he increased German war production for the sinking Wehrmacht, relying + on massive forced labor, for which he was later convicted in the Nuremberg trials and imprisoned for 20 + years.

+

[10] Stephen Dean Helmer, Hitler’s + Berlin: The Speer Plans for Reshaping the Central City (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, + 1985), p.107

+

[11] Ibid, pp.27-32

+

[12] Léon Krier, Albert Speer : + Architecture 1932-1942 (New York: Monacelli Press, 2013), p.47

+

[13] Robert R. Taylor, The Word in + Stone : The Role of Architecture in the National Socialist Ideology (Berkeley: University of + California Press, 1974), pp.174-180

+

[14] Unlike canonic modern architecture, Nazi architecture preserved + an existing style and promoted values that oppose those presented by the modern movement in architecture + - mainly to the Bauhaus School which was closed after the Nazis’ rise to rule in 1933. This placed Nazi + architecture in the opposite end of Modernism.

+

[15] This concept is exemplified in the Minister of Propaganda Joseph + Goebbels’s call for “romanticism of steel”.

+

Jeffery Herf, Reactionary Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge + University Press, 1985)

+

[16] Walter Benjamin, trans. by Harry Zohn ‘The Work of Art in the Age + of Mechanical Reproduction’, in Illuminations, ed. by Hanna + Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), p.242

+

[17] Ibid, pp.240-1

+

[18] Hitler quoted in Boaz Neumann, Nazi Weltanschauung - Space, Body, Language (Haifa: Haifa + University Press, 2002), p.100

+

[19] Alex Scobie, Hitler’s State + Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity (Philadelphia: Penn. State University Press, + 1990), pp.19-20

+

[20] Albert Speer, Inside the Third + Reich: Memoirs (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1979), pp.134-5

+

[21] Friedländer, p.98

+

[22] Neumann, pp. 34-5

+

[23] Erica Carter, NDietrich’s + Ghosts: The Sublime and the Beautiful in Third Reich Film (London: BFI Pub., 2004), p.109

+

[24] Burke, p.148

+

[25] Speer, p.88

+

[26] Joachim Pest, Speer: The Final + Verdict (Hebrew edition) (Or Yehuda: Dvir, 2008), p.102

+

[27] Speer, p.69

+

[28] Ibid, p.138

+

[29] Boaz Neumann, Being in the + Weimar Republic (Hebrew) (Raanana: Am Oved, 2007), p.149

+

[30] Bernhard Leitner and Sophie Wilkins, ‘Albert Speer, the Architect + from a Conversation of July 21, 1978’, October, 20 (1982), + pp.14–50

+

[31] Walter Benjamin, ‘On Some Motifs in Baudelaire’, in Illuminations (Hebrew edition) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbuz Hameuhad, + 1996), p.42

+

[32] Walter Benjamin, ‘The Return of the Flâneur’, in Illuminations (Hebrew edition) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbuz Hameuhad, + 1996), pp.101, 104

+

[33] The remarkable scene was documented in the propaganda film + Festliches Nürnberg (Festive Nuremberg, 1937) directed by Hans Weidemann

+

[34] Speer, p.59

+

[35] Jacques Lacan, The Ethics of + Psychoanalysis 1959-1960: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan , ed. by Jaques-Alain Miller (Hove: + Routledge, 2013), pp.112,125

+

[36] Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime + Object of Ideology (London: Verso, 1989), p.184

+

[37] Ibid, p.170

+

[38] Ibid, pp.97-8

+

[39] Ibid, pp.87-8

+

[40] Ibid, p.21

+

[41] Ibid, pp.33,126-127

+

[42] Ibid, p.124

+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN + +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/architecture-gallery0.html b/architecture-gallery0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2dda5df --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery0.html @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
NAME OF PROJECT
+ +
@
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Location: + Description +
+
Year: + Description +
+
Project Area: + Description ㎡ +
+
Design Team: + Description +
+
Description
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Details
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Details
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Artist's-Studio-Gallery.html b/architecture-gallery_Artist's-Studio-Gallery.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d413e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Artist's-Studio-Gallery.html @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
Artist’s Studio & Gallery
+ +
@ Erez Shani Architecture
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Location: + Tel Aviv - Jaffa, Israel +
+
Year: + 2019 +
+
Project Area: + 200 ㎡ +
+
Design Team: + Orly Even, Erez Shani +
+
+

