电脑/python/官方内置模块/configparser模块.html

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<title>configparser配置文件管理</title>
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<meta  name="author" content="万泽(德山书生)">
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<div id="content">
<header>
<h1 class="title">configparser配置文件管理</h1>
</header><nav id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline1">1. ConfigParser模块</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline2">2. 配置文件的格式</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline7">3. SafeConfigParser类</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline3">3.1. 读取一个配置文件</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline4">3.2. 获取某个值</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline5">3.3. 插入或修改某个值</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline6">3.4. 写入配置文件</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline13">4. 其他额外的一些方法</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline8">4.1. getint方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline9">4.2. getfloat方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline10">4.3. getboolean方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline11">4.4. items方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline12">4.5. has_section</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline18">5. python3的情况</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgheadline14">5.1. 新建一个configparser对象</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline15">5.2. 读取某个config文件</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline16">5.3. 如同字典一般操作configparser对象</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline17">5.4. 调用write方法写入</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orgheadline19">6. 不默认更改大小写</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline1">ConfigParser模块</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
简单的配置文件管理就用python的内置模块ConfigParse，在python3下是configparser。
</p>

<p>
具体使用新用户推荐就用 <code>SafeConfigParser</code> 类，其继承自 <code>Configparer</code> 类，其又继承自 <code>RawConfigParser</code> 类。我在初步学习了python2的ConfigParser模块的使用之后，一个感想就是config应该建立类似字典的api出来，这样对用户的使用更加友好，然后看到python3的configparser，果然python3对这个模块的修改让其更加简单易用了，现在python3里面的config更接近字典的api操作了。
</p>

<p>
下面是python3官方文档提供的例子:
</p>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import configparser
&gt;&gt;&gt; config = configparser.ConfigParser()
&gt;&gt;&gt; config['DEFAULT'] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
...                      'Compression': 'yes',
...                      'CompressionLevel': '9'}
&gt;&gt;&gt; config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
&gt;&gt;&gt; config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
&gt;&gt;&gt; config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
&gt;&gt;&gt; topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
&gt;&gt;&gt; topsecret['Port'] = '50022'     # mutates the parser
&gt;&gt;&gt; topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here
&gt;&gt;&gt; config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
&gt;&gt;&gt; with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
...   config.write(configfile)
</pre>
<p>
更多详细细节请参看python3的官方文档，下面主要就python2的ConfigParser模块作一些说明。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline2">配置文件的格式</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
配置文件还可以采用一种冒号分隔的格式，不过推荐就采用等号的格式，如下所示:
</p>
<pre>
[section1]
key = value
</pre>

<p>
其中value变成字符串之后两边的空格都会被移除。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline7">SafeConfigParser类</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
<p>
前面谈到新用户推荐就使用SafeConfigParser类来新建一个config对象，如下所示:
</p>
<pre>
import ConfigParser
config = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser()
</pre>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline3">读取一个配置文件</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-1">
<p>
如果有现有的配置文件需要读取，则调用config对象的 <strong>read</strong> 方法:
</p>
<pre>
config.read('test.cfg')
</pre>

<p>
read方法调用完就行了，config对象已经存储了那些值了。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline4">获取某个值</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-2">
<p>
调用config对象的 <strong>get</strong> 方法，具体格式如下:
</p>
<pre>
config.get(section, option[, raw[, vars]])
</pre>

<p>
其有两个必填参数，第一个是section的名字，默认的"DEFAULT"也可以这样填上去，然后第二个参数是该section下的某个键或说option。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline5">插入或修改某个值</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-3">
<p>
调用config对象的 <strong>set</strong> 方法来进行修改某个值的操作，具体格式如下:
</p>
<pre>
config.set(section, option, value)
</pre>

<p>
其有三个必填参数，第一个是section的名字，默认的"DEFAULT"也可以这样填上去，然后第二个是该section下某个键或说某个option，然后具体该option的值设置为第三个参数。
</p>

<p>
然后需要注意的是，如果set方法对于的某个section名字原config对象还没有的话，会报错的。你需要先调用 <strong>add_section</strong> 方法来插入该section，然后才能正常用set设置某个键值。
</p>

<pre>
config.add_section('Section1')
</pre>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline6">写入配置文件</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-4">
<p>
config对象修改好了之后，最后就是写入配置文件中去了。调用 <strong>write</strong> 方法，然后接一个文件对象，如下所示:
</p>

<pre>
config.write(open("test.cfg","w"))
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline13">其他额外的一些方法</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
</div><div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline8">getint方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-1">
<pre>
config.getint(section, option)
</pre>
<p>
get方法的补充，从名字看得出来，其返回一个int值。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline9">getfloat方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-2">
<pre>
config.getfloat(section, option)
</pre>
<p>
get方法的补充，从名字看得出来，其返回一个float值。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline10">getboolean方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-3">
<pre>
config.getboolean(section, option)
</pre>
<p>
get方法的补充，从名字看得出来，其返回一个布尔值。
</p>

<p>
具体规则是，字符串 "1" ，"true" ， "on" 不分大小写视作 True ； 字符串 "0" ， "false" ， "off" 不分大小写视作 False；其他都视作 ValueError。
</p>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline11">items方法</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-4">
<pre>
config.items(section)
</pre>
<p>
把某个section部分看作字典，调用类似字典的items方法，返回键值对列表。
</p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline12">has_section</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-5">
<p>
判断某个section是否存在，"DEFAULT"不在考虑范围内。
</p>

<pre>
config.has_section(section)
</pre>


<p>
还有其他一些方法这里就不赘述了，具体请参看 <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/configparser.html">官方文档</a> 。
</p>


<hr >
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline18">python3的情况</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-5">
<p>
python3之后configparser的使用更加简单了，具体就分为如下几步:
</p>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline14">新建一个configparser对象</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-1">
<pre>
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
</pre>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline15">读取某个config文件</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-2">
<p>
调用read方法具体读取某个config文件。
</p>
<pre>
config.read('test.cfg')
</pre>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline16">如同字典一般操作configparser对象</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-3">
<p>
然后接下来就是如同字典一般操作这个configparser对象。其中 'DEFAULT' 是特殊的section，大致如下这样表达:
</p>
<pre>
config['DEFAULT'] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                     'Compression': 'yes',
                     'CompressionLevel': '9'}
config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
</pre>
</div>
</div>


<div class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgheadline17">调用write方法写入</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-4">
<pre>
with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
    config.write(configfile)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgheadline19">不默认更改大小写</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
<p>
具体请参看 <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19359556/configparser-reads-capital-keys-and-make-them-lower-case">这个网页</a> ，configparser模块默认吧option name也就是每个section的key name改成小写，我不太喜欢这种风格，因为将configparser刷成字典值时，我们通常认为字典的key大小写是区分的，可以如下改动，然后就不自动进行小写操作了:
</p>

<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">configparser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ConfigParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cfg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">optionxform</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="c1">## not auto make it lowercase</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
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