diff --git a/sorock/Cargo.toml b/sorock/Cargo.toml
index 4357f9e1..d03ac56b 100644
--- a/sorock/Cargo.toml
+++ b/sorock/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ redb.workspace = true
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_bytes = "0.11"
 shrinkwraprs = "0.3"
-spin = "0.9"
 thiserror = "1"
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt"] }
 tokio-util = "0.7"
diff --git a/sorock/src/node.rs b/sorock/src/node.rs
index 0909c814..ddc0cd5c 100644
--- a/sorock/src/node.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/node.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 pub struct Inner {
     self_node_id: NodeId,
     cache: moka::sync::Cache<NodeId, RaftConnection>,
-    process: spin::RwLock<HashMap<ShardId, Arc<RaftProcess>>>,
+    process: std::sync::RwLock<HashMap<ShardId, Arc<RaftProcess>>>,
 }
 
 /// `RaftNode` contains a set of `RaftProcess`es.
@@ -37,16 +37,16 @@ impl RaftNode {
 
     /// Attach a Raft process to a shard.
     pub fn attach_process(&self, shard_id: ShardId, p: RaftProcess) {
-        self.process.write().insert(shard_id, Arc::new(p));
+        self.process.write().unwrap().insert(shard_id, Arc::new(p));
     }
 
     /// Detach a Raft process from a shard.
     pub fn detach_process(&self, shard_id: ShardId) {
-        self.process.write().remove(&shard_id);
+        self.process.write().unwrap().remove(&shard_id);
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn get_process(&self, shard_id: ShardId) -> Option<Arc<RaftProcess>> {
-        self.process.read().get(&shard_id).cloned()
+        self.process.read().unwrap().get(&shard_id).cloned()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/command_log/consumer.rs b/sorock/src/process/command_log/consumer.rs
index 4ed8600c..af62c383 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/command_log/consumer.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/command_log/consumer.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@ impl CommandLog {
     pub fn register_completion(&self, index: Index, completion: Completion) {
         match completion {
             Completion::User(completion) => {
-                self.user_completions.lock().insert(index, completion);
+                self.user_completions
+                    .lock()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .insert(index, completion);
             }
             Completion::Kern(completion) => {
-                self.kern_completions.lock().insert(index, completion);
+                self.kern_completions
+                    .lock()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .insert(index, completion);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -63,7 +69,6 @@ impl CommandLog {
         };
 
         if do_process {
-            let mut response_cache = self.response_cache.lock();
             debug!("process user@{process_index}");
             match command {
                 Command::Snapshot { .. } => {
@@ -73,13 +78,15 @@ impl CommandLog {
                     message,
                     request_id,
                 } => {
+                    let mut response_cache = self.response_cache.lock().await;
                     if response_cache.should_execute(&request_id) {
                         let resp = app.process_write(message, process_index).await?;
                         response_cache.insert_response(request_id.clone(), resp);
                     }
 
                     // Leader may have the completion for the request.
-                    let user_completion = self.user_completions.lock().remove(&process_index);
+                    let user_completion =
+                        self.user_completions.lock().unwrap().remove(&process_index);
                     if let Some(user_completion) = user_completion {
                         if let Some(resp) = response_cache.get_response(&request_id) {
                             // If client abort the request before retry,
@@ -100,6 +107,7 @@ impl CommandLog {
                     }
                 }
                 Command::CompleteRequest { request_id } => {
+                    let mut response_cache = self.response_cache.lock().await;
                     response_cache.complete_response(&request_id);
                 }
                 _ => {}
@@ -135,7 +143,9 @@ impl CommandLog {
                 Command::ClusterConfiguration { .. } => {}
                 _ => {}
             }
-            if let Some(kern_completion) = self.kern_completions.lock().remove(&process_index) {
+            if let Some(kern_completion) =
+                self.kern_completions.lock().unwrap().remove(&process_index)
+            {
                 kern_completion.complete();
             }
         }
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/command_log/mod.rs b/sorock/src/process/command_log/mod.rs
index fed5c246..3204e9c0 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/command_log/mod.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/command_log/mod.rs
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ pub struct Inner {
     pub membership_pointer: AtomicU64,
 
     app: App,
-    response_cache: spin::Mutex<ResponseCache>,
-    user_completions: spin::Mutex<BTreeMap<Index, completion::UserCompletion>>,
-    kern_completions: spin::Mutex<BTreeMap<Index, completion::KernCompletion>>,
+    response_cache: tokio::sync::Mutex<ResponseCache>,
+    user_completions: std::sync::Mutex<BTreeMap<Index, completion::UserCompletion>>,
+    kern_completions: std::sync::Mutex<BTreeMap<Index, completion::KernCompletion>>,
 }
 
