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r-references.bib
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@article{Adamczyk2009,
title = {Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context},
journal = {Social Science Research},
volume = {38},
number = {2},
pages = {338-351},
year = {2009},
issn = {0049-089X},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.01.002},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X09000039},
author = {Amy Adamczyk and Cassady Pitt},
keywords = {Religion, Homosexuality, Gay, Lesbian, Culture, Attitudes, Economic development, Values, Affiliation, Muslim, Protestant, Catholic},
abstract = {Across the globe, the debate over homosexuality continues, with great variation in public opinion about the acceptability of homosexuality, laws regulating same-sex unions and penalties for homosexual sex behaviors. Religion is often seen as an important predictor of attitudes about homosexuality. However, cross-national differences in cultural orientations suggest that the role religion has in explaining homosexual attitudes may depend on a nation's cultural context. In this study, we merge ideas from cultural sociology and religious contextual effects to explain cross-national variation in public opinion about homosexuality. Using data from the fourth wave of the World Values Survey and Hierarchical Modeling techniques, we find support for the micro and macro effects of religion and a survival vs. self-expressive cultural orientation. Moreover, we find that personal religious beliefs have a greater effect on attitudes about homosexuality in countries like the United States, which have a strong self-expressive cultural orientation.}
}
@article{Alesina2013,
title = {On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
volume = {128},
number = {2},
year = {2013},
pages = {469-530},
abstract = {The study examines the historical origins of existing cross-cultural differences in beliefs and values regarding the appropriate role of women in society. We test the hypothesis that traditional agricultural practices influenced the historical gender division of labor and the evolution of gender norms. We find that, consistent with existing hypotheses, the descendants of societies that traditionally practiced plough agriculture today have less equal gender norms, measured using reported gender-role attitudes and female participation in the workplace, politics and entrepreneurial activities. Our results hold looking across countries, across districts within countries, and across ethnicities within districts. To test for the importance of cultural persistence, we examine the children of immigrants living in Europe and the United States. We find that even among these individuals, all born and raised in the same country, those with a heritage of traditional plough use exhibit less equal beliefs about gender roles today.},
author = {Alberto Alesina and Paola Giuliano and Nathan Nunn}
}
@article{Atkinson2016,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0156340},
author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Coomber, Ties and Passmore, Sam and Greenhill, Simon J. and Kushnick, Geoff},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
title = {Cultural and Environmental Predictors of Pre-{European} Deforestation on {Pacific} Islands},
year = {2016},
month = {05},
volume = {11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156340},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {The varied islands of the Pacific provide an ideal natural experiment for studying the factors shaping human impact on the environment. Previous research into pre-European deforestation across the Pacific indicated a major effect of environment but did not account for cultural variation or control for dependencies in the data due to shared cultural ancestry and geographic proximity. The relative importance of environment and culture on Pacific deforestation and forest replacement and the extent to which environmental impact is constrained by cultural ancestry therefore remain unexplored. Here we use comparative phylogenetic methods to model the effect of nine ecological and two cultural variables on pre-European Pacific forest outcomes at 80 locations across 67 islands. We show that some but not all ecological features remain important predictors of forest outcomes after accounting for cultural covariates and non-independence in the data. Controlling for ecology, cultural variation in agricultural intensification predicts deforestation and forest replacement, and there is some evidence that land tenure norms predict forest replacement. These findings indicate that, alongside ecology, cultural factors also predict pre-European Pacific forest outcomes. Although forest outcomes covary with cultural ancestry, this effect disappears after controlling for geographic proximity and ecology. This suggests that forest outcomes were not tightly constrained by colonists' cultural ancestry, but instead reflect a combination of ecological constraints and the short-term responses of each culture in the face of those constraints.},
number = {5}
}
@Manual{Aust2020,
author = {Frederik Aust and Marius Barth},
title = {{papaja}: {Create} {APA} manuscripts with {R Markdown}},
year = {2020},
note = {R package version 0.1.0.9997},
url = {https://github.com/crsh/papaja},
}
@article{Austin2012,
author = {Kelly F. Austin and Laura A. McKinney},
title ={Disease, War, Hunger, and Deprivation: A Cross-National Investigation of the Determinants of Life Expectancy in Less-Developed and Sub-{S}aharan {A}frican Nations},
journal = {Sociological Perspectives},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {421-447},
year = {2012},
doi = {10.1525/sop.2012.55.3.421},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.3.421},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.3.421},
abstract = {Researchers note a recent trend of increasing inequality in cross-national life expectancy rates, largely due to conditions in the poorest of nations. Threats to life expectancy in less-developed nations include poverty, warfare, intense hunger, and disease, particularly AIDS/HIV. This article utilizes structural equation models for a sample of less-developed nations and a subsample of Sub-Saharan African nations to test interrelationships among predictors. Findings indicate modernization to be the most robust predictor of life expectancy across less-developed nations and HIV to be the strongest determinant of life expectancy in Sub-Saharan African nations. Somewhat surprisingly, warfare and hunger do not have direct impacts on life expectancy among less-developed nations; however, important linkages among warfare, hunger, and disease are evidenced in the Sub-Saharan African sample, along with a notable positive influence of modernization on HIV rates. The findings demonstrate the significance of HIV on cross-national life expectancy scores and illuminate unique dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa.}
}
@article{Awad2018,
title={The moral machine experiment},
author={Awad, Edmond and Dsouza, Sohan and Kim, Richard and Schulz, Jonathan and Henrich, Joseph and Shariff, Azim and Bonnefon, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Rahwan, Iyad},
journal={Nature},
volume={563},
number={7729},
pages={59--64},
year={2018},
publisher={Nature Publishing Group},
doi={10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6}
}
@article{Beck2003,
title = {Law, endowments, and finance},
journal = {Journal of Financial Economics},
volume = {70},
number = {2},
pages = {137-181},
year = {2003},
issn = {0304-405X},
doi = {10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00144-2},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X03001442},
author = {Thorsten Beck and Asli Demirg{\"a}{\c c}-Kunt and Ross Levine},
keywords = {Law, Endowments, Financial development, Economic development, Property rights},
abstract = {Using a sample of 70 former colonies, this paper assesses two theories regarding the historical determinants of financial development. The law and finance theory holds that legal traditions, brought by colonizers, differ in terms of protecting the rights of private investors vis-{\`a}-vis the state, with important implications for financial markets. The endowment theory argues that the disease environment encountered by colonizers influences the formation of long-lasting institutions that shape financial development. The empirical results provide evidence for both theories. However, initial endowments explain more of the cross-country variation in financial intermediary and stock market development.}
}
@article{Beck2005,
title = {{SME}s, growth, and poverty: Cross-country evidence},
author = {Thorsten Beck and Asli Demirg{\"a}{\c c}-Kunt and Ross Levine},
journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {199--229},
year = {2005},
publisher = {Springer}
}
@article{Benhabib1994,
title = {The role of human capital in economic development: evidence from aggregate cross-country data},
journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
volume = {34},
