capybara-3.27.0.gem: 38 vulnerabilities (highest severity is: 10.0) #22
Description
Vulnerable Library - capybara-3.27.0.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Vulnerabilities
| Vulnerability | Severity |  CVSS |
Exploit Maturity | EPSS | Dependency | Type | Fixed in (capybara version) | Remediation Possible** | Reachability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2022-30123 |  Critical |
10.0 | Not Defined | 2.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| WS-2022-0089 |  High |
8.8 | Not Defined | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | ||
| CVE-2021-3518 | High |
8.8 | Not Defined | 0.2% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2021-30560 | High |
8.8 | Not Defined | 0.1% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2021-3517 | High |
8.6 | Not Defined | 0.1% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2020-8161 | High |
8.6 | Not Defined | 0.9% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-6490 | High |
8.4 | Proof of concept | 0.0% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-29181 | High |
8.2 | Not Defined | 5.7999997% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2026-22860 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | ||
| CVE-2025-61919 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.2% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-61772 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-61771 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-61770 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.2% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-59830 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-46727 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-27610 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.4% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2024-34459 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.8% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2023-27530 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 2.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-44572 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-44571 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 3.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-44570 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 3.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-30122 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 1.0% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2022-24836 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 1.5% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2021-41098 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.5% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2021-32740 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.9% | addressable-2.6.0.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2020-8184 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 1.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2018-25032 | High |
7.5 | Not Defined | 0.1% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-25184 |  Medium |
6.5 | Not Defined | 1.0% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2021-3537 | Medium |
5.9 | Not Defined | 0.1% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-61780 | Medium |
5.8 | Not Defined | 0.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2024-26141 | Medium |
5.8 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2026-25500 | Medium |
5.4 | Not Defined | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | ||
| CVE-2025-27111 | Medium |
5.3 | Not Defined | 0.4% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2024-26146 | Medium |
5.3 | Not Defined | 0.6% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2024-25126 | Medium |
5.3 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2023-27539 | Medium |
5.3 | Not Defined | 0.3% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2025-32441 | Medium |
4.2 | Not Defined | 0.1% | rack-2.0.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ | |
| CVE-2020-26247 |  Low |
2.6 | Not Defined | 0.70000005% | nokogiri-1.10.8.gem | Transitive | N/A* | ❌ |
*For some transitive vulnerabilities, there is no version of direct dependency with a fix. Check the "Details" section below to see if there is a version of transitive dependency where vulnerability is fixed.
**In some cases, Remediation PR cannot be created automatically for a vulnerability despite the availability of remediation
Details
Partial details (19 vulnerabilities) are displayed below due to a content size limitation in GitHub. To view information on the remaining vulnerabilities, navigate to the Mend Application.
CVE-2022-30123
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A sequence injection vulnerability exists in Rack <2.0.9.1, <2.1.4.1 and <2.2.3.1 which could allow is a possible shell escape in the Lint and CommonLogger components of Rack.
Publish Date: 2022-12-05
URL: CVE-2022-30123
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 2.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (10.0)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wq4h-7r42-5hrr
Release Date: 2022-12-05
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.0.9.1,2.1.4.1,2.2.3.1
WS-2022-0089
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Nokogiri before version 1.13.2 is vulnerable.
Publish Date: 2024-12-05
URL: WS-2022-0089
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS:
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-fq42-c5rg-92c2
Release Date: 2024-12-05
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - v1.13.2,logstash-binary - no_fix,nokogiri - 1.13.2,rb-nokogiri - no_fix,files.com/files-php-sdk - v1.0.7
CVE-2021-3518
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There's a flaw in libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to submit a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with libxml2 could trigger a use-after-free. The greatest impact from this flaw is to confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Publish Date: 2021-05-18
URL: CVE-2021-3518
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.2%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3518
Release Date: 2021-05-18
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
CVE-2021-30560
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Use after free in Blink XSLT in Google Chrome prior to 91.0.4472.164 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.
