jdphuff.c

/*
 * jdphuff.c
 *
 * This file was part of the Independent JPEG Group's software:
 * Copyright (C) 1995-1997, Thomas G. Lane.
 * libjpeg-turbo Modifications:
 * Copyright (C) 2015-2016, 2018-2020, D. R. Commander.
 * For conditions of distribution and use, see the accompanying README.ijg
 * file.
 *
 * This file contains Huffman entropy decoding routines for progressive JPEG.
 *
 * Much of the complexity here has to do with supporting input suspension.
 * If the data source module demands suspension, we want to be able to back
 * up to the start of the current MCU.  To do this, we copy state variables
 * into local working storage, and update them back to the permanent
 * storage only upon successful completion of an MCU.
 *
 * NOTE: All referenced figures are from
 * Recommendation ITU-T T.81 (1992) | ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994.
 */

#define JPEG_INTERNALS
#include "jinclude.h"
#include "jpeglib.h"
#include "jdhuff.h"             /* Declarations shared with jdhuff.c */
#include <limits.h>


#ifdef D_PROGRESSIVE_SUPPORTED

/*
 * Expanded entropy decoder object for progressive Huffman decoding.
 *
 * The savable_state subrecord contains fields that change within an MCU,
 * but must not be updated permanently until we complete the MCU.
 */

typedef struct {
  unsigned int EOBRUN;                  /* remaining EOBs in EOBRUN */
  int last_dc_val[MAX_COMPS_IN_SCAN];   /* last DC coef for each component */
} savable_state;

typedef struct {
  struct jpeg_entropy_decoder pub; /* public fields */

  /* These fields are loaded into local variables at start of each MCU.
   * In case of suspension, we exit WITHOUT updating them.
   */
  bitread_perm_state bitstate;  /* Bit buffer at start of MCU */
  savable_state saved;          /* Other state at start of MCU */

  /* These fields are NOT loaded into local working state. */
  unsigned int restarts_to_go;  /* MCUs left in this restart interval */

  /* Pointers to derived tables (these workspaces have image lifespan) */
  d_derived_tbl *derived_tbls[NUM_HUFF_TBLS];

  d_derived_tbl *ac_derived_tbl; /* active table during an AC scan */
} phuff_entropy_decoder;

typedef phuff_entropy_decoder *phuff_entropy_ptr;

/* Forward declarations */
METHODDEF(boolean) decode_mcu_DC_first(j_decompress_ptr cinfo,
                                       JBLOCKROW *MCU_data);
METHODDEF(boolean) decode_mcu_AC_first(j_decompress_ptr cinfo,
                                       JBLOCKROW *MCU_data);
METHODDEF(boolean) decode_mcu_DC_refine(j_decompress_ptr cinfo,
                                        JBLOCKROW *MCU_data);
METHODDEF(boolean) decode_mcu_AC_refine(j_decompress_ptr cinfo,
                                        JBLOCKROW *MCU_data);


/*
 * Initialize for a Huffman-compressed scan.
 */

METHODDEF(void)
start_pass_phuff_decoder(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  boolean is_DC_band, bad;
  int ci, coefi, tbl;
  d_derived_tbl **pdtbl;
  int *coef_bit_ptr, *prev_coef_bit_ptr;
  jpeg_component_info *compptr;

  is_DC_band = (cinfo->Ss == 0);