number = {2},
pages = {143-173},
year = {1994},
issn = {0304-3932},
doi = {10.1016/0304-3932(94)90047-7},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304393294900477},
author = {Jess Benhabib and Mark M. Spiegel},
keywords = {Growth, Human capital},
abstract = {Using cross-country estimates of physical and human capital stocks, we run the growth accounting regressions implied by a Cobb-Douglas aggregate production function. Our results indicate that human capital enters insignificantly in explaining per capita growth rates. We next specify an alternative model in which the growth rate of total factor productivity depends on a nation's human capital stock level. Tests of this specification do indicate a positive role for human capital.}
}
@article{Bockstette2002,
title={States and markets: The advantage of an early start},
author={Bockstette, Valerie and Chanda, Areendam and Putterman, Louis},
journal={Journal of Economic growth},
volume={7},
number={4},
pages={347--369},
year={2002},
publisher={Springer}
}
@article{Bromham2018,
title={Parasites and politics: why cross-cultural studies must control for relatedness, proximity and covariation},
author={Bromham, Lindell and Hua, Xia and Cardillo, Marcel and Schneemann, Hilde and Greenhill, Simon J},
journal={Royal Society Open Science},
volume={5},
number={8},
pages={181100},
year={2018},
publisher={The Royal Society},
doi={10.1098/rsos.181100}
}
@article{Bromham2021,
title={There is little evidence that spicy food in hot countries is an adaptation to reducing infection risk},
author={Bromham, Lindell and Skeels, Alexander and Schneemann, Hilde and Dinnage, Russell and Hua, Xia},
journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
volume={5},
number={7},
pages={878--891},
year={2021},
publisher={Nature Publishing Group},
doi={10.1038/s41562-020-01039-8}
}
@Manual{Brownrigg2018,
title = {{maps}: Draw Geographical Maps},
author = {Brownrigg, Ray},
year = {2018},
note = {R package version 3.3.0},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=maps},
}
@article{Burkner2017,
title = {{brms}: An {R} Package for {Bayesian} Multilevel Models Using {Stan}},
author = {Paul-Christian B{\"u}rkner},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
year = {2017},
volume = {80},
number = {1},
pages = {1--28},
doi = {10.18637/jss.v080.i01},
encoding = {UTF-8},
}
@incollection{Caselli2005,
title = {Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences},
editor = {Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf},
series = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {1},
pages = {679-741},
year = {2005},
issn = {1574-0684},
doi = {10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01009-9},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574068405010099},
author = {Francesco Caselli},
abstract = {Why are some countries so much richer than others? Development Accounting is a first-pass attempt at organizing the answer around two proximate determinants: factors of production and efficiency. It answers the question "how much of the cross-country income variance can be attributed to differences in (physical and human) capital, and how much to differences in the efficiency with which capital is used?" Hence, it does for the cross-section what growth accounting does in the time series. The current consensus is that efficiency is at least as important as capital in explaining income differences. I survey the data and the basic methods that lead to this consensus, and explore several extensions. I argue that some of these extensions may lead to a reconsideration of the evidence.}
}
@article{Chambers2021,
title={The past, present and future of {Registered Reports}},
author={Chambers, Christopher D and Tzavella, Loukia},
journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
pages={29--42},
volume={6},
year={2021},
publisher={Nature Publishing Group}
}
@article{Colella2019,
author = {Colella, Fabrizio and Lalive, Rafael and Sakalli, Seyhun Orcan and Thoenig, Mathias},
title = {Inference with Arbitrary Clustering},
journal = {IZA Discussion Paper No. 12584},
url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3449578},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3449578}
}
@article{Comin2010,
ISSN = {19457707, 19457715},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25760309},
abstract = {We assemble a dataset on technology adoption in 1000 BC, 0 AD, and 1500 AD for the predecessors to today's nation states. Technological differences are surprisingly persistent over long periods of time. Our most interesting, strong, and robust results are for the association of 1500 AD technology with per capita income and technology adoption today. We also find robust and significant technological persistence from 1000 BC to 0 AD, and from 0 AD to 1500 AD. The evidence is consistent with a model where the cost of adopting new technologies declines sufficiently with the current level of adoption.},
author = {Diego Comin and William Easterly and Erick Gong},
journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
number = {3},
pages = {65--97},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 {BC}?},
volume = {2},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Conley1999,
title = {{GMM} estimation with cross sectional dependence},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
volume = {92},
number = {1},
pages = {1-45},
year = {1999},
issn = {0304-4076},
doi = {10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00084-0},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407698000840},
author = {T.G. Conley},
keywords = {Cross-sectional dependence, Non-parametric covariance matrix estimation, Random fields, Generalized method of moments},
abstract = {This paper presents a spatial model of dependence among agents using a metric of economic distance. Measurements of this economic distance provide cross-sectional data with a structure similar to that provided by the time index in time-series data. Generalized method of moments estimators using such dependent data are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. This paper presents a class of non-parametric, positive semi-definite covariance matrix estimators that allow for general forms of dependence characterized by economic distance. These covariance matrix estimators are shown to remain consistent when economic distances are not precisely observed.}
}
@incollection{Conley2010,
title={Spatial econometrics},
author={Conley, Timothy G.},
booktitle={Microeconometrics},
pages={303--313},
year={2010},
publisher={Palgrave Macmillan},
editor={Durlauf, Steven N. and Blume, Lawrence E.},
address={London}
}
@article{Currie2009,
author = {Currie, Thomas E. and Mace, Ruth},
title = {Political complexity predicts the spread of ethnolinguistic groups},
volume = {106},
number = {18},
pages = {7339--7344},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0804698106},
publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
abstract = {Human languages show a remarkable degree of variation in the area they cover. However, the factors governing the distribution of human cultural groups such as languages are not well understood. While previous studies have examined the role of a number of environmental variables the importance of cultural factors has not been systematically addressed. Here we use a geographical information system (GIS) to integrate information about languages with environmental, ecological, and ethnographic data to test a number of hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the global distribution of languages. We show that the degree of political complexity and type of subsistence strategy exhibited by societies are important predictors of the area covered by a language. Political complexity is also strongly associated with the latitudinal gradient in language area, whereas subsistence strategy is not. We argue that a process of cultural group selection favoring more complex societies may have been important in shaping the present-day global distribution of language diversity.},
issn = {0027-8424},
URL = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/18/7339},
eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/18/7339.full.pdf},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}
}
@article{Currie2012,
title={Analyses do not support the parasite-stress theory of human sociality},
volume={35},
doi={10.1017/S0140525X11000963},
number={2},
journal={Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Currie, Thomas E. and Mace, Ruth},
year={2012},
pages={83--85}
}
@article{Deffner2022,
author = {Dominik Deffner and Julia M. Rohrer and Richard McElreath},
title ={A Causal Framework for Cross-Cultural Generalizability},
journal = {Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {25152459221106366},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1177/25152459221106366},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221106366},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221106366},