Publish Date: 2021-08-03
URL: CVE-2021-30560
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.8)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: Required
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2021-30560
Release Date: 2021-08-03
Fix Resolution: v1.1.35,libxslt - 1.1.35
CVE-2021-3517
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
There is a flaw in the xml entity encoding functionality of libxml2 in versions before 2.9.11. An attacker who is able to supply a crafted file to be processed by an application linked with the affected functionality of libxml2 could trigger an out-of-bounds read. The most likely impact of this flaw is to application availability, with some potential impact to confidentiality and integrity if an attacker is able to use memory information to further exploit the application.
Publish Date: 2021-05-19
URL: CVE-2021-3517
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: Low
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-3517
Release Date: 2021-05-19
Fix Resolution: libxml2 - 2.9.12
CVE-2020-8161
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A directory traversal vulnerability exists in rack < 2.2.0 that allows an attacker perform directory traversal vulnerability in the Rack::Directory app that is bundled with Rack which could result in information disclosure.
Publish Date: 2020-07-02
URL: CVE-2020-8161
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.9%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.6)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Changed
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2020-07-02
Fix Resolution: 2.2.0,2.1.3
CVE-2025-6490
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A vulnerability was found in sparklemotion nokogiri c29c920907366cb74af13b4dc2230e9c9e23b833 and classified as problematic. This issue affects the function hashmap_set_with_hash of the file gumbo-parser/src/hashmap.c. The manipulation leads to heap-based buffer overflow. An attack has to be approached locally. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The real existence of this vulnerability is still doubted at the moment. The identifier of the patch is ada4708e5a67114402cd3feb70a4e1d1d7cf773a. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The project maintainer explains that the affected code was merged into the main branch but the commit never appeared in an official release.
Publish Date: 2025-06-22
URL: CVE-2025-6490
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Proof of concept
EPSS: 0.0%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.4)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Local
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: High
- Availability Impact: High
CVE-2022-29181
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for Ruby. Nokogiri prior to version 1.13.6 does not type-check all inputs into the XML and HTML4 SAX parsers, allowing specially crafted untrusted inputs to cause illegal memory access errors (segfault) or reads from unrelated memory. Version 1.13.6 contains a patch for this issue. As a workaround, ensure the untrusted input is a "String" by calling "#to_s" or equivalent.
Publish Date: 2022-05-20
URL: CVE-2022-29181
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 5.7999997%
CVSS 3 Score Details (8.2)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: Low
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-29181
Release Date: 2022-05-20
Fix Resolution: nokogiri - 1.13.6
CVE-2026-22860
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Summary "Rack::Directory"’s path check used a string prefix match on the expanded path. A request like "/../root_example/" can escape the configured root if the target path starts with the root string, allowing directory listing outside the intended root. Details In "directory.rb", "File.expand_path(File.join(root, path_info)).start_with?(root)" does not enforce a path boundary. If the server root is "/var/www/root", a path like "/var/www/root_backup" passes the check because it shares the same prefix, so "Rack::Directory" will list that directory also. Impact Information disclosure via directory listing outside the configured root when "Rack::Directory" is exposed to untrusted clients and a directory shares the root prefix (e.g., "public2", "www_backup"). Mitigation * Update to a patched version of Rack that correctly checks the root prefix. * Don't name directories with the same prefix as one which is exposed via "Rack::Directory".
Publish Date: 2026-02-17
URL: CVE-2026-22860
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS:
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-mxw3-3hh2-x2mh
Release Date: 2026-02-17
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.20,rack - 3.2.5,rack - 2.2.22
CVE-2025-61919
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, "Rack::Request#POST" reads the entire request body into memory for "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded", calling "rack.input.read(nil)" without enforcing a length or cap. Large request bodies can therefore be buffered completely into process memory before parsing, leading to denial of service (DoS) through memory exhaustion. Users should upgrade to Rack version 2.2.20, 3.1.18, or 3.2.3, anu of which enforces form parameter limits using "query_parser.bytesize_limit", preventing unbounded reads of "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" bodies. Additionally, enforce strict maximum body size at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size", Apache "LimitRequestBody").