The project is located in Tel Aviv’s old industrial zone, which is an up-and-coming area and a home to many art galleries that relocated from the city center. A local artist purchased a space which once housed a zipper factory and wished to transform it into her studio and an exhibition space. +

+

Our design concept was to maintain the original roughness of the space and incorporate existing industrial elements into the design. Therefore, architectural details of the old factory - such as exposed steel beams, trusses, vast glass windows and lifting equipment - were preserved in full. No alterations were made to the structural elements and the large open space was mostly maintained, except for adding toilets and a shower. The ground level was designated as an exhibition space, whereas the upper level was transformed into a work studio. A part of the first level’s wooden floor was removed, in order to link the two spaces and to allow more natural light into the ground level. +

+

The studio provides visitors with opportunity to both see altering exhibitions and have a studio visit with the artist at the same time. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Old Factory Before Renovation
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Cross Section
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Art Studio After Renovation (photos: Tal Nisim)
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Azrieli-Sarona-Center.html b/architecture-gallery_Azrieli-Sarona-Center.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d8f195 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Azrieli-Sarona-Center.html @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
azrieli sarona center
+ +
@ Moshe Zur Architects and Town + Planners LTD +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Photo: Gidi Epstein [cropped]/CC BY-SA +
+ +
+ Location: + Tel Aviv - Jaffa, Israel +
+
+ Year: + 2011-2019 +
+
+ Project Area: + 150,000 ㎡ above ground; 60,000 ㎡ underground; average floor area – + 2,400 ㎡ +
+
+ Design Team: + Lead architect Prof. Moshe Zur, chief designer Shmaya Zarfati, managing partner + Mendi Rotbard; architectural team – Orly Even, Adam Haklai, Galit Livay et al +
+
+

+ The Azrieli Sarona Tower is a skyscraper under the final stages of construction, located beside the + former German Templer colony Sarona, in Tel Aviv. It is 238.5-meter-high (782 ft) with 50 floors of + office and hotel space, topping a 3-story shopping mall and a 7-story underground parking garage + (accommodating 1600 vehicles). It is the tallest and largest building in Israel, to date. +

+

+ In May 2011, the Azrieli Group acquired the land from the Israel Land Administration. The plot's size is + 9.3 dunam and had a plan for a 180-meter-high (590 ft) office building. In 2012, the Regional Committee + for Planning and Construction of the Tel Aviv District revoked the height limitation, allowing the + design of a massive yet slender tower. +

+

+ Design concept: the rectangular concrete core (850 m2) has been wrapped by two vertical trapezoidal + volumes which accommodate a series of offset floor plates, carried by slanted structural columns. + Twisting around two different axes, the glass-tower’s outline shifts towards the sea as it ascends, + while the base of the building lies parallel to the existing street grid of the surroundings. +

+

+ Positioning: On Menachem Begin Street, one of the city’s main thoroughfares, a small piazza and two mall + entrances would escort visitors to the project's commercial component. When completed, the sleek façade + of the tower would provide a glassy backdrop to a pedestrian arcade lined with stores and coffee shops. + The east entrances of the building would host a roofed sitting area and open spaces facing the + 19th-Century houses of Sarona colony. +

+

+ Envelope: the tower’s envelope is comprised of a double-skinned curtain wall. The inner glass modules + are rectangular and vertical, enclosed by a wide white aluminum frame. As a result of the offset between + floors, the vertical modules are mounted in a staggered pattern. The outer skin is comprised of slanted + parallelogram glass modules, aligned with tower’s twist. Contrasting the inner skin, the outer modules + are framed by minimal dark aluminum construction. The gap between the two skins provides energetic + efficiency and acoustic insulation, in addition to its visual impact. +

