-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
intro.html
275 lines (233 loc) · 12.1 KB
/
intro.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<title>Chapter 2 Introduction | A Minimal Book Example</title>
<meta name="description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.18 and GitBook 2.6.7" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Chapter 2 Introduction | A Minimal Book Example" />
<meta property="og:type" content="book" />
<meta property="og:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Chapter 2 Introduction | A Minimal Book Example" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book. The output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook." />
<meta name="author" content="Yihui Xie" />
<meta name="date" content="2020-04-25" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" />
<link rel="prev" href="index.html"/>
<link rel="next" href="word-embeddings.html"/>
<script src="libs/jquery-2.2.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-table.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-search.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-clipboard.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<style type="text/css">
a.sourceLine { display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25; }
a.sourceLine { pointer-events: none; color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
a.sourceLine:empty { height: 1.2em; }
.sourceCode { overflow: visible; }
code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; }
pre.sourceCode { margin: 0; }
@media screen {
div.sourceCode { overflow: auto; }
}
@media print {
code.sourceCode { white-space: pre-wrap; }
a.sourceLine { text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em; }
}
pre.numberSource a.sourceLine
{ position: relative; left: -4em; }
pre.numberSource a.sourceLine::before
{ content: attr(title);
position: relative; left: -1em; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;
border: none; pointer-events: all; display: inline-block;
-webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none;
-khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none; user-select: none;
padding: 0 4px; width: 4em;
color: #aaaaaa;
}
pre.numberSource { margin-left: 3em; border-left: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-left: 4px; }
div.sourceCode
{ }
@media screen {
a.sourceLine::before { text-decoration: underline; }
}
code span.al { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Alert */
code span.an { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Annotation */
code span.at { color: #7d9029; } /* Attribute */
code span.bn { color: #40a070; } /* BaseN */
code span.bu { } /* BuiltIn */
code span.cf { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* ControlFlow */
code span.ch { color: #4070a0; } /* Char */
code span.cn { color: #880000; } /* Constant */
code span.co { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic; } /* Comment */
code span.cv { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
code span.do { color: #ba2121; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
code span.dt { color: #902000; } /* DataType */
code span.dv { color: #40a070; } /* DecVal */
code span.er { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Error */
code span.ex { } /* Extension */
code span.fl { color: #40a070; } /* Float */
code span.fu { color: #06287e; } /* Function */
code span.im { } /* Import */
code span.in { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Information */
code span.kw { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* Keyword */
code span.op { color: #666666; } /* Operator */
code span.ot { color: #007020; } /* Other */
code span.pp { color: #bc7a00; } /* Preprocessor */
code span.sc { color: #4070a0; } /* SpecialChar */
code span.ss { color: #bb6688; } /* SpecialString */
code span.st { color: #4070a0; } /* String */
code span.va { color: #19177c; } /* Variable */
code span.vs { color: #4070a0; } /* VerbatimString */
code span.wa { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="book without-animation with-summary font-size-2 font-family-1" data-basepath=".">
<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">A Minimal Book Example</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#text-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Text data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#nlp-applications"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> NLP applications</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#tokenization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Tokenization</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Word embeddings</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#vectorizing-text"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Vectorizing text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#one-hot-encoding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> One-hot encoding</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#word-embeddings-methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Word embeddings methods</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#learn-world-embeddings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> Learn world embeddings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#pre-trained-word-embeddings"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Pre-trained word embeddings</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="word-embeddings.html"><a href="word-embeddings.html#applications"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> Applications</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="methods.html"><a href="methods.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="applications-1.html"><a href="applications-1.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Applications</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="applications-1.html"><a href="applications-1.html#example-one"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Example one</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="applications-1.html"><a href="applications-1.html#example-two"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Example two</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="final-words.html"><a href="final-words.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Final Words</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown" target="blank">Published with bookdown</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="book-body">
<div class="body-inner">
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">A Minimal Book Example</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-">
<div id="intro" class="section level1">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Chapter 2</span> Introduction</h1>
<div id="text-data" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Text data</h2>
<ul>
<li>Text data can be understood as sequences of characters or sequences of words</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="nlp-applications" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> NLP applications</h2>
<ul>
<li>document classification</li>
<li>sentiment analysis</li>
<li>author identification</li>
<li>Question answering</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="tokenization" class="section level2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> Tokenization</h2>
<p>It consists of defining the unit of analysis. This might include words, sequences of words, or entire sentences. We can tokenize text at verious units including: charcters, words, sentenses, lines, paragraphs, and n-grams.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>N-grams: An n-gram is a term in linguistics for a continious sequence of n items from a given sequence of text or speech. The item can be phonemes, syllabes, letters, or words depending on the application, but when most people talk about n-grames, they mean a group of n words. Examples: unigrams (“hello”, “day”, “work”), bigrams (“good day”, “hello world”), trigrams (“tou and me”, “day of work”).</p></li>
<li><p>Bag of words: When we extract n-grams from a text documents, the collection of these n-grams are called <em>bag of words</em>, since the tokens have no specific order.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="index.html" class="navigation navigation-prev " aria-label="Previous page"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></a>
<a href="word-embeddings.html" class="navigation navigation-next " aria-label="Next page"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/app.min.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/lunr.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-search.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-sharing.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-fontsettings.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-bookdown.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/jquery.highlight.js"></script>
<script src="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/js/plugin-clipboard.js"></script>
<script>
gitbook.require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({
"sharing": {
"github": false,
"facebook": true,
"twitter": true,
"linkedin": false,
"weibo": false,
"instapaper": false,
"vk": false,
"all": ["facebook", "twitter", "linkedin", "weibo", "instapaper"]
},
"fontsettings": {
"theme": "white",
"family": "sans",
"size": 2
},
"edit": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"history": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"view": {
"link": null,
"text": null
},
"download": ["NLP-book.pdf", "NLP-book.epub"],
"toc": {
"collapse": "subsection"
}
});
});
</script>
<!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained -->
<script>
(function () {
var script = document.createElement("script");
script.type = "text/javascript";
var src = "true";
if (src === "" || src === "true") src = "https://mathjax.rstudio.com/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML";
if (location.protocol !== "file:")
if (/^https?:/.test(src))
src = src.replace(/^https?:/, '');
script.src = src;
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>