diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-debian13.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-debian13.yml
index ffc56987e2..64bebc52a0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-debian13.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-debian13.yml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ on:
       - "!src/Plugins/Windows/**"
       - "tests/**"
       - "lolly/**"
+      - "moebius/**"
       - "xmake.lua"
       - "xmake/packages.lua"
       - "xmake/packages/**"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ on:
       - "!src/Plugins/Windows/**"
       - "tests/**"
       - "lolly/**"
+      - "moebius/**"
       - "xmake.lua"
       - "xmake/packages.lua"
       - "xmake/packages/**"
@@ -97,6 +99,19 @@ jobs:
               - 'lolly/System/**'
               - 'lolly/lolly/**'
               - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+            moebius:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/tests/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
+            moebius_src:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
             mogan:
               - 'src/**'
               - 'tests/**'
@@ -114,13 +129,19 @@ jobs:
       - name: test lolly
         if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly == 'true'
         run: xmake test "lolly_tests/*"
+      - name: build moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
+      - name: test moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
 
       - name: build
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake build --yes -vD stem && xmake build --yes -vD --group=tests
       - name: test
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=tests
       - name: Scheme tests
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=scheme_tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-fedora.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-fedora.yml
index ae7429e3b8..ad443e9ada 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-fedora.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-fedora.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ on:
       - "!src/Plugins/Macos/**"
       - "!src/Plugins/Windows/**"
       - "tests/**"
+      - "lolly/**"
+      - "moebius/**"
       - "xmake.lua"
       - "xmake/packages.lua"
       - "xmake/packages/**"
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@ on:
       - "!src/Plugins/Macos/**"
       - "!src/Plugins/Windows/**"
       - "tests/**"
+      - "lolly/**"
+      - "moebius/**"
       - "xmake.lua"
       - "xmake/packages.lua"
       - "xmake/packages/**"
@@ -74,11 +78,62 @@ jobs:
             tmp/build/.build_cache
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-fedora-build-qt683-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lua') }}
 
+      - name: Detect changes
+        id: filter
+        uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
+        with:
+          filters: |
+            lolly:
+              - 'lolly/**'
+            lolly_src:
+              - 'lolly/Data/**'
+              - 'lolly/Kernel/**'
+              - 'lolly/Plugins/**'
+              - 'lolly/System/**'
+              - 'lolly/lolly/**'
+              - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+            moebius:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/tests/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
+            moebius_src:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
+            mogan:
+              - 'src/**'
+              - 'tests/**'
+              - 'xmake.lua'
+              - 'xmake/packages.lua'
+              - 'xmake/packages/**'
+              - 'TeXmacs/tests/*.scm'
+
       - name: config
         run: xmake config -vD --policies=build.ccache -o tmp/build -m releasedbg --yes
+      - name: build lolly
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly == 'true'
+        run: xmake build --yes -vD liblolly
+      - name: test lolly
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly == 'true'
+        run: xmake test "lolly_tests/*"
+      - name: build moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
+      - name: test moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
+
       - name: build
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake build --yes -vD stem && xmake build --yes -vD --group=tests
       - name: test
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=tests
       - name: Scheme tests
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=scheme_tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml
