电脑/python/官方内置模块/tempfile模块.html

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<title>tempfile模块</title>
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<h1 class="title">tempfile模块</h1>
</header><nav id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline1">1. TemporaryFile</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline2">2. NamedTemporaryFile</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline3">3. TemporaryDirectory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
<p>
有时可能程序需要创建某个临时文件或者临时文件夹，用完之后就删除掉。python的tempfile模块可以便捷的实现这个功能，并具有跨平台特性。更多信息请参考 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/tempfile.html">官方文档</a> 。
</p>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline1">TemporaryFile</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
返回一个临时文件对象，由tempfile.mkstemp函数生成。在执行close语句或者跳出with语句或者最终垃圾回收的时候，该文件将被删除掉。默认的文件模式是'w+b'，所以这个临时文件可以读和写而不需要关闭该文件。具体其参数设置如下:
</p>

<pre>
TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=None, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None)
</pre>

<p>
简单的使用如下所示:
</p>

<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import tempfile
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.name
4
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.write(b'test hello')
10
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.read()
b''
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.seek(0)
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.read()
b'test hello'
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.write(b'test hello')
10
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.seek(0)
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.read()
b'test hellotest hello'
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.close()
</pre>

<p>
在上面例子中， <code>tmpf.name</code> 返回的是临时文件的句柄号&lt;file descriptor&gt;，在 <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18280245/where-does-python-tempfile-writes-its-files">这个网页</a> 中指出，该临时文件出于安全性考虑是被隐藏起来的，其他的进程是不能读写它的。然后如果你使用NamedTemporaryFile来创建一个临时文件对象，该临时文件将会有一个名字，具体如下所示。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline2">NamedTemporaryFile</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
&gt;&gt;&gt; tmpf.name
'/tmp/tmpe_9pw819'
</pre>

<p>
这个临时文件是找得到的，读者可以到tmp文件夹下看一下。
</p>

<p>
临时文件具体是通过tempfile.mkstemp函数来创建的。临时文件在读取的时候如上所示注意用seek调整指针位，然后write是附加模式。临时文件close之后就会被自动删除，如果采用with语句，如下所示，出来之后也会自动删除:
</p>

<pre>
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as tempfile:
    print('created temporary file', tempfile.name)
    import time
    time.sleep(5)
</pre>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline3">TemporaryDirectory</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
<p>
我们注意到上面创建临时文件的时候可以设置dir参数，其可以具体设置临时文件放在那里。你在设置dir参数时需要确保该文件夹是存在的，而最好这个文件夹也是临时的。推荐的使用方式如下所示:
</p>

<pre>
import tempfile

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
    print('temporary diretory',tmpdirname)
    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=tmpdirname) as tempfile:
        print('created temporary file', tempfile.name)
        import time
        time.sleep(5)
</pre>

<p>
这将创建一个临时文件夹，其有具体的临时文件名，传递给了临时文件的dir参数，除了with语句之后，临时文件，临时文件夹都将删除。
</p>

<p>
临时文件夹具体是通过tempfile.mkdtemp函数来创建的。
</p>

<p>
此外还值得一提的是，在上面的临时文件夹模式下，哪怕不是临时文件最后都将随着临时文件夹的自动删除而一起删除。所以你也不一定要使用TemporaryFile等操作方式，常规的文件操作也行。
</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tempfile</span>

<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TemporaryDirectory</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;temporary diretory&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">NamedTemporaryFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;created temporary file&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tempfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
        <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tmpdirname</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="s1">&#39;/test.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;test&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
    <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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