  /* Validate scan parameters */
  bad = FALSE;
  if (is_DC_band) {
    if (cinfo->Se != 0)
      bad = TRUE;
  } else {
    /* need not check Ss/Se < 0 since they came from unsigned bytes */
    if (cinfo->Ss > cinfo->Se || cinfo->Se >= DCTSIZE2)
      bad = TRUE;
    /* AC scans may have only one component */
    if (cinfo->comps_in_scan != 1)
      bad = TRUE;
  }
  if (cinfo->Ah != 0) {
    /* Successive approximation refinement scan: must have Al = Ah-1. */
    if (cinfo->Al != cinfo->Ah - 1)
      bad = TRUE;
  }
  if (cinfo->Al > 13)           /* need not check for < 0 */
    bad = TRUE;
  /* Arguably the maximum Al value should be less than 13 for 8-bit precision,
   * but the spec doesn't say so, and we try to be liberal about what we
   * accept.  Note: large Al values could result in out-of-range DC
   * coefficients during early scans, leading to bizarre displays due to
   * overflows in the IDCT math.  But we won't crash.
   */
  if (bad)
    ERREXIT4(cinfo, JERR_BAD_PROGRESSION,
             cinfo->Ss, cinfo->Se, cinfo->Ah, cinfo->Al);
  /* Update progression status, and verify that scan order is legal.
   * Note that inter-scan inconsistencies are treated as warnings
   * not fatal errors ... not clear if this is right way to behave.
   */
  for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->comps_in_scan; ci++) {
    int cindex = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci]->component_index;
    coef_bit_ptr = &cinfo->coef_bits[cindex][0];
    prev_coef_bit_ptr = &cinfo->coef_bits[cindex + cinfo->num_components][0];
    if (!is_DC_band && coef_bit_ptr[0] < 0) /* AC without prior DC scan */
      WARNMS2(cinfo, JWRN_BOGUS_PROGRESSION, cindex, 0);
    for (coefi = MIN(cinfo->Ss, 1); coefi <= MAX(cinfo->Se, 9); coefi++) {
      if (cinfo->input_scan_number > 1)
        prev_coef_bit_ptr[coefi] = coef_bit_ptr[coefi];
      else
        prev_coef_bit_ptr[coefi] = 0;
    }
    for (coefi = cinfo->Ss; coefi <= cinfo->Se; coefi++) {
      int expected = (coef_bit_ptr[coefi] < 0) ? 0 : coef_bit_ptr[coefi];
      if (cinfo->Ah != expected)
        WARNMS2(cinfo, JWRN_BOGUS_PROGRESSION, cindex, coefi);
      coef_bit_ptr[coefi] = cinfo->Al;
    }
  }

  /* Select MCU decoding routine */
  if (cinfo->Ah == 0) {
    if (is_DC_band)
      entropy->pub.decode_mcu = decode_mcu_DC_first;
    else
      entropy->pub.decode_mcu = decode_mcu_AC_first;
  } else {
    if (is_DC_band)
      entropy->pub.decode_mcu = decode_mcu_DC_refine;
    else
      entropy->pub.decode_mcu = decode_mcu_AC_refine;
  }

  for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->comps_in_scan; ci++) {
    compptr = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci];
    /* Make sure requested tables are present, and compute derived tables.
     * We may build same derived table more than once, but it's not expensive.
     */
    if (is_DC_band) {
      if (cinfo->Ah == 0) {     /* DC refinement needs no table */
        tbl = compptr->dc_tbl_no;
        pdtbl = (d_derived_tbl **)(entropy->derived_tbls) + tbl;
        jpeg_make_d_derived_tbl(cinfo, TRUE, tbl, pdtbl);
      }
    } else {
      tbl = compptr->ac_tbl_no;
      pdtbl = (d_derived_tbl **)(entropy->derived_tbls) + tbl;
      jpeg_make_d_derived_tbl(cinfo, FALSE, tbl, pdtbl);
      /* remember the single active table */
      entropy->ac_derived_tbl = entropy->derived_tbls[tbl];
    }
    /* Initialize DC predictions to 0 */
    entropy->saved.last_dc_val[ci] = 0;
  }

  /* Initialize bitread state variables */
  entropy->bitstate.bits_left = 0;
  entropy->bitstate.get_buffer = 0; /* unnecessary, but keeps Purify quiet */
  entropy->pub.insufficient_data = FALSE;

  /* Initialize private state variables */
  entropy->saved.EOBRUN = 0;

  /* Initialize restart counter */
  entropy->restarts_to_go = cinfo->restart_interval;
}


/*
 * Figure F.12: extend sign bit.
 * On some machines, a shift and add will be faster than a table lookup.
 */