index 6997b20e00..c22486b4c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ on:
       - 'lolly/lolly/**'
       - 'lolly/tests/**'
       - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+      - 'moebius/Data/**'
+      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+      - 'moebius/tests/**'
+      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
       - '.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml'
       - 'TeXmacs/tests/*.scm'
       - '3rdparty/**'
@@ -40,6 +46,12 @@ on:
       - 'lolly/lolly/**'
       - 'lolly/tests/**'
       - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+      - 'moebius/Data/**'
+      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+      - 'moebius/tests/**'
+      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
       - '.github/workflows/ci-macos-arm64.yml'
       - 'TeXmacs/tests/*.scm'
       - '3rdparty/**'
@@ -78,6 +90,19 @@ jobs:
               - 'lolly/System/**'
               - 'lolly/lolly/**'
               - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+            moebius:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/tests/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
+            moebius_src:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
             mogan:
               - 'src/**'
               - 'tests/**'
@@ -95,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
           path: |
             ${{github.workspace}}/build/.build_cache
             /Users/runner/.xmake
-          key: xmake-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua') }}
+          key: xmake-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
 
       - name: Set Qt Environment Variables
         run: |
@@ -121,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ env.XMAKE_GLOBALDIR }}/.xmake/packages
-          key: xrepo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua') }}
+          key: xrepo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
 
       - name: config
         run: xmake config --policies=build.ccache -o ${{ runner.workspace }}/build -m releasedbg --yes
@@ -131,17 +156,23 @@ jobs:
       - name: test lolly
         if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly == 'true'
         run: xmake test "lolly_tests/*"
+      - name: build moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
+      - name: test moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
 
       - name: build
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake build --yes -vD stem && xmake build --yes -vD --group=tests
       - name: C++ tests
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes --verbose --diagnosis --group=tests
         env:
           QT_QPA_PLATFORM: offscreen
       - name: Scheme tests
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=scheme_tests
       # - name: integration test
       #  run: xmake run --yes -vD --group=integration_tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-debian13.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-debian13.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index dceffedb9f..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-debian13.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-name: CI for moebius on Debian 13
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-debian13.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-debian13.yml'
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-env:
-  XMAKE_ROOT: y
-  QT_QPA_PLATFORM: offscreen
-
-jobs:
-  build:
-    container: debian:13
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get update
-          DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y gcc git 7zip unzip curl build-essential \
-              fonts-noto-cjk libcurl4-openssl-dev libfreetype-dev libfontconfig-dev \
-              libmimalloc-dev libgit2-dev zlib1g-dev libssl-dev libjpeg62-turbo-dev cmake \
-              pandoc python3.13 python3.13-venv python3-pip ninja-build \
-              libdbus-1-3 libglib2.0-0t64 libegl1 libgl-dev libxkbcommon0
-          update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.13 1
-          python3 -m pip install --break-system-packages aqtinstall
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-
-      - uses: xmake-io/github-action-setup-xmake@v1
-        with:
-          xmake-version: v3.0.7
-
-      - name: git add safe directory
-        run: git config --global --add safe.directory '*'
-      - name: set XMAKE_GLOBALDIR
-        run: echo "XMAKE_GLOBALDIR=${{ runner.workspace }}/xmake-global" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: xmake repo update
-        run: xmake repo --update
-      - name: cache packages from xrepo