+
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+
Aerial View
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Bird's Eye View from South
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Mall Floor Plans
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Mall, View from Begin Rd.
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Toewer Floor Plans
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+
Photo: Gidi Epstein [cropped] /CC BY-SA +
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Haifa-Residential.html b/architecture-gallery_Haifa-Residential.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0494451 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Haifa-Residential.html @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
haifa residential
+ +
@ Erez Shani Architecture
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ Location: + Haifa, Israel +
+
+ Year: + 2014-2020 (expected) +
+
+ Project Area: + 1060 ㎡ +
+
+ Design Team: + Orly Even, Erez Shani +
+
+

The project is located in Bat Galim (in Hebrew: Daughter of the Waves) neighborhood in Haifa, at the foot + of Mount Carmel on the Mediterranean coast. Bat Galim is one of the few neighborhoods in Israel whose + houses lie on the beach front, so the project is located less than 200 meters from the coast. The + neighborhood was established in the 1920’s as a garden suburb, designed by the Bauhaus architect Richard + Kaufmann. +

+

On the project site was a 2-floor building, built in the International style, whose deteriorated physical + condition required its demolition. With respect to its historic value and the unique character of the + neighborhood, the first architectural decision we took was to conserve 3 exterior walls of old + building’s original façade, and erect a new 5-floor building containing 6 apartments behind it. The gap + between the old façade and the new building encloses a patio, and the entrance to the new building is + made through the original façade and patio. Another dominant element is on the new buildings west + façade, facing the patio and street. 2/3rds of the façade are made with 5-10 cm spaced clinker rods, + exposing the floor lobbies, and further blurring the division between interior and exterior areas. A + metal bridge connects the 1st floor lobby to the Bauhaus-style balconies of the original building, as a + symbolic gesture. +

+
+ + + +
+ + +
+
+
1920’s Building Before Demolition, 2015, View from North-West
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
West façade
+ + + +
+ + +
+
+
Model: Idan Zilbershtein
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Model: Idan Zilbershtein
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Ground Floor Plan
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
First Floor Plan
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+
+
Patio, First Floor Bridge
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Rooftop Duplex, View from West
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Under Construction, July 2019
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Mixed-Use-Compound.html b/architecture-gallery_Mixed-Use-Compound.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..702fca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Mixed-Use-Compound.html @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
MIXED-USE COMPOUND (Unrealised)
+ +
@ Erez Shani Architecture, in + Collaboration with Y.Lavie Architects
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ Location: + Tel Aviv Metropolitan area, Israel +
+
+ Year: + 2015-2019 +
+
+ Project Area: + 85,000 ㎡ above ground; 93,000 ㎡ underground +
+
+ Design Team: + Yochai Lavie, Orly Even, Erez Shani +
+
+

+ The project was planned on two adjacent lots (80 dunams total area) owned by a high-tech company, within + the + jurisdiction of 2 municipalities in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area. On the northern lot is the company’s + main + headquarters, an industrial zone is located north and east to the project, and to its south-west a new + residential + neighborhood is currently being built. City plans designated the lots for mixed-use, so accordingly the + lots were + planned together as a whole, in order to form an urban sequence. The planned project contains uses for + offices, + commercial and residential buildings. The planning scheme combines high-rise buildings (10-35 storeys) + at the perimeter + of the compound, whereas its center provides open areas for landscape development, alongside with + 1-2-story pavilions, + for recreational and commercial activities. The design aesthetic borrows architectural elements from old + industrial + buildings found in the area, with a contemporary interpretation. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Irregular Grid Study
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
(All renderings: Rembox)
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Point-of-Reflection.html b/architecture-gallery_Point-of-Reflection.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e56040 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Point-of-Reflection.html @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
+
Point of Reflection:
+
Public Mini-Library in Rabin Square
+
+ +