#define AVOID_TABLES
#ifdef AVOID_TABLES

#define NEG_1  ((unsigned)-1)
#define HUFF_EXTEND(x, s) \
  ((x) < (1 << ((s) - 1)) ? (x) + (((NEG_1) << (s)) + 1) : (x))

#else

#define HUFF_EXTEND(x, s) \
  ((x) < extend_test[s] ? (x) + extend_offset[s] : (x))

static const int extend_test[16] = {   /* entry n is 2**(n-1) */
  0, 0x0001, 0x0002, 0x0004, 0x0008, 0x0010, 0x0020, 0x0040, 0x0080,
  0x0100, 0x0200, 0x0400, 0x0800, 0x1000, 0x2000, 0x4000
};

static const int extend_offset[16] = { /* entry n is (-1 << n) + 1 */
  0, ((-1) << 1) + 1, ((-1) << 2) + 1, ((-1) << 3) + 1, ((-1) << 4) + 1,
  ((-1) << 5) + 1, ((-1) << 6) + 1, ((-1) << 7) + 1, ((-1) << 8) + 1,
  ((-1) << 9) + 1, ((-1) << 10) + 1, ((-1) << 11) + 1, ((-1) << 12) + 1,
  ((-1) << 13) + 1, ((-1) << 14) + 1, ((-1) << 15) + 1
};

#endif /* AVOID_TABLES */


/*
 * Check for a restart marker & resynchronize decoder.
 * Returns FALSE if must suspend.
 */

LOCAL(boolean)
process_restart(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  int ci;

  /* Throw away any unused bits remaining in bit buffer; */
  /* include any full bytes in next_marker's count of discarded bytes */
  cinfo->marker->discarded_bytes += entropy->bitstate.bits_left / 8;
  entropy->bitstate.bits_left = 0;

  /* Advance past the RSTn marker */
  if (!(*cinfo->marker->read_restart_marker) (cinfo))
    return FALSE;

  /* Re-initialize DC predictions to 0 */
  for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->comps_in_scan; ci++)
    entropy->saved.last_dc_val[ci] = 0;
  /* Re-init EOB run count, too */
  entropy->saved.EOBRUN = 0;

  /* Reset restart counter */
  entropy->restarts_to_go = cinfo->restart_interval;

  /* Reset out-of-data flag, unless read_restart_marker left us smack up
   * against a marker.  In that case we will end up treating the next data
   * segment as empty, and we can avoid producing bogus output pixels by
   * leaving the flag set.
   */
  if (cinfo->unread_marker == 0)
    entropy->pub.insufficient_data = FALSE;

  return TRUE;
}


/*
 * Huffman MCU decoding.
 * Each of these routines decodes and returns one MCU's worth of
 * Huffman-compressed coefficients.
 * The coefficients are reordered from zigzag order into natural array order,
 * but are not dequantized.
 *
 * The i'th block of the MCU is stored into the block pointed to by
 * MCU_data[i].  WE ASSUME THIS AREA IS INITIALLY ZEROED BY THE CALLER.
 *
 * We return FALSE if data source requested suspension.  In that case no
 * changes have been made to permanent state.  (Exception: some output
 * coefficients may already have been assigned.  This is harmless for
 * spectral selection, since we'll just re-assign them on the next call.
 * Successive approximation AC refinement has to be more careful, however.)
 */

/*
 * MCU decoding for DC initial scan (either spectral selection,
 * or first pass of successive approximation).
 */

METHODDEF(boolean)
decode_mcu_DC_first(j_decompress_ptr cinfo, JBLOCKROW *MCU_data)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  int Al = cinfo->Al;
  register int s, r;
  int blkn, ci;
  JBLOCKROW block;
  BITREAD_STATE_VARS;
  savable_state state;
  d_derived_tbl *tbl;
  jpeg_component_info *compptr;

  /* Process restart marker if needed; may have to suspend */
  if (cinfo->restart_interval) {
    if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0)
      if (!process_restart(cinfo))
        return FALSE;
  }

  /* If we've run out of data, just leave the MCU set to zeroes.
   * This way, we return uniform gray for the remainder of the segment.
   */
  if (!entropy->pub.insufficient_data) {