abstract = { Behavioral researchers increasingly recognize the need for more diverse samples that capture the breadth of human experience. Current attempts to establish generalizability across populations focus on threats to validity, constraints on generalization, and the accumulation of large, cross-cultural data sets. But for continued progress, we also require a framework that lets us determine which inferences can be drawn and how to make informative cross-cultural comparisons. We describe a generative causal-modeling framework and outline simple graphical criteria to derive analytic strategies and implied generalizations. Using both simulated and real data, we demonstrate how to project and compare estimates across populations and further show how to formally represent measurement equivalence or inequivalence across societies. We conclude with a discussion of how a formal framework for generalizability can assist researchers in designing more informative cross-cultural studies and thus provides a more solid foundation for cumulative and generalizable behavioral research. }
}
@article{DeHoyos2006,
author = {Rafael E. {De Hoyos} and Vasilis Sarafidis},
title ={Testing for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panel-Data Models},
journal = {The Stata Journal},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {482-496},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1177/1536867X0600600403},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600403},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600403},
abstract = { This article describes a new Stata routine, xtcsd, to test for the presence of cross-sectional dependence in panels with many cross-sectional units and few time-series observations. The command executes three different testing procedures-namely, Friedman's (Journal of the American Statistical Association 32: 675-701) (FR) test statistic, the statistic proposed by Frees (Journal of Econometrics 69: 393-414), and the cross-sectional dependence (CD) test of Pe-saran (General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels [University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, Paper No. 0435]). We illustrate the command with an empirical example. }
}
@Inbook{deVillemereuil2014,
author="de Villemereuil, Pierre and Nakagawa, Shinichi",
editor="Garamszegi, L{\'a}szl{\'o} Zsolt",
title="General Quantitative Genetic Methods for Comparative Biology",
bookTitle="Modern Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and Their Application in Evolutionary Biology: Concepts and Practice",
year="2014",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="287--303",
abstract="There is much in common between the aim and tools of the quantitative geneticist and the comparative biologist. One of the most interesting statistical tools of the quantitative genetics (QG) is the mixed model framework, especially the so-called animal model, which can be used for comparative analyses. In this chapter, we describe the phylogenetic generalised linear mixed model (PGLMM), which encompasses phylogenetic (linear) mixed model (PMM). The widely used phylogenetic generalised least square (PGLS) can be seen as a special case of PGLMM. Thus, we demonstrate how PGLMM can be a useful extension of PGLS, hence a useful tool for the comparative biologist. In particular, we show how the PGLMM can tackle issues such as (1) intraspecific variance inference, (2) phylogenetic meta-analysis, (3) non-Gaussian traits analysis, and (4) missing values and data augmentation. Further possible extensions of the PGLMM and applications to phylogenetic comparative (PC) analysis are discussed at the end of the chapter. We provide working examples, using the R package MCMCglmm, in the online practical material (OPM).",
isbn="978-3-662-43550-2",
doi="10.1007/978-3-662-43550-2_11",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43550-2_11"
}
@Inbook{Diener2009,
author="Diener, Ed and Diener, Marissa and Diener, Carol",
editor="Diener, Ed",
title="Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-Being of Nations",
bookTitle="Culture and Well-Being: The Collected Works of {E}d {D}iener",
year="2009",
publisher="Springer Netherlands",
address="Dordrecht",
pages="43--70",
abstract="Subjective well-being (SWB) in 55 nations, reported in probability surveys and a large college student sample, was correlated with social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nations. The SWB surveys, representing nations that include three fourths of the earth's population, showed strong convergence. Separate measures of the predictor variables also converged and formed scales with high reliability, with the exception of the comparison variables. High income, individualism, human rights, and societal equality correlated strongly with each other, and with SWB across surveys. Income correlated with SWB even after basic need fulfillment was controlled. Only individualism persistently correlated with SWB when other predictors were controlled. Cultural homogeneity, income growth, and income comparison showed either low or inconsistent relations with SWB.",
isbn="978-90-481-2352-0",
doi="10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_3",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_3"
}
@article{Dow2008,
author = {Malcolm M. Dow and E. Anthon Eff},
title ={Global, Regional, and Local Network Autocorrelation in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample},
journal = {Cross-Cultural Research},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {148-171},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1177/1069397107311186},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397107311186},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397107311186},
abstract = { There is now considerable evidence in the cross-cultural literature that cultural networks need not be based strictly on spatial propinquity but may develop along other dimensions such as common language, religion, and levels of cultural complexity. In this article, the authors generate networks based on sociocultural distance metrics for these three network dimensions in addition to the usual geographical distance measure and a measure of overall ecological niche similarity. The authors report overall levels of autocorrelation for all five networks using 1,156 Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) variables at the global level and for a subset of 422 variables within four regions. The extent to which cultural trait distributions appear to be influenced by combinations of network processes also are assessed. Results from an analysis based on a local autocorrelation statistic provide confirmation of the regional levels of autocorrelation within the SCCS data set. }
}
@article{Dow1984,
ISSN = {00940496, 15481425},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/644404},
abstract = {Classical statistical inference procedures usually assume the independence of sample units. However, the assumption of independence is often unrealistic in cross-cultural research because societies in neighboring or historically related regions tend to be duplicates of one another across a wide variety of traits that are spread by historical fission, diffusion, or migration of peoples. A recent generalization of the usual regression model explicitly allows for networks of interdependencies among sample units as part of the model specification. Here, two new estimation procedures for this network autocorrelation model are compared to previously employed maximum likelihood procedures, and to the usual regression procedures which ignore interdependence. The results of comparisons based on simulated autocorrelation data and the reanalyses of two previously published empirical studies indicate that both of the procedures proposed here compare very favorably with the maximum likelihood approach, and both are vastly superior to the usual regression procedures when there is moderate to high autocorrelation (i.e., interdependence). [Galton's Problem, cultural diffusion, networks, cultural evolution, statistical methodology]},
author = {Malcolm M. Dow and Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White and Karl P. Reitz},
journal = {American Ethnologist},
number = {4},
pages = {754--770},
publisher = {[Wiley, American Anthropological Association]},
title = {{G}alton's {P}roblem as Network Autocorrelation},
volume = {11},
year = {1984}
}
@Manual{Duben2021,
title = {{conleyreg}: Estimations using {C}onley Standard Errors},
author = {Christian D{\"u}ben},
year = {2021},
note = {R package version 0.1.4},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=conleyreg},
}
@article{Easterly2003,
title = {Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development},
journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
volume = {50},
number = {1},
pages = {3-39},
year = {2003},
issn = {0304-3932},
doi = {10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00200-3},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304393202002003},
author = {William Easterly and Ross Levine},
keywords = {Economic development, Institutions, Geography},