2nd Year Studio Project @ David Azrieli School of Architecture, Tel-Aviv University

Advisors: Arch. Zvi Harel, Arch. Morris Shapiro
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Location: + Tel Aviv - Jaffa, Israel +
+
Year: + 2006 +
+
Project Area: + 53 ㎡ +
+
Design Team: + Orly Even +
+
+

The project is located in the city of Tel-Aviv’s main public square. Adjacent to the City Hall, the square is ordinarily populated by passers-by. On special occasions it is the central location for political rallies, local/national demonstrations and parades. +

+

Concept: The concept of the project is derived from Michel Foucault’s idea of Heterotopia – a space of otherness in the social realm, which is opposed to all other places within the realm. My aim in this exercise was to plan a parallel place, mirroring the outside world yet somewhat opposing it, being isolated yet penetrable. The chosen location for the project was intended to allow the visitor to reclaim their power over the public realm, assuming the position of a powerful observer. Visitors hold total control over what they see, once Rabin Square is spread in front of them in 360° – they choose where to locate themselves inside the project, how to frame the view and what to look at. +

+

Architectural expression: the chosen programme was a small media library containing books, CDs and DVDs, randomly placed on book shelves, and free for public use. Anyone is free to move, remove or add as they please. Only one single architectural element is used throughout the structure – wooden book shelves, functioning also as floor, stairs and benches. Since the exterior walls are made of glass, the gaps between the books become peeking holes to the outside. The perceived reality is constantly changed, as the books are shifted throughout the library. Thus, a dynamic filter system is applied on the public square, symbolically emphasizing or blurring segments of reality, or even reality as a whole. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + + + + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
View from south
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Looking Outward fron Within Library
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Programme
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Interior
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Model
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Sec A-A
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Sec B-B
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Sec C-C
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Wooden Shelves Axonometry
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Detail#1: Plywood Floor
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Detail#2: Structural Wood Element
+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Detail#3: Glass-Wood Encounter
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Detail#4: Doorpost
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
West Façade
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Rejuvenation-Trail.html b/architecture-gallery_Rejuvenation-Trail.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a68257 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Rejuvenation-Trail.html @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
Rejuvenation Trail: In the Footsteps of Calamity and Creation (Competition)
+ +
@ Erez Shani Architecture
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ Location: + Arte-Sella Open-Air Museum, Italy +
+
+ Year: + 2019 +
+
+ Project Area: + 800 ㎡ +
+
+ Design Team: + Orly Even, Idan Zilbershtein +
+
+

+ How does a modern imprint on the land look like? Michelangelo Pistoletto made his mark on the land of Malga Costa by tracing the origins of creation and excavating the symbol of infinity, thus forming the trench of peace and imagining a harmonious relationship between civilization and nature. Yet, once nature strikes, it can dramatically transform these relations. In the face of calamity, can we re-imagine a new imprint on the wounded land? +

+

+ Taking inspiration from the Via Alpina trails, the Rejuvenation Trail offers a pedestrian scenic- route of pilgrimage along the remains of the mountain forest. The trail both commemorates all that has been damaged or destroyed, and celebrates the future regeneration of the forest and of Arte Sella open air museum. +

+

+ We embark on the remarkable Villa Strobele and thus ascend north, following the mountain slope. At our feet, the 0.5km-long trail hovers over fallen trees and cutoff trunks; it winds gently amongst the surviving trees, so to make a minimal impact on natural landscape. On our way through the forest we discover a system of small structures accompanying the trail. These are artist’s ateliers - places of creating art and mediating artistic creation to the visitors, as well as being artistic landmarks in themselves. In between the ateliers we find outdoor workshops and an open auditorium, were we can meet and interact with the artists and architects and even follow their creative process. Several relaxation points provide us with scenic views of the forest’s devastation and rejuvenation, before we reach the high-point of our pilgrimage – the museum. +