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ${{ env.XMAKE_GLOBALDIR }}/.xmake/packages
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-xrepo-qt683-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lua') }}
-      - name: cache xmake
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            build/.build_cache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-build-qt683-${{ hashFiles('**/packages.lua') }}
-      - name: config
-        run: xmake config -vD --policies=build.ccache -m releasedbg --yes
-      - name: build
-        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
-      - name: test
-        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-macos.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-macos.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 80d12cb406..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-macos.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-name: CI for moebius on macOS
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-macos.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-macos.yml'
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-jobs:
-  macosbuild:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: [macos-14]
-        arch: [arm64]
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    timeout-minutes: 45
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: set XMAKE_GLOBALDIR
-        run: echo "XMAKE_GLOBALDIR=${{ runner.workspace }}/xmake-global" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - uses: xmake-io/github-action-setup-xmake@v1
-        with:
-          xmake-version: v3.0.4
-          actions-cache-folder: '.xmake-cache'
-      - name: xmake repo update
-        run: xmake repo --update
-      - name: cache packages from xrepo
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ${{ env.XMAKE_GLOBALDIR }}/.xmake/packages
-          key: xrepo-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
-      - name: cache xmake
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ${{ github.workspace }}/build/.build_cache
-          key: xmake-build-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
-      - name: config
-        run: xmake config --policies=build.ccache -m releasedbg --yes
-      - name: build
-        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
-      - name: test
-        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-windows.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-windows.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index f200bf8398..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-moebius-windows.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-name: CI for moebius on Windows
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-windows.yml'
-  pull_request:
-    branches: [ main ]
-    paths:
-      - 'moebius/Data/**'
-      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
-      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
-      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
-      - 'moebius/tests/**'
-      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
-      - '.github/workflows/ci-moebius-windows.yml'
-  workflow_dispatch:
-
-env:
-  XMAKE_GLOBALDIR: "${{ github.workspace }}\\.xmake-global"
-
-jobs:
-  windowsbuild:
-    runs-on: windows-2025
-    steps:
-      - uses: xmake-io/github-action-setup-xmake@v1
-        with:
-          xmake-version: v3.0.4
-      - name: update repo
-        run: xrepo update-repo
-      - name: git crlf
-        run: git config --global core.autocrlf false
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 1
-      - name: cache packages from xrepo
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ${{ env.XMAKE_GLOBALDIR }}/.xmake/packages
-          key: qt683-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-xrepo-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
-      - name: cache xmake
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ${{ github.workspace }}/build/.build_cache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
-      - name: config
-        run: xmake config --policies=build.ccache --yes -vD -m releasedbg --plat=windows
-      - name: build
-        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
-      - name: test
-        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml
index 28317c700b..e9152444ad 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ on:
       - 'lolly/lolly/**'
       - 'lolly/tests/**'
       - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+      - 'moebius/Data/**'
+      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+      - 'moebius/tests/**'
