diff --git a/.changeset/quiet-pugs-repeat.md b/.changeset/quiet-pugs-repeat.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..afe62028665
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/quiet-pugs-repeat.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+'@tanstack/react-query': patch
+---
+
+fix(react-query): throw falsy errors from `useMutation` to the error boundary
diff --git a/packages/react-query/src/__tests__/useMutation.test.tsx b/packages/react-query/src/__tests__/useMutation.test.tsx
index c23b75bf3a4..338cad67e40 100644
--- a/packages/react-query/src/__tests__/useMutation.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/react-query/src/__tests__/useMutation.test.tsx
@@ -1363,6 +1363,46 @@ describe('useMutation', () => {
     consoleMock.mockRestore()
   })
 
+  it('should be able to throw a falsy error when throwOnError is set to true', async () => {
+    const consoleMock = vi
+      .spyOn(console, 'error')
+      .mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    function Page() {
+      const { mutate } = useMutation<string, undefined>({
+        mutationFn: () => {
+          return Promise.reject(undefined)
+        },
+        throwOnError: true,
+      })
+
+      return (
+        <div>
+          <button onClick={() => mutate()}>mutate</button>
+        </div>
+      )
+    }
+
+    const { getByText, queryByText } = renderWithClient(
+      queryClient,
+      <ErrorBoundary
+        fallbackRender={() => (
+          <div>
+            <span>error boundary</span>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      >
+        <Page />
+      </ErrorBoundary>,
+    )
+
+    fireEvent.click(getByText('mutate'))
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(queryByText('error boundary')).not.toBeNull()
+
+    consoleMock.mockRestore()
+  })
+
   it('should be able to throw an error when throwOnError is a function that returns true', async () => {
     const consoleMock = vi
       .spyOn(console, 'error')
diff --git a/packages/react-query/src/useMutation.ts b/packages/react-query/src/useMutation.ts
index 240c6f70d88..3f72b96cf96 100644
--- a/packages/react-query/src/useMutation.ts
+++ b/packages/react-query/src/useMutation.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function useMutation<
   )
 
   if (
-    result.error &&
+    result.isError &&
     shouldThrowError(observer.options.throwOnError, [result.error])
   ) {
     throw result.error