+

+ The museum of the disappeared works preserves the memory of the artworks which were destroyed by the storm. With its sculptural linear design, the museum performs as the indoor sequence of our trail, encompassing an inner courtyard which houses the remains of damaged artworks. Once passing through the linear galleries, we eventually come out back to the former ArteNatura trail, and thus our journey comes to an end. +

+

+ All of these experiences together form the Rejuvenation Trail – a place of cultural-artistic gathering embedded in and indebted to its unique environment. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Bird’s-Eye View (rendering: Rembox)
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
Ateliers Along the Trail (rendering: Rembox)
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+
+
View from Trail toward the Museum Entrance (rendering: Rembox)
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Museum of the Disappeared Works (rendering: Rembox)
+ +
+ + +
+
+
View from Trail to the Museum’s East Facade and Courtyard (rendering: Rembox)
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Rothschild-117.html b/architecture-gallery_Rothschild-117.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97f0891 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Rothschild-117.html @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
117 ROTHSCHILD BLVD. TEL AVIV
+ +
@ Amnon Bar Or & Co. Architects Ltd
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Location: + Tel Aviv - Jaffa, Israel +
+
Year: + 2010-2018 +
+
Project Area: + 975 ㎡ +
+
Original Architect: + Yitzhak Rappaport (1933-4) +
+
Design Team: + Orly Even, Jonathan Letzter et al +
+
+

The building was erected by Zion Aharonovitch in 1930’s, in the northern part of Rothschild Blvd., at the corner of Bar Ilan St. Architect Yitzhak Rappaport designed the residential building based on International Style principles. Upon completion, the building was sold to Nahum Yoelson, whose heirs retain ownership today. In 2003 UNESCO declared the White City of Tel Aviv a world heritage site of the modern movement in architecture. The building was included in the declaration and stringent conditions were determined for its conservation. +

+

Over the years, this building underwent few initiated changes yet retained its original appearance. Except for the wear caused by time and neglect, the façades remained largely as were originally. The structure is comprised of 3 recessed volumes, has two stairwells with a “thermometer” window running along their entire length, as well as open balconies facing the street. +

+

Following detailed documentation of the building’s history and architectural characteristics, conservation work sincludes: renovation and upgrading of the existing apartments; preservation of the façades and stairwells; adding elevators adjacent to the stairways for accesibility; and installation of wood and metal details, restored similarly to the original items of the building. In addition, an automatic underground parking lot was planned under the front courtyard. +

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Street Corner of Bar Ilan St. and Rotschild Blvd., 1930’s
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Street Corner of Bar Ilan St. and Rotschild Blvd. Before Renovation, 2011
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Street Corner of Bar Ilan St. and Rotschild Blvd., 2017
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Renovation Plan, Second Floor
+ +
+ +
For more information please visit: + www.amnon-baror.co.il +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/architecture-gallery_Tempelhof-Messe.html b/architecture-gallery_Tempelhof-Messe.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d8fbd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/architecture-gallery_Tempelhof-Messe.html @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Architecture Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
TEMPELHOF MESSE: International Trade Fair in the Heart of Germania +
+ +
+

Graduation Project @ David Azrieli School of Architecture, Tel-Aviv University

Advisor: Prof. Danny Lazar +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Location: + Berlin, Germany +
+
Year: + 2010 +
+
Project Area: + 130,000 ㎡ +
+
Design Team: + Orly Even +
+
+

The former Tempelhof Airport, extending over approximately 3,800 dunams in the center of Berlin, is sort of a “last dinosaur”, one of the few remaining testaments to Hitler's plan of rebuilding the city center during the Nazi regime. As such, the controversial decision to shut it down in 2008 has opened an urban void in the midst of the city, as well as an historic one - a space of memory/non-memory. Tempelhof’s closing provided an opportunity to both confront its past and formulate spacial tools for its conservation and re-use.

+

The project deals with the unavoidable interaction between past and present, and with the moral and architectural dissonance between the seemingly permanent monumentality of the existing building, and the constant change of the city. Taking a Koolhaas approach of the triumph of urbanism over architecture, the programme chosen does not intend to commemorate the history of the place (Fascist architecture performs this role well on its own), but rather represent a dynamic temporal reality.