 #[derive(shrinkwraprs::Shrinkwrap, Clone)]
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ impl CommandLog {
             storage: Box::new(storage),
             app,
             snapshot_lock: tokio::sync::RwLock::new(()),
-            user_completions: spin::Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
-            kern_completions: spin::Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
-            response_cache: spin::Mutex::new(ResponseCache::new()),
+            user_completions: std::sync::Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
+            kern_completions: std::sync::Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
+            response_cache: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(ResponseCache::new()),
         };
         Self(inner.into())
     }
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/command_log/producer.rs b/sorock/src/process/command_log/producer.rs
index f8b5d9e5..18682f32 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/command_log/producer.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/command_log/producer.rs
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ impl CommandLog {
                 self.insert_entry(entry).await?;
 
                 // discard [this_index, )
-                self.user_completions.lock().split_off(&this_index);
-                self.kern_completions.lock().split_off(&this_index);
+                self.user_completions.lock().unwrap().split_off(&this_index);
+                self.kern_completions.lock().unwrap().split_off(&this_index);
 
                 Ok(TryInsertResult::Inserted)
             }
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/mod.rs b/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/mod.rs
index dd20fd6b..ef0a468e 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/mod.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/mod.rs
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ struct ThreadHandles {
 }
 
 pub struct Inner {
-    membership: spin::RwLock<HashSet<NodeId>>,
-    peer_contexts: spin::RwLock<HashMap<NodeId, PeerContexts>>,
-    peer_threads: spin::Mutex<HashMap<NodeId, ThreadHandles>>,
+    membership: std::sync::RwLock<HashSet<NodeId>>,
+    peer_contexts: std::sync::RwLock<HashMap<NodeId, PeerContexts>>,
+    peer_threads: std::sync::Mutex<HashMap<NodeId, ThreadHandles>>,
 
     command_log: Ref<CommandLog>,
     driver: RaftDriver,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        if self.peer_contexts.read().contains_key(&id) {
+        if self.peer_contexts.read().unwrap().contains_key(&id) {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
             ReplicationProgress::new(last_log_index)
         };
 
-        let mut peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.write();
+        let mut peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.write().unwrap();
         peer_contexts.insert(
             id.clone(),
             PeerContexts {
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ impl PeerSvc {
             ),
             heartbeater_handle: thread::heartbeat::new(id.clone(), voter),
         };
-        self.peer_threads.lock().insert(id, thread_handles);
+        self.peer_threads.lock().unwrap().insert(id, thread_handles);
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn remove_peer(&self, id: NodeId) {
-        self.peer_threads.lock().remove(&id);
-        self.peer_contexts.write().remove(&id);
+        self.peer_threads.lock().unwrap().remove(&id);
+        self.peer_contexts.write().unwrap().remove(&id);
     }
 
     pub async fn set_membership(
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
         }
 
         info!("membership changed -> {:?}", config);
-        *self.membership.write() = config;
+        *self.membership.write().unwrap() = config;
 
         self.command_log
             .membership_pointer
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
     }
 
     pub fn read_membership(&self) -> HashSet<NodeId> {
-        self.membership.read().clone()
+        self.membership.read().unwrap().clone()
     }
 
     pub async fn find_new_commit_index(&self) -> Result<Index> {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
         let last_log_index = self.command_log.get_log_last_index().await?;
         match_indices.push(last_log_index);
 
-        let peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.read();
+        let peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.read().unwrap();
         for (_, peer) in peer_contexts.iter() {
             match_indices.push(peer.progress.match_index);
         }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
     }
 
     pub fn reset_progress(&self, init_next_index: Index) {
-        let mut peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.write();
+        let mut peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.write().unwrap();
         for (_, peer) in peer_contexts.iter_mut() {
             peer.progress = ReplicationProgress::new(init_next_index);
         }
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
     /// Choose the most advanced follower and send it TimeoutNow.
     pub async fn transfer_leadership(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let mut xs = {
-            let peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.read();
+            let peer_contexts = self.peer_contexts.read().unwrap();
             let mut out = vec![];
             for (id, peer) in peer_contexts.iter() {
                 let progress = peer.progress;
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/replication.rs b/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/replication.rs
index 38a24bfe..45c48d28 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/replication.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/peer_svc/replication.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
         let peer_context = self
             .peer_contexts
             .read()
+            .unwrap()
             .get(&follower_id)
             .context(Error::PeerNotFound(follower_id.clone()))?
             .clone();
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
             let new_progress = ReplicationProgress::new(cur_snapshot_index);
             self.peer_contexts
                 .write()
+                .unwrap()
                 .get_mut(&follower_id)
                 .context(Error::PeerNotFound(follower_id.clone()))?
                 .progress = new_progress;
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ impl PeerSvc {
 