abstract = {Does economic development depend on geographic endowments like temperate instead of tropical location, the ecological conditions shaping diseases, or an environment good for grains or certain cash crops? Or do these endowments of tropics, germs, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and policy views against each other using cross country evidence. We find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions.}
}
@article{Easterly2007,
title = {Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument},
journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {84},
number = {2},
pages = {755-776},
year = {2007},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387806001830},
author = {William Easterly},
keywords = {inequality, institutions, schooling, growth},
abstract = {Consistent with the provocative hypothesis of Engerman and Sokoloff [Engermann, Stanley and Kenneth Sokoloff (1997), "Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States," in Stephen Haber, ed. How Latin America Fell Behind, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press., Sokoloff, Kenneth L. and Stanley L. Engerman (2000), Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World, Journal of Economic Perspectives v14, n3, 217-32.], this paper confirms with cross-country data that agricultural endowments predict inequality and inequality predicts development. The use of agricultural endowments -specifically the abundance of land suitable for growing wheat relative to that suitable for growing sugarcane - as an instrument for inequality is this paper's approach to problems of measurement and endogeneity of inequality. The paper finds inequality also affects other development outcomes - institutions and schooling -which the literature has emphasized as mechanisms by which higher inequality lowers per capita income. It tests the inequality hypothesis for development, institutional quality and schooling against other recent hypotheses in the literature. While finding some evidence consistent with other development fundamentals, the paper finds high inequality to independently be a large and statistically significant barrier to prosperity, good quality institutions, and high schooling.}
}
@article{Eff2004,
title={Does {M}r. {G}alton still have a problem? Autocorrelation in the standard cross-cultural sample},
author={Eff, E Anthon},
journal={World Cultures},
volume={15},
number={2},
pages={153--170},
year={2004}
}
@article{Eff2008,
title = {Weight matrices for cultural proximity: Deriving weights from a language phylogeny},
author = {Eff, E Anthon},
journal = {Structure and Dynamics},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Ethnologue,
title = {Ethnologue: Languages of the World},
year = {2018},
edition = {Twenty-first},
author = {Eberhard, D. M. and Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D.},
address = {Dallas, TX, USA},
publisher = {SIL International},
url = {https://www.ethnologue.com/}
}
@incollection{Ferguson1997,
title = {Anthropology and its evil twin},
author = {Ferguson, James},
book = {International development and the social sciences: Essays on the history and politics of knowledge},
editor = {Cooper, F. and Packard, R.},
pages = {150--175},
year = {1997},
publisher = {University of California Press Berkeley}
}
@article{Fincher2008,
author = {Fincher, Corey L and Thornhill, Randy and Murray, Damian R and Schaller, Mark},
title = {Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
volume = {275},
number = {1640},
pages = {1279-1285},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2008.0094},
URL = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.2008.0094},
eprint = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2008.0094},
abstract = { Pathogenic diseases impose selection pressures on the social behaviour of host populations. In humans (Homo sapiens), many psychological phenomena appear to serve an antipathogen defence function. One broad implication is the existence of cross-cultural differences in human cognition and behaviour contingent upon the relative presence of pathogens in the local ecology. We focus specifically on one fundamental cultural variable: differences in individualistic versus collectivist values. We suggest that specific behavioural manifestations of collectivism (e.g. ethnocentrism, conformity) can inhibit the transmission of pathogens; and so we hypothesize that collectivism (compared with individualism) will more often characterize cultures in regions that have historically had higher prevalence of pathogens. Drawing on epidemiological data and the findings of worldwide cross-national surveys of individualism/collectivism, our results support this hypothesis: the regional prevalence of pathogens has a strong positive correlation with cultural indicators of collectivism and a strong negative correlation with individualism. The correlations remain significant even when controlling for potential confounding variables. These results help to explain the origin of a paradigmatic cross-cultural difference, and reveal previously undocumented consequences of pathogenic diseases on the variable nature of human societies. }
}
@article{Gelfand2011,
author = {Michele J. Gelfand and Jana L. Raver and Lisa Nishii and Lisa M. Leslie and Janetta Lun and Beng Chong Lim and Lili Duan and Assaf Almaliach and Soon Ang and Jakobina Arnadottir and Zeynep Aycan and Klaus Boehnke and Pawel Boski and Rosa Cabecinhas and Darius Chan and Jagdeep Chhokar and Alessia D'Amato and Montse Ferrer and Iris C. Fischlmayr and Ronald Fischer and Marta F{\"u}l{\"o}p and James Georgas and Emiko S. Kashima and Yoshishima Kashima and Kibum Kim and Alain Lempereur and Patricia Marquez and Rozhan Othman and Bert Overlaet and Penny Panagiotopoulou and Karl Peltzer and Lorena R. Perez-Florizno and Larisa Ponomarenko and Anu Realo and Vidar Schei and Manfred Schmitt and Peter B. Smith and Nazar Soomro and Erna Szabo and Nalinee Taveesin and Midori Toyama and Evert Van de Vliert and Naharika Vohra and Colleen Ward and Susumu Yamaguchi },
title = {Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study},
journal = {Science},
volume = {332},
number = {6033},
pages = {1100-1104},
year = {2011},
doi = {10.1126/science.1197754},
URL = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1197754},
eprint = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1197754},
abstract = {The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories. With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.}
}
@article{Gelfand2021,
title = {The relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and {COVID-19} cases and deaths: a global analysis},
journal = {The Lancet Planetary Health},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {e135-e144},
year = {2021},
issn = {2542-5196},
doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30301-6},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542519620303016},
author = {Michele J Gelfand and Joshua Conrad Jackson and Xinyue Pan and Dana Nau and Dylan Pieper and Emmy Denison and Munqith Dagher and Paul A M {Van Lange} and Chi-Yue Chiu and Mo Wang},
abstract = {Summary
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis, yet certain countries have had far more success in limiting COVID-19 cases and deaths. We suggest that collective threats require a tremendous amount of coordination, and that strict adherence to social norms is a key mechanism that enables groups to do so. Here we examine how the strength of social norms—or cultural tightness–looseness—was associated with countries' success in limiting cases and deaths by October, 2020. We expected that tight cultures, which have strict norms and punishments for deviance, would have fewer cases and deaths per million as compared with loose cultures, which have weaker norms and are more permissive.
Methods
We estimated the relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and COVID-19 case and mortality rates as of Oct 16, 2020, using ordinary least squares regression. We fit a series of stepwise models to capture whether cultural tightness–looseness explained variation in case and death rates controlling for under-reporting, demographics, geopolitical factors, other cultural dimensions, and climate.
Findings
The results indicated that, compared with nations with high levels of cultural tightness, nations with high levels of cultural looseness are estimated to have had 4·99 times the number of cases (7132 per million vs 1428 per million, respectively) and 8·71 times the number of deaths (183 per million vs 21 per million, respectively), taking into account a number of controls. A formal evolutionary game theoretic model suggested that tight groups cooperate much faster under threat and have higher survival rates than loose groups. The results suggest that tightening social norms might confer an evolutionary advantage in times of collective threat.
Interpretation
Nations that are tight and abide by strict norms have had more success than those that are looser as of the October, 2020. New interventions are needed to help countries tighten social norms as they continue to battle COVID-19 and other collective threats.