    /* Load up working state */
    BITREAD_LOAD_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
    state = entropy->saved;

    /* Outer loop handles each block in the MCU */

    for (blkn = 0; blkn < cinfo->blocks_in_MCU; blkn++) {
      block = MCU_data[blkn];
      ci = cinfo->MCU_membership[blkn];
      compptr = cinfo->cur_comp_info[ci];
      tbl = entropy->derived_tbls[compptr->dc_tbl_no];

      /* Decode a single block's worth of coefficients */

      /* Section F.2.2.1: decode the DC coefficient difference */
      HUFF_DECODE(s, br_state, tbl, return FALSE, label1);
      if (s) {
        CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, s, return FALSE);
        r = GET_BITS(s);
        s = HUFF_EXTEND(r, s);
      }

      /* Convert DC difference to actual value, update last_dc_val */
      if ((state.last_dc_val[ci] >= 0 &&
           s > INT_MAX - state.last_dc_val[ci]) ||
          (state.last_dc_val[ci] < 0 && s < INT_MIN - state.last_dc_val[ci]))
        ERREXIT(cinfo, JERR_BAD_DCT_COEF);
      s += state.last_dc_val[ci];
      state.last_dc_val[ci] = s;
      /* Scale and output the coefficient (assumes jpeg_natural_order[0]=0) */
      (*block)[0] = (JCOEF)LEFT_SHIFT(s, Al);
    }

    /* Completed MCU, so update state */
    BITREAD_SAVE_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
    entropy->saved = state;
  }

  /* Account for restart interval (no-op if not using restarts) */
  entropy->restarts_to_go--;

  return TRUE;
}


/*
 * MCU decoding for AC initial scan (either spectral selection,
 * or first pass of successive approximation).
 */

METHODDEF(boolean)
decode_mcu_AC_first(j_decompress_ptr cinfo, JBLOCKROW *MCU_data)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  int Se = cinfo->Se;
  int Al = cinfo->Al;
  register int s, k, r;
  unsigned int EOBRUN;
  JBLOCKROW block;
  BITREAD_STATE_VARS;
  d_derived_tbl *tbl;

  /* Process restart marker if needed; may have to suspend */
  if (cinfo->restart_interval) {
    if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0)
      if (!process_restart(cinfo))
        return FALSE;
  }

  /* If we've run out of data, just leave the MCU set to zeroes.
   * This way, we return uniform gray for the remainder of the segment.
   */
  if (!entropy->pub.insufficient_data) {

    /* Load up working state.
     * We can avoid loading/saving bitread state if in an EOB run.
     */
    EOBRUN = entropy->saved.EOBRUN;     /* only part of saved state we need */

    /* There is always only one block per MCU */

    if (EOBRUN > 0)             /* if it's a band of zeroes... */
      EOBRUN--;                 /* ...process it now (we do nothing) */
    else {
      BITREAD_LOAD_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
      block = MCU_data[0];
      tbl = entropy->ac_derived_tbl;

      for (k = cinfo->Ss; k <= Se; k++) {
        HUFF_DECODE(s, br_state, tbl, return FALSE, label2);
        r = s >> 4;
        s &= 15;
        if (s) {
          k += r;
          CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, s, return FALSE);
          r = GET_BITS(s);
          s = HUFF_EXTEND(r, s);
          /* Scale and output coefficient in natural (dezigzagged) order */
          (*block)[jpeg_natural_order[k]] = (JCOEF)LEFT_SHIFT(s, Al);
        } else {
          if (r == 15) {        /* ZRL */
            k += 15;            /* skip 15 zeroes in band */
          } else {              /* EOBr, run length is 2^r + appended bits */
            EOBRUN = 1 << r;
            if (r) {            /* EOBr, r > 0 */
              CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, r, return FALSE);
              r = GET_BITS(r);
              EOBRUN += r;
            }
            EOBRUN--;           /* this band is processed at this moment */
            break;              /* force end-of-band */
          }
        }
      }

