perf(material/core): speed up M3 compilation (angular#29009)

Mitigates a compile time regression when generating M3 themes. These changes reduce the compilation time in half by caching the dummy theme instead of recreating it for each invocation. We can get away with this since the dummy theme is constant.

Although these changes are a significant improvement, there's more room for improvement. Timings for reference:

At head:
```
M2 benchmark - 35s
M3 benchmark - 90s
Theme from angular#28971 - 19s
```

After these changes changes:
```
M2 benchmark - 36s
M3 benchmark - 56s
Theme from angular#28971 - 10s
```

Relates to angular#28971.

Author: crisbeto

src/material/core/tokens/_m3-tokens.scss

@@ -57,6 +57,32 @@
   );
 }
 
+$_cached-token-slots: null;
+
+/// Determines the token slots for all components.
+@function _get-token-slots() {
+  // Cache the slots since they're constant and calculating
+  // them appears to be expensive (see #29009).
+  @if ($_cached-token-slots) {
+    @return $_cached-token-slots;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(mmalerba): Refactor this to not depend on the legacy theme when moving out of
+  //  material-experimental. This is a hack for now because there is no good way to get the token
+  //  slots in material-experimental without exposing them all from material.
+  $fake-theme: m2-theming.define-light-theme((
+    color: (
+      primary: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
+      accent: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
+      warn: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
+    ),
+    typography: m2-theming.define-typography-config(),
+    density: 0
+  ));
+  $_cached-token-slots: m2-tokens.m2-tokens-from-theme($fake-theme) !global;
+  @return $_cached-token-slots;
+}
+
 /// Generates a set of namespaced tokens for all components.
 /// @param {Map} $systems The MDC system tokens
 /// @param {Boolean} $include-non-systemized Whether to include non-systemized tokens
@@ -75,20 +101,7 @@
   // DO NOT REMOVE
   // This function is used internally.
   $systems: format-tokens.private-format-tokens($systems);
-
-  // TODO(mmalerba): Refactor this to not depend on the legacy theme when moving out of
-  //  material-experimental. This is a hack for now because there is no good way to get the token
-  //  slots in material-experimental without exposing them all from material.
-  $fake-theme: m2-theming.define-light-theme((
-    color: (
-      primary: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
-      accent: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
-      warn: m2-theming.define-palette(m2-theming.$red-palette),
-    ),
-    typography: m2-theming.define-typography-config(),
-    density: 0
-  ));
-  $token-slots: m2-tokens.m2-tokens-from-theme($fake-theme);
+  $token-slots: _get-token-slots();
 
   // TODO(mmalerba): Fill in remaining tokens.
   $result: sass-utils.deep-merge-all(