Funding
Office of Naval Research, US Navy.}
}
@book{Glottolog,
address = {Jena},
author = {Harald Hammarstr{\"o}m and Robert Forkel and Martin Haspelmath and Sebastian Bank},
howpublished = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
title = {Glottolog 3.0},
url = {https://glottolog.org/ accessed 2021-02-23},
year = {2017},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4061162}
}
@article{Gray2009,
author = {R. D. Gray and A. J. Drummond and S. J. Greenhill},
title = {Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in {Pacific} Settlement},
journal = {Science},
volume = {323},
number = {5913},
pages = {479-483},
year = {2009},
doi = {10.1126/science.1166858},
URL = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1166858},
eprint = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.1166858},
abstract = {Debates about human prehistory often center on the role that population expansions play in shaping biological and cultural diversity. Hypotheses on the origin of the Austronesian settlers of the Pacific are divided between a recent “pulse-pause” expansion from Taiwan and an older “slow-boat” diffusion from Wallacea. We used lexical data and Bayesian phylogenetic methods to construct a phylogeny of 400 languages. In agreement with the pulse-pause scenario, the language trees place the Austronesian origin in Taiwan approximately 5230 years ago and reveal a series of settlement pauses and expansion pulses linked to technological and social innovations. These results are robust to assumptions about the rooting and calibration of the trees and demonstrate the combined power of linguistic scholarship, database technologies, and computational phylogenetic methods for resolving questions about human prehistory.}
}
@incollection{Green1999,
address = {London and New York},
author = {Green, Roger and Pawley, Andrew},
booktitle = {Archaeology and Language {III}: Artefacts, languages and texts},
editor = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
pages = {31-89},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {Early {Oceanic} architectural forms and settlement patterns: linguistic, archaeological and ethnological perspectives},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Handley2007,
title = {Going the distance: human population genetics in a clinal world},
author = {Handley, Lori J Lawson and Manica, Andrea and Goudet, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Balloux, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
journal = {TRENDS in Genetics},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
pages = {432--439},
year = {2007},
publisher = {Elsevier}
}
@book{Hastie2017,
title={Generalized additive models},
author={Hastie, Trevor J and Tibshirani, Robert J},
year={2017},
publisher={Routledge}
}
@techreport{hdi,
title = {Human Development Report},
year = {2021},
author = {{{U}nited {N}ations Development Programme}},
url = {http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI},
note = {Accessed through Resource Watch, 2021-10-26. www.resourcewatch.org}
}
@article{Henrich2010,
title={The weirdest people in the world?},
volume={33},
doi={10.1017/S0140525X0999152X},
number={2-3},
journal={Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Henrich, Joseph and Heine, Steven J. and Norenzayan, Ara},
year={2010},
pages={61--83}
}
@article{Hewlett2002,
author = {Hewlett, Barry S. and DeSilvestri, Annalisa and Guglielmino, C. Rosalba},
title = {Semes and Genes in {Africa}},
journal = {Current Anthropology},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
pages = {313-321},
year = {2002},
doi = {10.1086/339379},
URL = {10.1086/339379},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1086/339379}
}
@Manual{Hijmans2019,
title = {{geosphere}: Spherical Trigonometry},
author = {Robert J. Hijmans},
year = {2019},
note = {R package version 1.5-10},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=geosphere},
}
@book{Hofstede2001,
title={Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations},
author={Hofstede, Geert},
year={2001},
publisher={Sage Publications}
}
@article{Inglehart2000,
ISSN = {00031224},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657288},
abstract = {Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society-Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist-leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.},
author = {Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
number = {1},
pages = {19--51},
publisher = {[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]},
title = {Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values},
volume = {65},
year = {2000},
doi = {10.2307/2657288}
}
@article{Jarque1987,
ISSN = {03067734, 17515823},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1403192},
abstract = {Using the Lagrange multiplier procedure or score test on the Pearson family of distributions we obtain tests for normality of observations and regression disturbances. The tests suggested have optimum asymptotic power properties and good finite sample performance. Due to their simplicity they should prove to be useful tools in statistical analysis.},
author = {Carlos M. Jarque and Anil K. Bera},
journal = {International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique},
number = {2},
pages = {163--172},
publisher = {[Wiley, International Statistical Institute (ISI)]},
title = {A Test for Normality of Observations and Regression Residuals},
volume = {55},
year = {1987},
doi = {10.2307/1403192}
}
@article{Kelly2020,
author = {Morgan Kelly},
title = {Understanding Persistence},
journal = {CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15246},
url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=3688200},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Kirkcaldy2004,
author = {Kirkcaldy, Bruce and Furnham, Adrian and Siefen, Georg},
title = {The Relationship Between Health Efficacy, Educational Attainment, and Well-Being Among 30 Nations},
journal = {European Psychologist},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {107-119},
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.107},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.107},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.9.2.107},
abstract = { Data from 30 nations on the relationship between educational performance in reading, mathematical, and scientific literacy as assessed in the PISA survey and the health performance indicators of the World Health report are analyzed. Health level was unrelated to any of the three educational performance variables, but disability-related life expectancy was significantly related to reading literacy and educational attainment. Specifically, mathematical and reading literacy were related to such health care indicators as goal level, goal distribution, fairness, and overall goals. In addition, correlational analysis was conducted between socioeconomic variables and educational attainment for these nations; GDP and economic growth were very weakly related to educational performance. On the other hand, inflation and the human development index (HDI) were significantly related to all three literacy scores. HDI and economic growth emerged as the strongest predictors of health performance rating of a nation. Finally, the association between subjective well-being (happiness) and educational performance was explored. Happiness was consistently related to the three literacy scores, the magnitude of the association being highest for reading literacy. The implications of these findings for educational and health programs were discussed. }
}
@article{Kissling2008,
author = {Kissling, W. Daniel and Carl, Gudrun},
title = {Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models},
journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {59-71},
keywords = {Autoregressive process, biogeography, macroecology, model selection, neighbourhood structure, spatial model, spatial statistics, spatial weights, species richness},
doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00334.x},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00334.x},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00334.x},