Publish Date: 2025-10-10
URL: CVE-2025-61919
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.2%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-6xw4-3v39-52mm
Release Date: 2025-10-10
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.18,rack - 3.2.3,rack - 2.2.20
CVE-2025-61772
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" can accumulate unbounded data when a multipart part’s header block never terminates with the required blank line ("CRLFCRLF"). The parser keeps appending incoming bytes to memory without a size cap, allowing a remote attacker to exhaust memory and cause a denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send incomplete multipart headers to trigger high memory use, leading to process termination (OOM) or severe slowdown. The effect scales with request size limits and concurrency. All applications handling multipart uploads may be affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 cap per-part header size (e.g., 64 KiB). As a workaround, restrict maximum request sizes at the proxy or web server layer (e.g., Nginx "client_max_body_size").
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61772
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.3%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-wpv5-97wm-hp9c
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - 2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2
CVE-2025-61771
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, ``Rack::Multipart::Parser"stores non-file form fields (parts without a"filename") entirely in memory as Ruby "String"objects. A single large text field in a multipart/form-data request (hundreds of megabytes or more) can consume equivalent process memory, potentially leading to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions and denial of service (DoS). Attackers can send large non-file fields to trigger excessive memory usage. Impact scales with request size and concurrency, potentially leading to worker crashes or severe garbage-collection overhead. All Rack applications processing multipart form submissions are affected. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a reasonable size cap for non-file fields (e.g., 2 MiB). Workarounds include restricting maximum request body size at the web-server or proxy layer (e.g., Nginx"client_max_body_size`) and validating and rejecting unusually large form fields at the application level.
Mend Note: The description of this vulnerability differs from MITRE.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61771
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-w9pc-fmgc-vxvw
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.2.2,rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17
CVE-2025-61770
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. In versions prior to 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2, "Rack::Multipart::Parser" buffers the entire multipart preamble (bytes before the first boundary) in memory without any size limit. A client can send a large preamble followed by a valid boundary, causing significant memory use and potential process termination due to out-of-memory (OOM) conditions. Remote attackers can trigger large transient memory spikes by including a long preamble in multipart/form-data requests. The impact scales with allowed request sizes and concurrency, potentially causing worker crashes or severe slowdown due to garbage collection. Versions 2.2.19, 3.1.17, and 3.2.2 enforce a preamble size limit (e.g., 16 KiB) or discard preamble data entirely. Workarounds include limiting total request body size at the proxy or web server level and monitoring memory and set per-process limits to prevent OOM conditions.
Publish Date: 2025-10-07
URL: CVE-2025-61770
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.2%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-p543-xpfm-54cp
Release Date: 2025-10-07
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.19,rack - 3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.17,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.2.2,rack - 3.2.2,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.19
CVE-2025-59830
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to version 2.2.18, Rack::QueryParser enforces its params_limit only for parameters separated by &, while still splitting on both & and ;. As a result, attackers could use ; separators to bypass the parameter count limit and submit more parameters than intended. Applications or middleware that directly invoke Rack::QueryParser with its default configuration (no explicit delimiter) could be exposed to increased CPU and memory consumption. This can be abused as a limited denial-of-service vector. This issue has been patched in version 2.2.18.
Publish Date: 2025-09-25
URL: CVE-2025-59830
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-625h-95r8-8xpm
Release Date: 2025-09-25
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.2.18,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.18
CVE-2025-46727
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14, "Rack::QueryParser" parses query strings and "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" bodies into Ruby data structures without imposing any limit on the number of parameters, allowing attackers to send requests with extremely large numbers of parameters. The vulnerability arises because "Rack::QueryParser" iterates over each "&"-separated key-value pair and adds it to a Hash without enforcing an upper bound on the total number of parameters. This allows an attacker to send a single request containing hundreds of thousands (or more) of parameters, which consumes excessive memory and CPU during parsing. An attacker can trigger denial of service by sending specifically crafted HTTP requests, which can cause memory exhaustion or pin CPU resources, stalling or crashing the Rack server. This results in full service disruption until the affected worker is restarted. Versions 2.2.14, 3.0.16, and 3.1.14 fix the issue. Some other mitigations are available. One may use middleware to enforce a maximum query string size or parameter count, or employ a reverse proxy (such as Nginx) to limit request sizes and reject oversized query strings or bodies. Limiting request body sizes and query string lengths at the web server or CDN level is an effective mitigation.
Mend Note: The description of this vulnerability differs from MITRE.
