feat: add FNV-1a hash algorithm implementation

- Implement FNV-1a with 32-bit and 64-bit variants
- Add 22 comprehensive doctests (11 per variant)
- Full type hints and English documentation
- Passes ruff and mypy checks

FNV-1a is widely used in hash tables, bloom filters, and caches.
Simple XOR-multiply algorithm with excellent distribution properties.

Author: rodrigo.nogueira

hashes/fnv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+"""
+FNV (Fowler-Noll-Vo) Hash Algorithm
+
+This module implements the FNV-1a hash algorithm, a fast non-cryptographic hash
+function widely used in hash tables, bloom filters, and checksums.
+
+FNV-1a is known for:
+- Simplicity: Very simple implementation (XOR and multiply)
+- Speed: Extremely fast computation
+- Good distribution: Excellent avalanche properties
+- Zero collisions: For short strings, very few collisions
+
+Common uses:
+- Hash tables (Python's dict historically used a variant)
+- Bloom filters and caches
+- Checksums for data structures
+- Database indexing
+
+The algorithm uses prime numbers and XOR operations to create well-distributed
+hash values. The "1a" variant (used here) processes bytes in a different order
+than FNV-1, typically providing better distribution.
+
+Note: FNV is NOT cryptographically secure. Use SHA-256 or similar for security.
+
+References:
+- http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler%E2%80%93Noll%E2%80%93Vo_hash_function
+"""
+
+
+def fnv1a_32(data: bytes) -> int:
+    """
+    Calculate the FNV-1a 32-bit hash of byte data.
+
+    FNV-1a uses XOR-then-multiply instead of multiply-then-XOR,
+    providing better avalanche characteristics than FNV-1.
+
+    Args:
+        data: Byte data to hash
+
+    Returns:
+        32-bit hash value (0 to 4,294,967,295)
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If data is not bytes
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"")
+    2166136261
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"hello")
+    1335831723
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"Hello")
+    4116459851
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"world")
+    933488787
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
+    76545936
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"a")
+    3826002220
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"abc")
+    440920331
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"Python")
+    3822946231
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"FNV-1a")
+    3973616866
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00")
+    1268118805
+
+    >>> fnv1a_32(b"test" * 100) != fnv1a_32(b"test" * 101)
+    True
+    """
+    if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+        msg = f"data must be bytes, not {type(data).__name__}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    fnv_32_prime = 0x01000193
+    hash_value = 0x811C9DC5
+
+    for byte in data:
+        hash_value ^= byte
+        hash_value = (hash_value * fnv_32_prime) & 0xFFFFFFFF
+
+    return hash_value
+
+
+def fnv1a_64(data: bytes) -> int:
+    """
+    Calculate the FNV-1a 64-bit hash of byte data.
+
+    The 64-bit variant provides a larger hash space, reducing
+    collision probability for large datasets.
+
+    Args:
+        data: Byte data to hash
+
+    Returns:
+        64-bit hash value (0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615)
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If data is not bytes
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"")
+    14695981039346656037
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"hello")
+    11831194018420276491
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"Hello")
+    7201466553693376363
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"world")
+    5717881983045765875
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
+    17580284887202820368
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"a")
+    12638187200555641996
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"abc")
+    16654208175385433931
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"Python")
+    4148801904339793143
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"FNV-1a")
+    15319149270662077890
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00")
+    5558979605539197941
+
+    >>> fnv1a_64(b"test" * 100) != fnv1a_64(b"test" * 101)
+    True
+    """
+    if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+        msg = f"data must be bytes, not {type(data).__name__}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    fnv_64_prime = 0x100000001B3
+    hash_value = 0xCBF29CE484222325
+
+    for byte in data:
+        hash_value ^= byte
+        hash_value = (hash_value * fnv_64_prime) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+
+    return hash_value
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+    test_data = b"Hello, World!"
+    print(f"FNV-1a 32-bit hash of '{test_data.decode()}': {fnv1a_32(test_data)}")
+    print(f"FNV-1a 64-bit hash of '{test_data.decode()}': {fnv1a_64(test_data)}")