Add ruff check linting with E and F rules

Adds ruff lint configuration selecting E (pycodestyle errors) and F (pyflakes) rules
with a conservative ignore list to avoid breaking existing code. Adds `ruff check .`
to the Makefile format target. Does not include import sorting (I) rules.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: MaxGhenis

Makefile

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ documentation:
 
 format:
 	ruff format .
+	ruff check .
 
 install:
 	pip install -e ".[dev]" --config-settings editable_mode=compat

changelog.d/add-ruff-linting.added.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Added ruff check linting configuration with E and F rules to catch common Python errors.

pyproject.toml

@@ -103,3 +103,7 @@ showcontent = true
 directory = "removed"
 name = "Removed"
 showcontent = true
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+select = ["E", "F"]
+ignore = ["E402", "E501", "E712", "E713", "E721", "E722", "E741", "F401", "F402", "F403", "F405", "F541", "F811", "F821", "F841"]