+

Tempelhof Messe, an international trade fair planned alongside and inside the airport complex, is a contemporary interpretation to the Nazi idea of Tempelhof as the gateway to Berlin. Facing the city, the existing structure maintains its complete exterior, with all of its historic and cultural significance. It functions as the entrance to the trade fair, over the “moat” and through the “city walls”, in both physical and metaphorical sense. Beyond the wall, a new city is revealed, planned according to two combined grids – a radial grid applied by the existing building, and a new orthogonal grid. The building’s bigness is resolved by confronting it with architecture just as big, and the heart of the project is at the meeting point of the old and the new, under the auspices of the roof formerly used for aircraft parking.

+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Tempelhof Airport, Aerial View: Google
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+

Templehof Airport, Aerial View from NW, circa 1948:

USAF/Public Domain

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Zentralflughafen Tempelhof - Passangers Terminal Entrance Square
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
“City Walls” - exterior facade of the 1.3-kilometer-long building
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Rooftop and taxiway. The roof originally designed as a tribune, to hold 80,000 spectators during Nazi rallies +

Photo: TSGT Jose Lopez Jr., US Air Force/ Public domain

+
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Beneath the suspended roof - hangars and boarding gates. Photo: PascalBeckmann/ Public domain
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Overview of building units [courtesy of Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development]
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Bigness, Tempelhof-Tel Aviv
+
+
+ +
+ + +
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+
A (non)City Within a City, Tempelhof-Lucca
+
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Masterplan Scheme
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Site Plan
+ +
+ +
+ + +
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+
Trade Fair Circulation
+
+
+ +
+ + +
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+
Transportation
+
+ + +
+ + +
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+
“Moat” Level Plan (0.00), Hanger#5
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Upper Promenade Level Plan (+10.90), Hanger#5
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Sec A-A
+ + +
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Sec B-B
+ + +
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Sec C-C
+ + +
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New Urban Façade
+ + +
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“Moat” Level Plan (0.00), Enlarged Segment
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Upper Promenade Level Plan (+10.90), Enlarged Segment
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Main Boulevard, Entrance Pavilion View
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
Sec A-A, Enlarged Segment
+ + +
+ + +
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+
Main Boulevard, View Towards Lecture Halls, Information Posts and Bridge
+ + +
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Sec B-B, Enlarged Segment
+ + +
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Roof Garden and Entrance to Hangar Gallery Level
+ + +
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Sec C-C, Enlarged Segment
+ + +
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+ + +
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+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/art-gallery0.html b/art-gallery0.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a446727 --- /dev/null +++ b/art-gallery0.html @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
NAME OF SERIES
+ +
#01
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Name
+
Details
+
Description
+
+ +
#02
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Name
+
Details
+
Description
+
+ + + +
+ + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/art-gallery_Old-Young-Portraits.html b/art-gallery_Old-Young-Portraits.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..291edbf --- /dev/null +++ b/art-gallery_Old-Young-Portraits.html @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Art Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
OLD YOUNG PORTRAITS
+ +
#01
+ + + + +
A Portrait of the Artist as a Smiling Girl
+
black ink on paper, 140X100cm
+
1st in a series of 3. After Chuck Close
+ + + + + +
detail
+
+ + +
#02
+ + + +
A Portrait of the Artist as a Colored Girl
+
gouache stamping on paper, 140X100cm
+
3rd in a series of 3. After Chuck Close
+ + + + + +
detail
+
+ + +
#03
+ + + + + +
Infant 1.0
+
graphite pencil on paper, 70X60cm
+
+ + + + + +
detail
+
+ + +
#04
+ + + + + +
Infant 2.0
+
graphite pencil on paper, 70X65cm
+
+ + + + + +