+      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
       - '.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml'
       - '3rdparty/**'
   pull_request:
@@ -43,6 +49,12 @@ on:
       - 'lolly/lolly/**'
       - 'lolly/tests/**'
       - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+      - 'moebius/Data/**'
+      - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+      - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+      - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+      - 'moebius/tests/**'
+      - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
       - '.github/workflows/ci-xmake-windows.yml'
       - '3rdparty/**'
   workflow_dispatch:
@@ -87,6 +99,19 @@ jobs:
               - 'lolly/System/**'
               - 'lolly/lolly/**'
               - 'lolly/xmake.lua'
+            moebius:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/tests/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
+            moebius_src:
+              - 'moebius/Data/**'
+              - 'moebius/Kernel/**'
+              - 'moebius/Scheme/**'
+              - 'moebius/moebius/**'
+              - 'moebius/xmake.lua'
             mogan:
               - 'src/**'
               - 'tests/**'
@@ -102,13 +127,13 @@ jobs:
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ env.XMAKE_GLOBALDIR }}/.xmake/packages
-          key: qt683-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-xrepo-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua') }}
+          key: qt683-${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-xrepo-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
       - name: cache xmake
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: |
             ${{ github.workspace }}/build/.build_cache
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('xmake/vars.lua', 'lolly/xmake.lua', 'moebius/xmake.lua') }}
       - name: config
         run: xmake config --policies=build.ccache --yes -vD -m releasedbg --plat=windows
       - name: build lolly
@@ -117,7 +142,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: test lolly
         if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly == 'true'
         run: xmake test "lolly_tests/*"
+      - name: build moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake build --yes -vD libmoebius
+      - name: test moebius
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.moebius == 'true'
+        run: xmake test "moebius_tests/*"
 
       - name: build stem
-        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
+        if: steps.filter.outputs.lolly_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.moebius_src == 'true' || steps.filter.outputs.mogan == 'true'
         run: xmake build --yes -vD stem
diff --git a/devel/1127.md b/devel/1127.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8b115d7ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/devel/1127.md
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# [1127] 将 TMU 序列化/反序列化迁移到 moebius
+
+## 1 背景
+
+- `src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp`（378 行）和 `to_tmu.cpp`（302 行）
+  负责在 TeXmacs tree 与新的 TMU 文件格式之间互转。
+- 这两个文件对主工程的依赖,几乎全部已经落在 moebius + lolly 能力范围内:
+  - `make_tree_label`、`is_func`/`is_compound`/`is_document`/`is_atomic`/
+    `is_apply`/`is_expand`、`STD_CODE`、`DOCUMENT`/`CONCAT`/`COLLECTION`/
+    `RAW_DATA`/`EXPAND` 等标签 —— moebius `tree_label.hpp` / `tree_helper.hpp`
+    / `drd/drd_std.hpp` 均已提供。
+  - `skip_spaces` / `index_of` / `tokenize` / `starts` —— lolly `analyze.hpp`。
+  - `decode_from_utf8` / `from_hex` / `to_Hex` / `binary_to_hexadecimal` ——
+    lolly `data/numeral` / `data/unicode`。
+  - `version_inf` —— moebius `Kernel/Types/path.hpp`。
+- 唯一阻塞点是 `tmu_reader` 构造时调用的 `get_codes(version)`(版本升级映射表),
+  其实现位于 `src/Data/Convert/Texmacs/upgradetm.cpp:51`,主工程的 `fromtm.cpp`
+  也在共用。该函数只依赖 moebius 已有的 `STD_CODE` + `version_inf`,可以一并下沉。
+- `from_tmu.cpp` 顶部的 `#include "preferences.hpp"` 经确认无任何符号引用,
+  是历史残留,顺手删除。
+- 这是继 [1124] glue standalone 迁移、[1126] tbox 包定义迁移之后,「主工程 →
+  moebius/lolly」剥离工作的延续。
+
+## 2 What
+
+1. 新建 `moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.hpp`,导出三个公共函数:
+   `tree tmu_to_tree(string)`, `tree tmu_to_tree(string, string)`,
+   `tree tmu_document_to_tree(string)`, `string tree_to_tmu(tree)`。
+2. 新建 `moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp`,合并 `from_tmu.cpp` + `to_tmu.cpp`
+   全部内容(`tmu_reader` / `tmu_writer` / `get_collection` / `flush` 等),
+   namespace 包进 `moebius`。
+3. `get_codes` 连同其 helper(`rename_feature`/`new_feature`)一并迁入
+   `moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp`(以 `static` 形式内联),供 `tmu_reader`
