feat: add CRC32 hash algorithm implementation

- Implement CRC32 with IEEE 802.3 polynomial
- Add 17 comprehensive doctests with edge cases
- Include validation against zlib.crc32()
- Full type hints and English documentation
- Passes ruff and mypy checks

CRC32 is widely used in ZIP, Ethernet, PNG for data integrity.
This adds an important non-cryptographic hash algorithm
that was missing from the repository.

Author: rodrigo.nogueira

hashes/crc32.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""
+CRC32 (Cyclic Redundancy Check 32-bit) Hash Algorithm
+
+This module implements the CRC32 hash algorithm, a non-cryptographic hash function
+widely used for error detection and data integrity verification.
+
+CRC32 is commonly used in:
+- ZIP file format for data integrity
+- Ethernet frame check sequences
+- PNG image format for chunk verification
+- Gzip compression
+
+The algorithm uses the IEEE 802.3 polynomial (0xEDB88320 in reversed bit order)
+and produces a 32-bit hash value.
+
+Note: CRC32 is NOT suitable for cryptographic purposes. It's designed for
+error detection, not security. For cryptographic hashing, use SHA-256 or similar.
+
+Reference:
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check
+- https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1952.html (GZIP specification)
+"""
+
+
+def _generate_crc32_table() -> list[int]:
+    """
+    Generate the CRC32 lookup table for optimized calculation.
+
+    Uses the IEEE 802.3 polynomial: 0xEDB88320 (reversed bit order)
+
+    >>> table = _generate_crc32_table()
+    >>> len(table)
+    256
+    >>> hex(table[0])
+    '0x0'
+    >>> hex(table[128])
+    '0xedb88320'
+    """
+    polynomial = 0xEDB88320
+    table = []
+
+    for i in range(256):
+        crc = i
+        for _ in range(8):
+            if crc & 1:
+                crc = (crc >> 1) ^ polynomial
+            else:
+                crc >>= 1
+        table.append(crc)
+
+    return table
+
+
+CRC32_TABLE = _generate_crc32_table()
+
+
+def crc32(data: bytes) -> int:
+    """
+    Calculate the CRC32 hash of byte data.
+
+    Args:
+        data: Byte data to calculate the hash for
+
+    Returns:
+        CRC32 hash as a 32-bit integer (0 to 4294967295)
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If data is not of type bytes
+
+    >>> crc32(b"Hello World")
+    1243066710
+
+    >>> crc32(b"")
+    0
+
+    >>> crc32(b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
+    1095738169
+
+    >>> crc32(b"a")
+    3904355907
+
+    >>> crc32(b"abc")
+    891568578
+
+    >>> crc32(b"123456789")
+    3421780262
+
+    >>> crc32(b"Python")
+    2742599054
+
+    >>> crc32(b"Algorithms")
+    3866870335
+
+    >>> crc32(b"CRC32")
+    4128576900
+
+    >>> crc32(b"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00")
+    558161692
+
+    >>> import zlib
+    >>> test_data = b"Verify with zlib"
+    >>> crc32(test_data) == zlib.crc32(test_data)
+    True
+    """
+    if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+        msg = f"data must be bytes, not {type(data).__name__}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    crc = 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+    for byte in data:
+        table_index = (crc ^ byte) & 0xFF
+        crc = (crc >> 8) ^ CRC32_TABLE[table_index]
+
+    return crc ^ 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+    print(f"CRC32 of 'Hello World': {crc32(b'Hello World')}")
+    print(f"CRC32 of empty bytes: {crc32(b'')}")