detail
+
+ + +
#05
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
Show Me on the Teddy Where the Pencil Touched You
+
graphite pencil on paper, 55X70cm
+
+ +
+ +
#06
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
Assembled
+
graphite pencil on paper, 21X15cm
+
+ +
+ +
#07
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
"Tli’yat Avodot"
+
oil on canvas, 50X70cm
+
+ +
+ +
#08
+ +
+ + + +
+
+
Bare Bones
+
acrylic on canvas, total 170X80cm
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/art-gallery_Tel-Aviv-Alternative.html b/art-gallery_Tel-Aviv-Alternative.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0986a96 --- /dev/null +++ b/art-gallery_Tel-Aviv-Alternative.html @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Art Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
TEL AVIV ALTERNATIVE
+ +
#01
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
The Enigma of
+
acrylic on canvas, 50X70cm
+
After de Chirico
+
+ +
#02
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Façade Setting
+
graphite pencil on paper, 42X29.5cm
+
Drawing of the façade of a 1930's international-style building, floating in/ screening darkness.
+
+ + +
more alternatives underway...
+ + + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + diff --git a/art-gallery_Unscaled.html b/art-gallery_Unscaled.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e022321 --- /dev/null +++ b/art-gallery_Unscaled.html @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
UNSCALED
+ +
#01
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Pine Cone Front
+
Charcoal on paper, 50X70cm
+
+ + + +
detail
+
+ +
#02
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Pine Cone Bottom
+
Charcoal on paper, 70X50cm
+
+ + + +
detail
+
+ +
#03
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Pomegranate
+
Charcoal on paper, 70X50cm
+
+ + + +
detail
+ + + +
+ + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/art-gallery_White-City-Black-City.html b/art-gallery_White-City-Black-City.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e73e5ef --- /dev/null +++ b/art-gallery_White-City-Black-City.html @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Art Gallery + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
WHITE CITY | BLACK CITY
+ +
#01
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Mendelsohn Street Tel Aviv, East Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 29.5X21cm
+
Drawing of the facade of a 1930's international-style building, located in the white + city of Tel-Aviv, depicted in its decay.
+
+ +
#02
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Mendelsohn Street Tel Aviv, North Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 29.5X42cm
+
Drawing of the facade of a 1930's international-style building, located in the white + city of Tel-Aviv, depicted in its decay.
+
+ +
#03
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Well House in Jaffa, North Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 17X50cm
+
Remnants of a former Jaffa mansion - one of many which were once situated in the heart + of orchards - and today are left in their ruin.
+
+ +
#04
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Well House in Jaffa, South Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 17X50cm
+
Remnants of a former Jaffa mansion - one of many which were once situated in the heart + of orchards - and today are left in their ruin.
+
+ +
#05
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Well House in Jaffa, West Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 15X50cm
+
Remnants of a former Jaffa mansion - one of many which were once situated in the heart + of orchards - and today are left in their ruin.
+
+ +
#06
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Old Ottoman Railway in Jaffa
+
graphite pencil on paper, 20X100cm
+
Retaining wall of the old railway, covered with vegetation. The buildings perform as a + static scenery, the shadow of a tower hovering behind.
+
+ +
#07
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Mikve Israel Building, South Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 29.5X40cm
+
+
+ +
#08
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Hevrat Shas Street Tel Aviv, West Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 12.5X28cm
+
+
+ +
#09
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Hevrat Shas Street Tel Aviv, North Façade
+
graphite pencil on paper, 12.5X43cm
+
+
+ +
#10 [OTHER CITY]
+ +
+ + +
+
+
Point of Reference in Tempelhof, Germania
+
graphite pencil on paper, 30X33cm
+
Façade segment of the former Nazi airport Tempelhof, located in Berlin’s city center. + Architectural means of repetition and scale manipulations allude to a phantasmagoric infinite.
+ +
+ + +
+

*** Works from this series are available for purchase in limited edition signed prints, please contact or visit + the online shop ***

+

The works are also featured in this article on Street Language magasine: https://www.stlanguage.com/לתפוס-את-הרגע-שלפני/ +