abstract = {ABSTRACT Aim Spatial autocorrelation is a frequent phenomenon in ecological data and can affect estimates of model coefficients and inference from statistical models. Here, we test the performance of three different simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) model types (spatial error = SARerr, lagged = SARlag and mixed = SARmix) and common ordinary least squares (OLS) regression when accounting for spatial autocorrelation in species distribution data using four artificial data sets with known (but different) spatial autocorrelation structures. Methods We evaluate the performance of SAR models by examining spatial patterns in model residuals (with correlograms and residual maps), by comparing model parameter estimates with true values, and by assessing their type I error control with calibration curves. We calculate a total of 3240 SAR models and illustrate how the best models [in terms of minimum residual spatial autocorrelation (minRSA), maximum model fit (R2), or Akaike information criterion (AIC)] can be identified using model selection procedures. Results Our study shows that the performance of SAR models depends on model specification (i.e. model type, neighbourhood distance, coding styles of spatial weights matrices) and on the kind of spatial autocorrelation present. SAR model parameter estimates might not be more precise than those from OLS regressions in all cases. SARerr models were the most reliable SAR models and performed well in all cases (independent of the kind of spatial autocorrelation induced and whether models were selected by minRSA, R2 or AIC), whereas OLS, SARlag and SARmix models showed weak type I error control and/or unpredictable biases in parameter estimates. Main conclusions SARerr models are recommended for use when dealing with spatially autocorrelated species distribution data. SARlag and SARmix might not always give better estimates of model coefficients than OLS, and can thus generate bias. Other spatial modelling techniques should be assessed comprehensively to test their predictive performance and accuracy for biogeographical and macroecological research.},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Klerman2011,
author = {Klerman, Daniel M. and Mahoney, Paul G. and Spamann, Holger and Weinstein, Mark I.},
title = {Legal Origin or Colonial History?},
journal = {Journal of Legal Analysis},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {379-409},
year = {2011},
month = {11},
abstract = {Economists have documented pervasive correlations between legal origins, modern regulation, and economic outcomes around the world. Where legal origin is exogenous, however, it is almost perfectly correlated with another set of potentially relevant background variables: the colonial policies of the European powers that spread the "origin" legal systems through the world. We attempt to disentangle these factors by exploiting the imperfect overlap of colonizer and legal origin, and looking at possible channels, such as the structure of the legal system, through which these factors might influence contemporary economic outcomes. We find strong evidence in favor of non-legal colonial explanations for economic growth. For other dependent variables, the results are mixed.},
issn = {2161-7201},
doi = {10.1093/jla/lar002},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/lar002},
eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/jla/article-pdf/3/2/379/23562646/lar002.pdf}
}
@article{Knack1997,
author = {Knack, Stephen and Keefer, Philip},
title = {Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
volume = {112},
number = {4},
pages = {1251--1288},
year = {1997},
month = {11},
abstract = {This paper presents evidence that "social capital" matters for measurable economic performance, using indicators of trust and civic norms from the World Values Surveys for a sample of 29 market economies. Memberships in formal groups-Putnam's measure of social capital-is not associated with trust or with improved economic performance. We find trust and civic norms are stronger in nations with higher and more equal incomes, with institutions that restrain predatory actions of chief executives, and with better-educated and ethnically homogeneous populations.},
issn = {0033-5533},
doi = {10.1162/003355300555475},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475},
eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-pdf/112/4/1251/5393975/112-4-1251.pdf}
}
@article{Kyritsis2022,
title = {Shared cultural ancestry predicts the global diffusion of democracy},
volume = {4},
doi = {10.1017/ehs.2022.40},
journal = {Evolutionary Human Sciences},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Kyritsis, Thanos and Matthews, Luke J. and Welch, David and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
year = {2022},
pages = {e42}
}
@article{Landau2021,
title = {The targets {R} package: a dynamic {M}ake-like function-oriented pipeline toolkit for reproducibility and high-performance computing},
author = {William Michael Landau},
journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
year = {2021},
volume = {6},
number = {57},
pages = {2959},
url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02959},
}
@article{LaPorta1997,
author = {La Porta, Rafael and Lopez-De-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W.},
title = {Legal Determinants of External Finance},
journal = {The Journal of Finance},
volume = {52},
number = {3},
pages = {1131-1150},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02727.x},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02727.x},
eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02727.x},
abstract = {Using a sample of 49 countries, we show that countries with poorer investor protections, measured by both the character of legal rules and the quality of law enforcement, have smaller and narrower capital markets. These findings apply to both equity and debt markets. In particular, French civil law countries have both the weakest investor protections and the least developed capital markets, especially as compared to common law countries.},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Legendre1993,
ISSN = {00129658, 19399170},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1939924},
abstract = {Autocorrelation is a very general statistical property of ecological variables observed across geographic space; it most common forms are patches and gradients. Spatial autocorrelation, which comes either from the physical forcing of environmental variables or from community processes, presents a problem for statistical testing because autocorrelated data violate the assumption of independence of most standard statistical procedures. The paper discusses first how autocorrelation in ecological variables can be described and measured, with emphasis on mapping techniques. Then, proper statistical testing in the presence of autocorrelation is briefly discussed. Finally, ways are presented of explicitly introducing spatial structures into ecological models. Two approaches are proposed; in the raw-data approach, the spatial structure takes the form of a polynomial of the x and y geographic coordinates of the sampling stations; in the matrix approach, the spatial structure is introduced in the form of a geographic distance matrix among locations. These two approaches are compared in the concluding section. A table provides a list of computer programs available for spatial analysis.},
author = {Pierre Legendre},
journal = {Ecology},
number = {6},
pages = {1659--1673},
publisher = {Ecological Society of America},
title = {Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or New Paradigm?},
volume = {74},
year = {1993},
doi = {10.2307/1939924}
}
@article{Lichstein2002,
author = {Lichstein, Jeremy W. and Simons, Theodore R. and Shriner, Susan A. and Franzreb, Kathleen E.},
title = {Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology},
journal = {Ecological Monographs},
volume = {72},
number = {3},
pages = {445-463},
keywords = {CAR model, habitat model, landscape effects, Moran's I, Neotropical migrant songbirds, spatial autocorrelation, spatial autoregressive model, trend surface analysis},
doi = {10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0445:SAAAMI]2.0.CO;2},
url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9615%282002%29072%5B0445%3ASAAAMI%5D2.0.CO%3B2},
eprint = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/0012-9615%282002%29072%5B0445%3ASAAAMI%5D2.0.CO%3B2},
abstract = {Recognition and analysis of spatial autocorrelation has defined a new paradigm in ecology. Attention to spatial pattern can lead to insights that would have been otherwise overlooked, while ignoring space may lead to false conclusions about ecological relationships. We used Gaussian spatial autoregressive models, fit with widely available software, to examine breeding habitat relationships for three common Neotropical migrant songbirds in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, USA. In preliminary models that ignored space, the abundance of all three species was correlated with both local- and landscape-scale habitat variables. These models were then modified to account for broadscale spatial trend (via trend surface analysis) and fine-scale autocorrelation (via an autoregressive spatial covariance matrix). Residuals from ordinary least squares regression models were autocorrelated, indicating that the assumption of independent errors was violated. In contrast, residuals from autoregressive models showed little spatial pattern, suggesting that these models were appropriate. The magnitude of habitat effects tended to decrease, and the relative importance of different habitat variables shifted when we incorporated broadscale and then fine-scale space into the analysis. The degree to which habitat effects changed when space was added to the models was roughly correlated with the amount of spatial structure in the habitat variables. Spatial pattern in the residuals from ordinary least squares models may result from failure to include or adequately measure autocorrelated habitat variables. In addition, contagious processes, such as conspecific attraction, may generate spatial patterns in species abundance that cannot be explained by habitat models. For our study species, spatial patterns in the ordinary least squares residuals suggest that a scale of 500-1000 m would be appropriate for investigating possible contagious processes.},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Liddell2018,
