电脑/python/第三方模块/paramiko模块.html

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<title>paramiko模块</title>
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<meta  name="author" content="万泽(德山书生)">
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<div id="content">
<header>
<h1 class="title">paramiko模块</h1>
</header><nav id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline1">1. 简介和安装</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline4">2. SSHClient类</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline2">2.1. exec_comand方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline3">2.2. open_sftp方法</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline1">简介和安装</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
paramiko是一个python模块提供了ssh(Secure Shell)协议支持。
</p>

<p>
安装就用pip安装之。
</p>
<pre>
pip install paramiko
</pre>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline4">SSHClient类</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
基本的使用就是通过SSHClient新建一个ssh client对象，然后通过这个对象进行连接，连接之后再进行其他的一些操作。下面演示一个简单的 <code>get_ssh_client</code> ，其将返回一个连接好了的ssh client对象。
</p>

<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">paramiko</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paramiko.client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SSHClient</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getpass</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_ssh_client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pkey</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key_filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SSHClient</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_missing_host_key_policy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">paramiko</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AutoAddPolicy</span><span class="p">())</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">pkey</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pkey</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">key_filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">key_filename</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">client</span>
        <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">paramiko</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ssh_exception</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AuthenticationException</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">password</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;please input the password: &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;you may input the wrong password, please try again: &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ex</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
            <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;some unknow problem, i will wait and try it again&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>

<p>
上面这段代码就是通过SSHClient新建了一个ssh client对象，然后调用connect方法来进行连接。具体connect连接方法会进行很多尝试:
</p>
<ol class="org-ol">
<li>首先是试着根据传递过来的pkey参数或者key_filename参数来。</li>
<li>通过其他SSH agent来。</li>
<li>最常用的，通过系统~/.ssh文件来。</li>
<li>通过具体的username和password来。</li>
</ol>

<p>
然后上面代码的这一句:
</p>
<pre>
client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
</pre>
<p>
的意思是试着查看你系统里的那个known_hosts文件，如果没有则采用自动添加策略。这个一般都要加上。
</p>

<p>
然后整个程序采用了多次try试探机制，并设置了多次重连，和可能的密码输入错误排除。因为我不喜欢代码里面将密码明文写出来这种风格，所以最好还是采取实时输入的方法。
</p>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline2">exec_comand方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
<p>
现在我们通过这个 <code>get_ssh_client</code> 函数返回的ssh client对象，其已经连接上目标远程主机了，接下来等着我们的就是具体来执行某个命令了，其主要通过调用 <code>exec_command</code> 方法来完成。这小节内容参考了 <a href="http://sebastiandahlgren.se/2012/10/11/using-paramiko-to-send-ssh-commands/">这个网页</a> 。
</p>


<pre>
stdin,stdout,stderr = sshclient.exec_command('ls')

print(stdout.read())
</pre>

<p>
具体返回的是stdin，stdout，stderr这三个类似python中文件对象的东西，其内有channel属性，其实paramiko模块里定义的Channel对象，这些Channel对象有很多方法。比如exit_status_ready()来判断这个channel是否已经远程终止了，recv_ready()用来判断这个channel可以读了，等等。
</p>

<p>
这样的返回确实不太好用，可以考虑进一步封装SSHClient对象:
</p>

<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MySSHClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SSHClient</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MySSHClient</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>


    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exec_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">stderr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MySSHClient</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exec_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="k">while</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit_status_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
                <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_stderr_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
                <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_stderr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exec_sudo_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">sudo_cmd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sudo -S &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">cmd</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">password</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">password</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;please input the remote password: &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">stdout</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">stderr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MySSHClient</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exec_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">closed</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">stdin</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flush</span><span class="p">()</span>

        <span class="k">while</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit_status_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
                <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_stderr_ready</span><span class="p">():</span>
                <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">channel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv_stderr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>

<p>
这里主要是给 <code>exec_command</code> 命令提供了额外的打印支持，包括正常输出和可能的错误输出。然后加入 <code>exec_sudo_command</code> 可用于执行管理员命令。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline3">open_sftp方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-2">
<p>
调用sshclient对象的open_sftp方法将会返回一个SFTPClient对象。通过paramiko.sftp_client.SFTPClient这个SFTPClient对象，我们可以进行很多和sftp相关的操作，比如get方法进行下载文件和put方法进行上传文件操作。
</p>

<pre>
get(remotepath, localpath, callback=None)

put(localpath, remotepath, callback=None, confirm=True)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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