Publish Date: 2025-05-07
URL: CVE-2025-46727
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.3%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2025-05-07
Fix Resolution: https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.0.16,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v3.1.14,https://github.com/rack/rack.git - v2.2.14
CVE-2025-27610
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
Rack provides an interface for developing web applications in Ruby. Prior to versions 2.2.13, 3.0.14, and 3.1.12, "Rack::Static" can serve files under the specified "root:" even if "urls:" are provided, which may expose other files under the specified "root:" unexpectedly. The vulnerability occurs because "Rack::Static" does not properly sanitize user-supplied paths before serving files. Specifically, encoded path traversal sequences are not correctly validated, allowing attackers to access files outside the designated static file directory. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker can gain access to all files under the specified "root:" directory, provided they are able to determine then path of the file. Versions 2.2.13, 3.0.14, and 3.1.12 contain a patch for the issue. Other mitigations include removing usage of "Rack::Static", or ensuring that "root:" points at a directory path which only contains files which should be accessed publicly. It is likely that a CDN or similar static file server would also mitigate the issue.
Publish Date: 2025-03-10
URL: CVE-2025-27610
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.4%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-7wqh-767x-r66v
Release Date: 2025-03-10
Fix Resolution: rack - 3.1.12,rack - 3.0.14,rack - 2.2.13
CVE-2024-34459
Vulnerable Library - nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Nokogiri (鋸) is an HTML, XML, SAX, and Reader parser. Among Nokogiri's many features is the ability to search documents via XPath or CSS3 selectors.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/nokogiri-1.10.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ nokogiri-1.10.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
An issue was discovered in xmllint (from libxml2) before 2.11.8 and 2.12.x before 2.12.7. Formatting error messages with xmllint --htmlout can result in a buffer over-read in xmlHTMLPrintFileContext in xmllint.c. This vulnerability does not affect RubyGem's Nokogiri directly, but its dependency libxml2, which is downloaded during Nokogiri's depndency resolution.
Publish Date: 2024-05-13
URL: CVE-2024-34459
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.8%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: High
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: None
CVE-2023-27530
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A DoS vulnerability exists in Rack <v3.0.4.2, <v2.2.6.3, <v2.1.4.3 and <v2.0.9.3 within in the Multipart MIME parsing code in which could allow an attacker to craft requests that can be abuse to cause multipart parsing to take longer than expected.
Publish Date: 2023-03-10
URL: CVE-2023-27530
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 2.1%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Release Date: 2023-03-10
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.0.9.3,2.1.4.3,2.2.6.3,3.0.4.2
CVE-2022-44572
Vulnerable Library - rack-2.0.8.gem
Rack provides a minimal, modular and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
Also see https://rack.github.io/.
Library home page: https://rubygems.org/gems/rack-2.0.8.gem
Path to dependency file: /Gemfile.lock
Path to vulnerable library: /tmp/containerbase/cache/.ruby/cache/rack-2.0.8.gem
Dependency Hierarchy:
- capybara-3.27.0.gem (Root Library)
- ❌ rack-2.0.8.gem (Vulnerable Library)
Found in HEAD commit: 84d8c4c8d5cfac4705d302f9b44c063177f8ae86
Found in base branch: main
Vulnerability Details
A denial of service vulnerability in the multipart parsing component of Rack fixed in 2.0.9.2, 2.1.4.2, 2.2.4.1 and 3.0.0.1 could allow an attacker tocraft input that can cause RFC2183 multipart boundary parsing in Rack to take an unexpected amount of time, possibly resulting in a denial of service attack vector. Any applications that parse multipart posts using Rack (virtually all Rails applications) are impacted.
Publish Date: 2023-02-09
URL: CVE-2022-44572
Threat Assessment
Exploit Maturity: Not Defined
EPSS: 0.3%
CVSS 3 Score Details (7.5)
Base Score Metrics:
- Exploitability Metrics:
- Attack Vector: Network
- Attack Complexity: Low
- Privileges Required: None
- User Interaction: None
- Scope: Unchanged
- Impact Metrics:
- Confidentiality Impact: None
- Integrity Impact: None
- Availability Impact: High
Suggested Fix
Type: Upgrade version
Origin: GHSA-rqv2-275x-2jq5
Release Date: 2023-02-09
Fix Resolution: rack - 2.0.9.2,2.1.4.2,2.2.6.2,3.0.4.1