+   使用;`tmu.hpp` 不导出 `get_codes`(保留为内部实现)。
+4. 主工程 `convert.hpp` 的 `get_codes` 声明删除,改由 upgradetm.cpp 内部
+   包含 moebius 提供的等价声明 —— 见下方 Why 第 2 条的最终决策。
+5. `is_snippet`:to_tmu 原本依赖主工程的 `is_snippet`。该谓词实现仅 6 行纯
+   tree 判断,且主工程 `totm.cpp` / `verbatim.cpp` 仍在用。决策:
+   - 在 moebius `Data/Tree/tree_helper.{hpp,cpp}` 补一个 `is_snippet`,
+     主工程 `convert.hpp` 改为转发声明(moebius 提供),避免重复实现。
+6. 更新 `moebius/xmake.lua`:`Data/Convert/**.cpp` 加入 `moe_files`,
+   `Data/Convert` 加入 `moe_includedirs` 和 `add_headerfiles`。
+7. 删除 `src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp` 与 `to_tmu.cpp`。
+8. 主工程 `convert.hpp` 的 TMU 三函数声明改为 `#include` moebius 头转发,
+   保证 `glue_convert.lua` 仍能解析符号。
+9. 清理 `from_tmu.cpp` 顶部无用的 `#include "preferences.hpp"`。
+
+## 3 Why
+
+- **持续剥离主工程**:TMU 是新版序列化格式,无遗留耦合,是低风险迁移对象。
+  下沉到 moebius 后,后续可在脱离 GUI 的场景(如服务端批处理、格式互转工具)
+  直接复用,与 [1124]/[1126] 同向。
+- **`get_codes` 必须随迁**:`tmu_reader` 构造函数直接调用,若留在主工程会
+  形成反向依赖。该函数体量有限(~95 行),依赖干净,一并下沉成本最低。
+  下沉后 moebius 同时为后续迁移 `fromtm.cpp` / `upgradetm.cpp` 铺路。
+- **版本号占位锁死到真实值**:`XMACS_VERSION`/`TEXMACS_VERSION` 在 moebius
+  编译单元里看不到主工程 `tm_configure.hpp`,用 `#ifndef` 给占位,值锁死到
+  主工程当前版本(`"2.1.4"` / `"2026.3.0"`)。单参 `tmu_to_tree` 直接用
+  `STD_CODE`,双参 `tmu_document_to_tree` 的 version 来自文件头解析的值;
+  `TEXMACS_VERSION` 仅在 doc 缺 TeXmacs 头时补版本号用到。主工程升级版本时
+  需同步 moebius 里的占位。后续可单独 PR 把版本号参数化。
+
+## 4 How
+
+- 合并而非分文件:from/to 同属 TMU 格式,放单文件 `tmu.cpp` 与现有
+  `texmacs_to_tree` / `tree_to_texmacs`(仍在主工程)的命名风格一致。
+- namespace:整文件 `namespace moebius {}` 包裹,符合 moebius 现有惯例
+  (参考 `moebius/data/scheme_der.cpp`)。
+- `tmu.hpp` 只暴露顶层 4 个函数,内部 struct(`tmu_reader`/`tmu_writer`)
+  留在 .cpp 内匿名化或保持外部不可见。
+- `get_codes` 内联为 `static`,不进 `tmu.hpp`,避免污染 moebius 公共 API;
+  主工程 `upgradetm.cpp` 暂时保留它自己的 `get_codes` 实现(主工程仍在用,
+  且不属于本 PR 范围)—— 见下方「验证」对重复定义的处理。
+- `is_snippet` 走 moebius `tree_helper`,主工程 `generic.cpp` 删除实现,
+  `convert.hpp` 改为 `#include` moebius 头并去掉本地声明。
+
+## 5 涉及文件
+
+- `moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.hpp`(新增)
+- `moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp`(新增,合并自 from_tmu + to_tmu)
+- `moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.hpp` / `.cpp`(补 `is_snippet`)
+- `moebius/xmake.lua`(`Data/Convert` 加入 moe_files / include / header)
+- `src/Data/Convert/convert.hpp`(TMU 声明改为转发 moebius;删 `is_snippet`
+  本地声明)
+- `src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp`(删除)
+- `src/Data/Convert/Mogan/to_tmu.cpp`(删除)
+- `src/Data/Convert/Generic/generic.cpp`(删 `is_snippet` 实现,转发 moebius)
+
+## 6 验证
+
+- `xmake b libmoebius` 编译通过
+- `xmake b stem` 主工程编译通过(含 `glue_convert` 链接)
+- `xmake b` + `xmake r` 跑 TMU 相关单元测试(若存在)
+- 手测:`(tree->tmu (string->tree "..."))` / `(tmu->tree ...)` 在 GUI 中
+  往返一致
diff --git a/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp b/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..490e78164f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * MODULE     : tmu.cpp
+ * DESCRIPTION: conversion between TeXmacs trees and the TMU file format
+ * COPYRIGHT  : (C) 1999  Joris van der Hoeven
+ *                  2024  Darcy Shen
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * This software falls under the GNU general public license version 3 or later.
+ * It comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER. For details, see the file LICENSE
+ * in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+#include "tmu.hpp"
+
+#include "analyze.hpp"
+#include "path.hpp"
+#include "tree_helper.hpp"
+
+#include <lolly/data/numeral.hpp>
+#include <lolly/data/unicode.hpp>
+#include <moebius/drd/drd_std.hpp>
+#include <moebius/vars.hpp>
+
+// moebius 编译单元看不到主工程的 tm_configure.hpp,这里给版本宏占位定义。
+// 版本号锁死到主工程当前值(TEXMACS_VERSION "2.1.4" / XMACS_VERSION
+// "2026.1.2"),主工程升级时需同步。后续可单独 PR 把版本号参数化。
+#ifndef XMACS_VERSION
+#define XMACS_VERSION "2026.3.0"
+#endif
+#ifndef TEXMACS_VERSION
+#define TEXMACS_VERSION "2.1.4"
+#endif
+
+using lolly::data::binary_to_hexadecimal;
+using lolly::data::decode_from_utf8;
+using lolly::data::from_hex;
+using lolly::data::to_Hex;
+using moebius::drd::STD_CODE;
+using moebius::drd::std_contains;
+
+using namespace moebius;
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Version-dependent feature codes (used by tmu_reader)
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+static void
+rename_feature (hashmap<string, int>& H, string old_name, string new_name) {
+  H (old_name)= H[new_name];
+  H->reset (new_name);
+}
+
+static void
+new_feature (hashmap<string, int>& H, string new_name) {
+  H->reset (new_name);
+}
+
+static hashmap<string, int>
+get_codes (string version) {
+  hashmap<string, int> H (UNKNOWN);
+  H->join (STD_CODE);