         self.peer_contexts
             .write()
+            .unwrap()
             .get_mut(&follower_id)
             .context(Error::PeerNotFound(follower_id.clone()))?
             .progress = new_progress;
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/query_queue.rs b/sorock/src/process/query_queue.rs
index ab09d9cb..a0c04a49 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/query_queue.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/query_queue.rs
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ pub struct Query {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Producer {
-    inner: Arc<spin::Mutex<Queue<Query>>>,
+    inner: Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Queue<Query>>>,
 }
 impl Producer {
     /// Register a query for execution when the readable index reaches `read_index`.
     /// `read_index` should be the index of the commit pointer at the time of query.
     pub fn register(&self, read_index: Index, q: Query) -> Result<()> {
-        self.inner.lock().push(read_index, q);
+        self.inner.lock().unwrap().push(read_index, q);
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ impl Producer {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Processor {
     app: Ref<App>,
-    inner: Arc<spin::Mutex<Queue<Query>>>,
+    inner: Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Queue<Query>>>,
 }
 impl Processor {
     /// Process the waiting queries up to `readable_index`.
     pub async fn process(&self, readable_index: Index) -> usize {
-        let qs = self.inner.lock().pop(readable_index);
+        let qs = self.inner.lock().unwrap().pop(readable_index);
 
         let mut futs = vec![];
         for (_, q) in qs {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl Processor {
 }
 
 pub fn new(app: Ref<App>) -> (Producer, Processor) {
-    let q = Arc::new(spin::Mutex::new(Queue::new()));
+    let q = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(Queue::new()));
     let processor = Processor {
         inner: q.clone(),
         app,
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/voter/failure_detector.rs b/sorock/src/process/voter/failure_detector.rs
index 01bb26eb..edbbdf94 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/voter/failure_detector.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/voter/failure_detector.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ impl Inner {
     }
 }
 pub struct FailureDetector {
-    inner: spin::RwLock<Inner>,
+    inner: std::sync::RwLock<Inner>,
 }
 impl FailureDetector {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl FailureDetector {
     }
 
     pub fn receive_heartbeat(&self, leader_id: NodeId) {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.write();
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().unwrap();
         let cur_watch_id = inner.watch_id.clone();
         if cur_watch_id != leader_id {
             *inner = Inner::watch(leader_id);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl FailureDetector {
     /// Get a random wait time before becoming a candidate.
     /// Returns None if the current leader is still considered alive.
     pub fn get_election_timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
-        let inner = self.inner.read();
+        let inner = self.inner.read().unwrap();
 
         let fd = &inner.detector;
         let normal_dist = fd.normal_dist();
diff --git a/sorock/src/process/voter/mod.rs b/sorock/src/process/voter/mod.rs
index 34c4a219..0cbfc4ce 100644
--- a/sorock/src/process/voter/mod.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/process/voter/mod.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub enum ElectionState {
 }
 
 pub struct Inner {
-    state: spin::Mutex<ElectionState>,
+    state: std::sync::Mutex<ElectionState>,
     ballot: Box<dyn RaftBallotStore>,
 
     /// Serializing any events that may change ballot state simplifies the voter's logic.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Voter {
         driver: RaftDriver,
     ) -> Self {
         let inner = Inner {
-            state: spin::Mutex::new(ElectionState::Follower),
+            state: std::sync::Mutex::new(ElectionState::Follower),
             ballot: Box::new(ballot_store),
             vote_lock: tokio::sync::Mutex::new(()),
             safe_term: AtomicU64::new(0),
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ impl Voter {
 
 impl Voter {
     pub fn read_election_state(&self) -> ElectionState {
-        *self.state.lock()
+        *self.state.lock().unwrap()
     }
 
     pub fn write_election_state(&self, e: ElectionState) {
         info!("election state -> {e:?}");
-        *self.state.lock() = e;
+        *self.state.lock().unwrap() = e;
     }
 
     pub async fn read_ballot(&self) -> Result<Ballot> {
diff --git a/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/heartbeat_multiplex.rs b/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/heartbeat_multiplex.rs
index b33f8b37..388ee30c 100644
--- a/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/heartbeat_multiplex.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/heartbeat_multiplex.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::*;
 
-use spin::Mutex;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 
 pub struct HeartbeatBuffer {
     buf: HashMap<ShardId, request::Heartbeat>,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub async fn run(
         tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300)).await;
 
         let heartbeats = {
-            let mut buf = buf.lock();
+            let mut buf = buf.lock().unwrap();
             let out = buf.drain();
             out
         };
diff --git a/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/mod.rs b/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/mod.rs
index 33a56f2e..86cd9722 100644
--- a/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/mod.rs
+++ b/sorock/src/service/raft/communicator/mod.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ mod stream;
 
 use heartbeat_multiplex::*;
 use process::*;
-use spin::Mutex;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
 use tokio::task::AbortHandle;
 
 pub struct HandleDrop(AbortHandle);
@@ -77,7 +77,11 @@ impl Communicator {
     }
 
     pub fn queue_heartbeat(&self, req: request::Heartbeat) {
-        self.conn.heartbeat_buffer.lock().push(self.shard_id, req);
+        self.conn
+            .heartbeat_buffer
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(self.shard_id, req);
     }
 
     pub async fn process_user_write_request(