+
+ + +
+ + + +
+

Copyright © 2020, ATELIER EVEN + +

+
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/article.css b/article.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8caecc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/article.css @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +html, body { + font-family:'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; +} + +.row { + width: 630px; + margin: auto; +} + +a>div { + font-weight: bold; + float: right; + font-size: 17px; + +} +.headline{ + font-size: 26px; + line-height: 1.5; + +} + +.mainheadline { + line-height: 1; + font-size: 30px; + text-transform: uppercase; + color: #103443; + text-align: center; + padding-top: 5px; + padding-bottom: 7px; + border-bottom: 2px solid #FFD700; + font-family: 'Lucida Sans', 'Lucida Sans Regular', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; + +} + +.subtitle { + line-height: 0.9; + font-size: 17px; + color: #103443; + font-style: oblique; + font-weight: 500; +} + +/* Clear floats */ +a:after { + content: ""; + display: table; + clear: both; +} +body>div:last-child>a{ + text-decoration:underline; +} +body>div:last-child>a:after { + content: none; + display: inline; + clear: none; +} + + +.insidetitle { + text-align:center;color:white;background: rgb(160,160,160); +} +.insidetitle + .insidetitle { + margin-top: 1px; font-size: 19px;font-weight: bold; +} + + +.row>div{ + margin-bottom: 2%; +} +.row { + margin-bottom: 2%; + line-height: 1.5; +} + +.imageinrow { + width: 100%; + position: relative; + left: 0; + top: 0; + padding-bottom: 3px; + +} + +.threeinrow { + float: left; + width: 32.3%; + } +.threeinrow-m { + float: left; + width: 32.3%; + padding-left: 1.5%; + padding-right: 1.5%; +} + +.twoinrow { + float: left; + width: 48%; + + } + +.magnifying { + position:absolute; + bottom: 0; + left: 0; + width: 90px; +} + +.description{ + line-height: 1.4; + font-size: 15px; + color: #2b2b2b; + text-align: justify; +} + +.article{ + line-height: 1.4; + font-size: 15px; + color: #2b2b2b; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.5em; +} + +.article-sub{ + text-decoration: underline; + font-weight: bolder; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.endnote{ + line-height: 1.4; + font-size: 13px; + color:#7a7a7a; + text-align: justify; + display: inline-block; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.quote{ + line-height: 1.6; + font-size: 15px; + color: #103443; + text-align: justify; + font-style: oblique; + margin-left: 12%; + margin-right: 12%; + font-weight: bolder; + + +} +.drop-cap{ + font-size: 75px; + float: left; + color: #103443; + line-height: 58px; + font-weight: bold; + text-indent: 0.3em; + padding-right: 3px; + +} + + +.imagecredit{ + line-height: 1.1; + font-size: 12px; + color: #2b2b2b; + +} +.abstract{ + line-height: 1.4; + font-size: 14.5px; + color: black; + text-align: justify; + font-weight: bold; + border-bottom: 1px solid #103443; + +} + + + +.imagesource{ + color: gray ; +} +@media only screen and (max-width: 630px) { + + .row { + width: 100%; + } +.imageinrow{ + + } + + .row>div:not(.threeinrow):not(.threeinrow-m):not(.twoinrow){ + width: 96%; + margin-right: 2%; + margin-left: 2%; + } + + .threeinrow { + float: none; + width: 100%; + + + } + .threeinrow-m { + float: none; + width: 100%; + padding-left: none; + padding-right: none; + } + + .twoinrow { + float: none; + width: 100%; + + } + .mainheadline { + font-size: 28px; + + + } + + .subtitle { + line-height: 1.2; + + + } + + + + +} diff --git a/contact.html b/contact.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba9dab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/contact.html @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + Atelier Even | Contact + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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For more information, thoughts, collaborations, or just to say hi + - you are more than welcome to contact!

+

Email: orly@atelier-even.com +

+
Visit the online shop: +
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