      BITREAD_SAVE_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
    }

    /* Completed MCU, so update state */
    entropy->saved.EOBRUN = EOBRUN;     /* only part of saved state we need */
  }

  /* Account for restart interval (no-op if not using restarts) */
  entropy->restarts_to_go--;

  return TRUE;
}


/*
 * MCU decoding for DC successive approximation refinement scan.
 * Note: we assume such scans can be multi-component, although the spec
 * is not very clear on the point.
 */

METHODDEF(boolean)
decode_mcu_DC_refine(j_decompress_ptr cinfo, JBLOCKROW *MCU_data)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  int p1 = 1 << cinfo->Al;      /* 1 in the bit position being coded */
  int blkn;
  JBLOCKROW block;
  BITREAD_STATE_VARS;

  /* Process restart marker if needed; may have to suspend */
  if (cinfo->restart_interval) {
    if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0)
      if (!process_restart(cinfo))
        return FALSE;
  }

  /* Not worth the cycles to check insufficient_data here,
   * since we will not change the data anyway if we read zeroes.
   */

  /* Load up working state */
  BITREAD_LOAD_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);

  /* Outer loop handles each block in the MCU */

  for (blkn = 0; blkn < cinfo->blocks_in_MCU; blkn++) {
    block = MCU_data[blkn];

    /* Encoded data is simply the next bit of the two's-complement DC value */
    CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, 1, return FALSE);
    if (GET_BITS(1))
      (*block)[0] |= p1;
    /* Note: since we use |=, repeating the assignment later is safe */
  }

  /* Completed MCU, so update state */
  BITREAD_SAVE_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);

  /* Account for restart interval (no-op if not using restarts) */
  entropy->restarts_to_go--;

  return TRUE;
}


/*
 * MCU decoding for AC successive approximation refinement scan.
 */

METHODDEF(boolean)
decode_mcu_AC_refine(j_decompress_ptr cinfo, JBLOCKROW *MCU_data)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)cinfo->entropy;
  int Se = cinfo->Se;
  int p1 = 1 << cinfo->Al;        /* 1 in the bit position being coded */
  int m1 = (NEG_1) << cinfo->Al;  /* -1 in the bit position being coded */
  register int s, k, r;
  unsigned int EOBRUN;
  JBLOCKROW block;
  JCOEFPTR thiscoef;
  BITREAD_STATE_VARS;
  d_derived_tbl *tbl;
  int num_newnz;
  int newnz_pos[DCTSIZE2];

  /* Process restart marker if needed; may have to suspend */
  if (cinfo->restart_interval) {
    if (entropy->restarts_to_go == 0)
      if (!process_restart(cinfo))
        return FALSE;
  }

  /* If we've run out of data, don't modify the MCU.
   */
  if (!entropy->pub.insufficient_data) {

    /* Load up working state */
    BITREAD_LOAD_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
    EOBRUN = entropy->saved.EOBRUN; /* only part of saved state we need */

    /* There is always only one block per MCU */
    block = MCU_data[0];
    tbl = entropy->ac_derived_tbl;

    /* If we are forced to suspend, we must undo the assignments to any newly
     * nonzero coefficients in the block, because otherwise we'd get confused
     * next time about which coefficients were already nonzero.
     * But we need not undo addition of bits to already-nonzero coefficients;
     * instead, we can test the current bit to see if we already did it.
     */
    num_newnz = 0;

    /* initialize coefficient loop counter to start of band */
    k = cinfo->Ss;