title = {Analyzing ordinal data with metric models: What could possibly go wrong?},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
volume = {79},
pages = {328-348},
year = {2018},
issn = {0022-1031},
doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.009},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117307746},
author = {Torrin M. Liddell and John K. Kruschke},
keywords = {Ordinal data, Likert, Ordered-probit, Bayesian analysis},
abstract = {We surveyed all articles in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP), Psychological Science (PS), and the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (JEP:G) that mentioned the term "Likert," and found that 100% of the articles that analyzed ordinal data did so using a metric model. We present novel evidence that analyzing ordinal data as if they were metric can systematically lead to errors. We demonstrate false alarms (i.e., detecting an effect where none exists, Type I errors) and failures to detect effects (i.e., loss of power, Type II errors). We demonstrate systematic inversions of effects, for which treating ordinal data as metric indicates the opposite ordering of means than the true ordering of means. We show the same problems - false alarms, misses, and inversions - for interactions in factorial designs and for trend analyses in regression. We demonstrate that averaging across multiple ordinal measurements does not solve or even ameliorate these problems. A central contribution is a graphical explanation of how and when the misrepresentations occur. Moreover, we point out that there is no sure-fire way to detect these problems by treating the ordinal values as metric, and instead we advocate use of ordered-probit models (or similar) because they will better describe the data. Finally, although frequentist approaches to some ordered-probit models are available, we use Bayesian methods because of their flexibility in specifying models and their richness and accuracy in providing parameter estimates. An R script is provided for running an analysis that compares ordered-probit and metric models.}
}
@article{Loftin1983,
ISSN = {00031224},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095150},
abstract = {The relationship between fertility and population density that has been demonstrated with aggregate data is discussed and reexamined here. We argue that models which exclude considerations of spatial processes are incomplete and that therefore parameter estimates for such models are misleading. We then develop a model which incorporates spatial autocorrelation, and reanalyze data from one well-known study of the effects of density on fertility using our model. The results show that, with one exception, the effects of density on fertility are trivial, a finding that is quite different from previous research. We conclude that spatial mechanisms are an important consideration in the modeling of social processes that involve geographically defined units.},
author = {Colin Loftin and Sally K. Ward},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
number = {1},
pages = {121--128},
publisher = {[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]},
title = {A Spatial Autocorrelation Model of the Effects of Population Density on Fertility},
volume = {48},
year = {1983},
doi = {10.2307/2095150}
}
@article{Matthews2016,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0152979},
author = {Matthews, Luke J. and Passmore, Sam and Richard, Paul M. and Gray, Russell D. and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
title = {Shared cultural history as a predictor of political and economic changes among nation states},
year = {2016},
volume = {11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152979},
pages = {1-18},
number = {4}
}
@book{McElreath2020,
author = {McElreath, Richard},
title = {Statistical Rethinking: A {B}ayesian Course with Examples in {R} and {Stan}},
publisher = {CRC Press},
edition = {2},
year = {2020}
}
@article{Murdock1969,
ISSN = {00141828},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3772907},
author = {George P. Murdock and Douglas R. White},
journal = {Ethnology},
number = {4},
pages = {329--369},
publisher = {University of Pittsburgh- Of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education},
title = {Standard Cross-Cultural Sample},
volume = {8},
year = {1969},
doi = {10.2307/3772907}
}
@article{Muthukrishna2020,
author = {Michael Muthukrishna and Adrian V. Bell and Joseph Henrich and Cameron M. Curtin and Alexander Gedranovich and Jason McInerney and Braden Thue},
title ={Beyond Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) Psychology: Measuring and Mapping Scales of Cultural and Psychological Distance},
journal = {Psychological Science},
volume = {31},
number = {6},
pages = {678-701},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1177/0956797620916782},
note ={PMID: 32437234},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620916782},
abstract = { In this article, we present a tool and a method for measuring the psychological and cultural distance between societies and creating a distance scale with any population as the point of comparison. Because psychological data are dominated by samples drawn from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) nations, and overwhelmingly, the United States, we focused on distance from the United States. We also present distance from China, the country with the largest population and second largest economy, which is a common cultural comparison. We applied the fixation index (FST), a meaningful statistic in evolutionary theory, to the World Values Survey of cultural beliefs and behaviors. As the extreme WEIRDness of the literature begins to dissolve, our tool will become more useful for designing, planning, and justifying a wide range of comparative psychological projects. Our code and accompanying online application allow for comparisons between any two countries. Analyses of regional diversity reveal the relative homogeneity of the United States. Cultural distance predicts various psychological outcomes. }
}
@article{Naroll1961,
title = {Two solutions to {G}alton's {P}roblem},
volume = {28},
doi = {10.1086/287778},
number = {1},
journal = {Philosophy of Science},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Naroll, Raoul},
year = {1961},
pages = {15--39}
}
@article{Naroll1965,
ISSN = {0037783X},
URL = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40969817},
author = {Raoul Naroll},
journal = {Social Research},
number = {4},
pages = {428--451},
publisher = {The New School},
title = {Galton's {P}roblem: The logic of cross-cultural analysis},
volume = {32},
year = {1965}
}
@incollection{Neal1998,
title={Regression and Classification Using {Gaussian} Process Priors},
author={Neal, Radford M.},
editor={Bernardo, J. M. and Berger, J. O. and Dawid, A. P. and Smith, A. F. M.},
volume={6},
publisher={Oxford University Press},
pages={475--501},
booktitle={Bayesian Statistics}
}
@article{Nicholson2017,
author = {Jody S. Nicholson and Pascal R. Deboeck and Waylon Howard},
title ={Attrition in developmental psychology: A review of modern missing data reporting and practices},
journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {143-153},
year = {2017},
doi = {10.1177/0165025415618275},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415618275},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415618275},
abstract = { Inherent in applied developmental sciences is the threat to validity and generalizability due to missing data as a result of participant drop-out. The current paper provides an overview of how attrition should be reported, which tests can examine the potential of bias due to attrition (e.g., t-tests, logistic regression, Little's MCAR test, sensitivity analysis), and how it is best corrected through modern missing data analyses. To amend this discussion of best practices in managing and reporting attrition, an assessment of how developmental sciences currently handle attrition was conducted. Longitudinal studies (n = 541) published from 2009-2012 in major developmental journals were reviewed for attrition reporting practices and how authors handled missing data based on recommendations in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010). Results suggest attrition reporting is not following APA recommendations, quality of reporting did not improve since the APA publication, and a low proportion of authors provided sufficient information to convey that data properly met the MAR assumption. An example based on simulated data demonstrates bias that may result from various missing data mechanisms in longitudinal data, the utility of auxiliary variables for the MAR assumption, and the need for viewing missingness along a continuum from MAR to MNAR. }
}
@article{Novembre2008,
title = {Genes mirror geography within Europe},