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.7.6", version)) return H;
+
+  rename_feature (H, "group", "rigid");
+  rename_feature (H, "postscript", "image");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.6.9", version)) return H;
+
+  rename_feature (H, "frozen", "freeze");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.6.2", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "expand-as");
+  new_feature (H, "locus");
+  new_feature (H, "id");
+  new_feature (H, "hard-id");
+  new_feature (H, "link");
+  new_feature (H, "url");
+  new_feature (H, "script");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.4.1", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "copy");
+  new_feature (H, "cm-length");
+  new_feature (H, "mm-length");
+  new_feature (H, "in-length");
+  new_feature (H, "pt-length");
+  new_feature (H, "bp-length");
+  new_feature (H, "dd-length");
+  new_feature (H, "pc-length");
+  new_feature (H, "cc-length");
+  new_feature (H, "fs-length");
+  new_feature (H, "fbs-length");
+  new_feature (H, "em-length");
+  new_feature (H, "ln-length");
+  new_feature (H, "sep-length");
+  new_feature (H, "yfrac-length");
+  new_feature (H, "ex-length");
+  new_feature (H, "fn-length");
+  new_feature (H, "fns-length");
+  new_feature (H, "bls-length");
+  new_feature (H, "spc-length");
+  new_feature (H, "xspc-length");
+  new_feature (H, "par-length");
+  new_feature (H, "pag-length");
+  new_feature (H, "tmpt-length");
+  new_feature (H, "px-length");
+  new_feature (H, "tmlen");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.3.12", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "unquote*");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.3.4", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "for-each");
+  new_feature (H, "quasi");
+  rename_feature (H, "hold", "quasiquote");
+  rename_feature (H, "release", "unquote");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.3.3", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "quote-value");
+  new_feature (H, "quote-arg");
+  new_feature (H, "mark");
+  new_feature (H, "use-package");
+  new_feature (H, "style-only");
+  new_feature (H, "style-only*");
+  new_feature (H, "rewrite-inactive");
+  new_feature (H, "inline-tag");
+  new_feature (H, "open-tag");
+  new_feature (H, "middle-tag");
+  new_feature (H, "close-tag");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.2.8", version)) return H;
+
+  rename_feature (H, "raw_data", "raw-data");
+  rename_feature (H, "sub_table", "subtable");
+  rename_feature (H, "drd_props", "drd-props");
+  rename_feature (H, "get_label", "get-label");
+  rename_feature (H, "get_arity", "get-arity");
+  rename_feature (H, "map_args", "map-args");
+  rename_feature (H, "eval_args", "eval-args");
+  rename_feature (H, "find_file", "find-file");
+  rename_feature (H, "is_tuple", "is-tuple");
+  rename_feature (H, "look_up", "look-up");
+  rename_feature (H, "var_if", "if*");
+  rename_feature (H, "var_inactive", "inactive*");
+  rename_feature (H, "var_active", "active*");
+  rename_feature (H, "text_at", "text-at");
+  rename_feature (H, "var_spline", "spline*");
+  rename_feature (H, "old_matrix", "old-matrix");
+  rename_feature (H, "old_table", "old-table");
+  rename_feature (H, "old_mosaic", "old-mosaic");
+  rename_feature (H, "old_mosaic_item", "old-mosaic-item");
+  rename_feature (H, "var_expand", "expand*");
+  rename_feature (H, "hide_expand", "hide-expand");
+
+  rename_feature (H, "with_limits", "with-limits");
+  rename_feature (H, "line_break", "line-break");
+  rename_feature (H, "new_line", "new-line");
+  rename_feature (H, "line_separator", "line-sep");
+  rename_feature (H, "next_line", "next-line");
+  rename_feature (H, "no_line_break", "no-break");
+  rename_feature (H, "no_first_indentation", "no-indent");
+  rename_feature (H, "enable_first_indentation", "yes-indent");
+  rename_feature (H, "no_indentation_after", "no-indent*");
+  rename_feature (H, "enable_indentation_after", "yes-indent*");
+  rename_feature (H, "page_break_before", "page-break*");
+  rename_feature (H, "page_break", "page-break");
+  rename_feature (H, "no_page_break_before", "no-page-break*");
+  rename_feature (H, "no_page_break_after", "no-page-break");
+  rename_feature (H, "new_page_before", "new-page*");
+  rename_feature (H, "new_page", "new-page");
+  rename_feature (H, "new_double_page_before", "new-dpage*");
+  rename_feature (H, "new_double_page", "new-dpage");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.2.5", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "compound");
+  new_feature (H, "xmacro");
+  new_feature (H, "get_label");
+  new_feature (H, "get_arity");