    if (EOBRUN == 0) {
      for (; k <= Se; k++) {
        HUFF_DECODE(s, br_state, tbl, goto undoit, label3);
        r = s >> 4;
        s &= 15;
        if (s) {
          if (s != 1)           /* size of new coef should always be 1 */
            WARNMS(cinfo, JWRN_HUFF_BAD_CODE);
          CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, 1, goto undoit);
          if (GET_BITS(1))
            s = p1;             /* newly nonzero coef is positive */
          else
            s = m1;             /* newly nonzero coef is negative */
        } else {
          if (r != 15) {
            EOBRUN = 1 << r;    /* EOBr, run length is 2^r + appended bits */
            if (r) {
              CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, r, goto undoit);
              r = GET_BITS(r);
              EOBRUN += r;
            }
            break;              /* rest of block is handled by EOB logic */
          }
          /* note s = 0 for processing ZRL */
        }
        /* Advance over already-nonzero coefs and r still-zero coefs,
         * appending correction bits to the nonzeroes.  A correction bit is 1
         * if the absolute value of the coefficient must be increased.
         */
        do {
          thiscoef = *block + jpeg_natural_order[k];
          if (*thiscoef != 0) {
            CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, 1, goto undoit);
            if (GET_BITS(1)) {
              if ((*thiscoef & p1) == 0) { /* do nothing if already set it */
                if (*thiscoef >= 0)
                  *thiscoef += p1;
                else
                  *thiscoef += m1;
              }
            }
          } else {
            if (--r < 0)
              break;            /* reached target zero coefficient */
          }
          k++;
        } while (k <= Se);
        if (s) {
          int pos = jpeg_natural_order[k];
          /* Output newly nonzero coefficient */
          (*block)[pos] = (JCOEF)s;
          /* Remember its position in case we have to suspend */
          newnz_pos[num_newnz++] = pos;
        }
      }
    }

    if (EOBRUN > 0) {
      /* Scan any remaining coefficient positions after the end-of-band
       * (the last newly nonzero coefficient, if any).  Append a correction
       * bit to each already-nonzero coefficient.  A correction bit is 1
       * if the absolute value of the coefficient must be increased.
       */
      for (; k <= Se; k++) {
        thiscoef = *block + jpeg_natural_order[k];
        if (*thiscoef != 0) {
          CHECK_BIT_BUFFER(br_state, 1, goto undoit);
          if (GET_BITS(1)) {
            if ((*thiscoef & p1) == 0) { /* do nothing if already changed it */
              if (*thiscoef >= 0)
                *thiscoef += p1;
              else
                *thiscoef += m1;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      /* Count one block completed in EOB run */
      EOBRUN--;
    }

    /* Completed MCU, so update state */
    BITREAD_SAVE_STATE(cinfo, entropy->bitstate);
    entropy->saved.EOBRUN = EOBRUN; /* only part of saved state we need */
  }

  /* Account for restart interval (no-op if not using restarts) */
  entropy->restarts_to_go--;

  return TRUE;

undoit:
  /* Re-zero any output coefficients that we made newly nonzero */
  while (num_newnz > 0)
    (*block)[newnz_pos[--num_newnz]] = 0;

  return FALSE;
}


/*
 * Module initialization routine for progressive Huffman entropy decoding.
 */

GLOBAL(void)
jinit_phuff_decoder(j_decompress_ptr cinfo)
{
  phuff_entropy_ptr entropy;
  int *coef_bit_ptr;
  int ci, i;

  entropy = (phuff_entropy_ptr)
    (*cinfo->mem->alloc_small) ((j_common_ptr)cinfo, JPOOL_IMAGE,
                                sizeof(phuff_entropy_decoder));
  cinfo->entropy = (struct jpeg_entropy_decoder *)entropy;
  entropy->pub.start_pass = start_pass_phuff_decoder;

  /* Mark derived tables unallocated */
  for (i = 0; i < NUM_HUFF_TBLS; i++) {
    entropy->derived_tbls[i] = NULL;
  }

  /* Create progression status table */
  cinfo->coef_bits = (int (*)[DCTSIZE2])
    (*cinfo->mem->alloc_small) ((j_common_ptr)cinfo, JPOOL_IMAGE,
                                cinfo->num_components * 2 * DCTSIZE2 *
                                sizeof(int));
  coef_bit_ptr = &cinfo->coef_bits[0][0];
  for (ci = 0; ci < cinfo->num_components; ci++)
    for (i = 0; i < DCTSIZE2; i++)
      *coef_bit_ptr++ = -1;
}

#endif /* D_PROGRESSIVE_SUPPORTED */