author = {Novembre, John and Johnson, Toby and Bryc, Katarzyna and Kutalik, Zolt{\'a}n and Boyko, Adam R and Auton, Adam and Indap, Amit and King, Karen S and Bergmann, Sven and Nelson, Matthew R and Stephens, Matthew and Bustamante, Carlos D},
journal = {Nature},
volume = {456},
number = {7218},
pages = {98--101},
year = {2008},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}
@article{Nunn2012,
author = {Nunn, Nathan and Puga, Diego},
title = "Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in {A}frica",
journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
volume = {94},
number = {1},
pages = {20-36},
year = {2012},
month = {02},
abstract = "{We show that geography, through its impact on history, can have important effects on economic development today. The analysis focuses on the historic interaction between ruggedness and Africa's slave trades. Although rugged terrain hinders trade and most productive activities, negatively affecting income globally, rugged terrain within Africa afforded protection to those being raided during the slave trades. Since the slave trades retarded subsequent economic development, ruggedness within Africa has also had a historic indirect positive effect on income. Studying all countries worldwide, we estimate the differential effect of ruggedness on income for Africa. We show that the differential effect of ruggedness is statistically significant and economically meaningful, it is found in Africa only, it cannot be explained by other factors like Africa's unique geographic environment, and it is fully accounted for by the history of the slave trades.}",
issn = {0034-6535},
doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00161},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/REST\_a\_00161},
eprint = {https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-pdf/94/1/20/1916878/rest\_a\_00161.pdf}
}
@article{Oishi2013,
author = {Oishi, Shigehiro},
title = {Socioecological Psychology},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
volume = {65},
number = {1},
pages = {581-609},
year = {2014},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-030413-152156},
note = {PMID: 23987114},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-030413-152156},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-030413-152156},
abstract = {Socioecological psychology investigates humans' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral adaption to physical, interpersonal, economic, and political environments. This article summarizes three types of socioecological psychology research: (a) association studies that link an aspect of social ecology (e.g., population density) with psychology (e.g., prosocial behavior), (b) process studies that clarify why there is an association between social ecology and psychology (e.g., residential mobility ??? anxiety ??? familiarity seeking), and (c) niche construction studies that illuminate how psychological states give rise to the creation and maintenance of a social ecology (e.g., familiarity seeking ??? dominance of national chain stores). Socioecological psychology attempts to bring the objectivist perspective to psychological science, investigating how objective social and physical environments, not just perception and construal of the environments, affect one's thinking, feeling, and behaviors, as well as how people's thinking, feeling, and behaviors give rise to social and built environments. }
}
@article{Page2021,
author = {Page, Matthew J and McKenzie, Joanne E and Bossuyt, Patrick M and Boutron, Isabelle and Hoffmann, Tammy C and Mulrow, Cynthia D and Shamseer, Larissa and Tetzlaff, Jennifer M and Akl, Elie A and Brennan, Sue E and Chou, Roger and Glanville, Julie and Grimshaw, Jeremy M and Hr{\'o}bjartsson, Asbj{\o}rn and Lalu, Manoj M and Li, Tianjing and Loder, Elizabeth W and Mayo-Wilson, Evan and McDonald, Steve and McGuinness, Luke A and Stewart, Lesley A and Thomas, James and Tricco, Andrea C and Welch, Vivian A and Whiting, Penny and Moher, David},
title = {The {PRISMA} 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews},
volume = {372},
elocation-id = {n71},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1136/bmj.n71},
publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group Ltd},
URL = {https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71},
eprint = {https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71.full.pdf},
journal = {BMJ}
}
@article{Passmore2022,
author = {Sam Passmore and Joseph Watts},
title = {{WEIRD} people and the {W}estern {C}hurch: who made whom?},
journal = {Religion, Brain \& Behavior},
pages = {1-58},
year = {2022},
publisher = {Routledge},
doi = {10.1080/2153599X.2021.1991459},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2021.1991459},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2021.1991459}
}
@article{Pollet2014,
title={What can cross-cultural correlations teach us about human nature?},
author={Pollet, Thomas V and Tybur, Joshua M and Frankenhuis, Willem E and Rickard, Ian J},
journal={Human Nature},
volume={25},
number={3},
pages={410--429},
year={2014},
publisher={Springer},
doi={10.1007/s12110-014-9206-3}
}
@article{Rai2013,
title={Country- and individual-level socioeconomic determinants of depression: multilevel cross-national comparison},
volume={202},
DOI={10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112482},
number={3},
journal={British Journal of Psychiatry},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Rai, Dheeraj and Zitko, Pedro and Jones, Kelvyn and Lynch, John and Araya, Ricardo},
year={2013},
pages={195-203}
}
@article{Rhoads2021,
author = {Shawn A. Rhoads and Devon Gunter and Rebecca M. Ryan and Abigail A. Marsh},
title ={Global Variation in Subjective Well-Being Predicts Seven Forms of Altruism},
journal = {Psychological Science},
volume = {32},
number = {8},
pages = {1247-1261},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1177/0956797621994767},
note ={PMID: 34237223},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621994767},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621994767},
abstract = { The geographic prevalence of various altruistic behaviors (nonreciprocal acts that improve other people's welfare) is not uniformly distributed, but whether this reflects variation in a superordinate construct linked to national-level outcomes or cultural values is unknown. We compiled data on seven altruistic behaviors across 48 to 152 nations and found evidence that these behaviors reflect a latent construct positively associated with national-level subjective well-being (SWB) and individualist values, even when we controlled for national-level wealth, health, education, and shared cultural history. Consistent with prior work, our results showed that SWB mediated the relationship between two objective measures of well-being (wealth and health) and altruism (n = 130). Moreover, these indirect effects increased as individualist values increased within the subset of countries (n = 90) with available data. Together, our results indicate that altruism increases when resources and cultural values provide objective and subjective means for pursuing personally meaningful goals and that altruistic behaviors may be enhanced by societal changes that promote well-being. }
}
@article{Roberts2013,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0070902},
author = {Roberts, Se{\'a}n AND Winters, James},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
title = {Linguistic Diversity and Traffic Accidents: Lessons from Statistical Studies of Cultural Traits},
year = {2013},
month = {08},
volume = {8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070902},
pages = {1-13},
abstract = {The recent proliferation of digital databases of cultural and linguistic data, together with new statistical techniques becoming available has lead to a rise in so-called nomothetic studies [1]–[8]. These seek relationships between demographic variables and cultural traits from large, cross-cultural datasets. The insights from these studies are important for understanding how cultural traits evolve. While these studies are fascinating and are good at generating testable hypotheses, they may underestimate the probability of finding spurious correlations between cultural traits. Here we show that this kind of approach can find links between such unlikely cultural traits as traffic accidents, levels of extra-martial sex, political collectivism and linguistic diversity. This suggests that spurious correlations, due to historical descent, geographic diffusion or increased noise-to-signal ratios in large datasets, are much more likely than some studies admit. We suggest some criteria for the evaluation of nomothetic studies and some practical solutions to the problems. Since some of these studies are receiving media attention without a widespread understanding of the complexities of the issue, there is a risk that poorly controlled studies could affect policy. We hope to contribute towards a general skepticism for correlational studies by demonstrating the ease of finding apparently rigorous correlations between cultural traits. Despite this, we see well-controlled nomothetic studies as useful tools for the development of theories.},