+  new_feature (H, "map_args");
+  new_feature (H, "eval_args");
+  new_feature (H, "drd_props");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.2.0", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "with_limits");
+  new_feature (H, "line_break");
+  new_feature (H, "new_line");
+  new_feature (H, "line_separator");
+  new_feature (H, "next_line");
+  new_feature (H, "no_line_break");
+  new_feature (H, "no_first_indentation");
+  new_feature (H, "enable_first_indentation");
+  new_feature (H, "no_indentation_after");
+  new_feature (H, "enable_indentation_after");
+  new_feature (H, "page_break_before");
+  new_feature (H, "page_break");
+  new_feature (H, "no_page_break_before");
+  new_feature (H, "no_page_break_after");
+  new_feature (H, "new_page_before");
+  new_feature (H, "new_page");
+  new_feature (H, "new_double_page_before");
+  new_feature (H, "new_double_page");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.1.25", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "active");
+  new_feature (H, "var_inactive");
+  new_feature (H, "var_active");
+  new_feature (H, "attr");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.0.20", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "text_at");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.0.19", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "find_file");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.0.14", version)) return H;
+
+  rename_feature (H, "paragraph", "para");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.0.5", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "var_if");
+  new_feature (H, "hide_expand");
+
+  if (version_inf ("1.0.0.2", version)) return H;
+
+  new_feature (H, "superpose");
+  new_feature (H, "spline");
+  new_feature (H, "var_spline");
+
+  return H;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Conversion of TMU strings of the present format to TeXmacs trees
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+struct tmu_reader {
+  string               version; // document was composed using this version
+  hashmap<string, int> codes;   // codes for to present version
+  string               buf;     // the string being read from
+  int                  pos;     // the current position of the reader
+  string               last;    // last read string
+
+  tmu_reader (string buf2)
+      : version (XMACS_VERSION), codes (STD_CODE), buf (buf2), pos (0),
+        last ("") {}
+  tmu_reader (string buf2, string version2)
+      : version (version2), codes (get_codes (version)), buf (buf2), pos (0),
+        last ("") {}
+
+  int    skip_blank ();
+  string decode (string s);
+  string read_char ();
+  string read_next ();
+  string read_function_name ();
+  tree   read_apply (string s, bool skip_flag);
+  tree   read (bool skip_flag);
+};
+
+int
+tmu_reader::skip_blank () {
+  int n= 0, buf_N= N (buf);
+  for (; pos < buf_N; pos++) {
+    if (buf[pos] == ' ') continue;
+    if (buf[pos] == '\t') continue;
+    if (buf[pos] == '\r') continue;
+    if (buf[pos] == '\n') {
+      n++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+string
+tmu_reader::decode (string s) {
+  int    i, n= N (s);
+  string r;
+  for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
+    if (((i + 1) < n) && (s[i] == '\\')) {
+      i++;
+      if (s[i] == ';')
+        ;
+      else if (s[i] == '\\') r << '\\';
+      else r << s[i];
+    }
+    else r << s[i];
+  return r;
+}
+
+string
+tmu_reader::read_char () {
+  int buf_N= N (buf);
+  while (((pos + 1) < buf_N) && (buf[pos] == '\\') && (buf[pos + 1] == '\n')) {
+    pos+= 2;
+    skip_spaces (buf, pos);
+  }
+  if (pos >= buf_N) return "";
+
+  int start_pos= pos;
+  decode_from_utf8 (buf, pos);
+  return buf (start_pos, pos);
+}
+
+string
+tmu_reader::read_next () {
+  int    buf_N  = N (buf);
+  int    old_pos= pos;
+  string c      = read_char ();
+  if (c == "") return c;
+  switch (c[0]) {
+  case '\t':
+  case '\n':
+  case '\r':
+  case ' ':
+    pos--;
+    if (skip_blank () <= 1) return " ";
+    else return "\n";
+  case '<': {
+    old_pos= pos;
+    c      = read_char ();
+    if (c == "") return "";
+    if (c == "#") return "<#";
+    if ((c == "\\") || (c == "|") || (c == "/")) return "<" * c;
+    if (is_iso_alpha (c[0]) || (c == ">")) {
+      pos= old_pos;
+      return "<";
+    }
+    pos= old_pos;
+    return "<";
+    /*
+    string d= read_char ();
+    if ((d == "\\") || (d == "|") || (d == "/")) return "<" * c * d;
+    pos= old_pos;
+    return "<" * c;
+    */
+  }
+  case '|':
+  case '>':
+    return c;
+  }
+
+  string r;
+  pos= old_pos;
+  while (true) {
+    old_pos= pos;
+    c      = read_char ();
+    if (c == "") return r;
+    else if (c == "\\") {
+      if ((pos < buf_N) && (buf[pos] == '\\')) {
+        r << c << "\\";
+        pos++;
+      }
+      else r << c << read_char ();
+    }
+    else if (c == "\t") break;
+    else if (c == "\r") break;
+    else if (c == "\n") break;
+    else if (c == " ") break;
+    else if (c == "<") break;
+    else if (c == "|") break;
+    else if (c == ">") break;
+    else r << c;
+  }
+  pos= old_pos;
+  return r;
+}
+
+string
+tmu_reader::read_function_name () {
+  string name= decode (read_next ());
+  // cout << "==> " << name << "\n";
+  while (true) {
+    last= read_next ();
+    // cout << "~~> " << last << "\n";
+    if ((last == "") || (last == "|") || (last == ">")) break;
+  }
+  return name;
+}
+
+static void
+get_collection (tree& u, tree t) {
+  if (is_func (t, COLLECTION) || is_func (t, DOCUMENT) || is_func (t, CONCAT)) {
+    for (const auto t_i : t) {
+      get_collection (u, t_i);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (is_compound (t)) u << t;
+}
+
+tree
+tmu_reader::read_apply (string name, bool skip_flag) {
+  // cout << "Read apply " << name << INDENT << LF;
+  tree t (make_tree_label (name));
+  if (codes->contains (name)) {
+    // cout << "  " << name << " -> " << as_string ((tree_label) codes [name])
+    // << "\n";
+    t= tree ((tree_label) codes[name]);
+  }
+
+  bool closed= !skip_flag;
+  int  buf_N = N (buf);
+  while (pos < buf_N) {
+    // cout << "last= " << last << LF;
+    bool sub_flag= (skip_flag) && ((last == "") || (last[N (last) - 1] != '|'));
+    if (sub_flag) (void) skip_blank ();
+    t << read (sub_flag);
+    if ((last == "/>") || (last == "/|")) closed= true;
+    if (closed && ((last == ">") || (last == "/>"))) break;
+  }
+  // cout << "last= " << last << UNINDENT << LF;
+  // cout << "Done" << LF;
+
+  if (is_func (t, COLLECTION)) {
+    tree u (COLLECTION);
+    get_collection (u, t);
+    return u;
+  }
+  return t;
+}
+
+static void
+flush (tree& D, tree& C, string& S, bool& spc_flag, bool& ret_flag) {
+  if (spc_flag) S << " ";
+  if (S != "") {
+    if ((N (C) == 0) || (!is_atomic (C[N (C) - 1]))) C << S;
+    else C[N (C) - 1]->label << S;
+    S       = "";
+    spc_flag= false;
+  }
+
+  if (ret_flag) {
+    if (N (C) == 0) D << "";
+    else if (N (C) == 1) D << C[0];
+    else D << C;
+    C       = tree (CONCAT);
+    ret_flag= false;
+  }
+}
+
+tree
+tmu_reader::read (bool skip_flag) {
+  int    buf_N= N (buf);
+  tree   D (DOCUMENT);
+  tree   C (CONCAT);
+  string S ("");
+  bool   spc_flag= false;
+  bool   ret_flag= false;
+
+  while (true) {
+    last= read_next ();
+    // cout << "--> " << last << "\n";
+    if (last == "") break;
+    if (last == "|") break;
+    if (last == ">") break;
+
+    if (last[0] == '<') {
+      char tail_char_of_last= last[N (last) - 1];
+      if (tail_char_of_last == '\\') {
+        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
+        string name= read_function_name ();
+        if (last == ">") last= "\\>";
+        else last= "\\|";
+        C << read_apply (name, true);
+      }
+      else if (tail_char_of_last == '|') {
+        (void) read_function_name ();
+        if (last == ">") last= "|>";
+        else last= "||";
+        break;
+      }
+      else if (tail_char_of_last == '/') {
+        (void) read_function_name ();
+        if (last == ">") last= "/>";
+        else last= "/|";
+        break;
+      }
+      else if (tail_char_of_last == '#') {
+        string r;
+        while ((buf[pos] != '>') && (pos + 2 < buf_N)) {
+          r << ((char) from_hex (buf (pos, pos + 2)));
+          pos+= 2;
+        }
+        if (buf[pos] == '>') pos++;
+        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
+        C << tree (RAW_DATA, r);
+        last= read_next ();
+        break;
+      }
+      else {
+        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
+        string name= decode (read_next ());
+        string sep = ">";
+        if (name == ">") name= "";
+        else sep= read_next ();
+        // cout << "==> " << name << "\n";
+        // cout << "~~> " << sep << "\n";
+        if (sep == "|") {
+          last= "|";
+          C << read_apply (name, false);
+        }
+        else {
+          tree t (make_tree_label (name));
+          if (codes->contains (name)) {
+            // cout << name << " -> " << as_string ((tree_label) codes [name])
+            // << "\n";
+            t= tree ((tree_label) codes[name]);
+          }
+          C << t;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    else if (last == " ") spc_flag= true;
+    else if (last == "\n") ret_flag= true;
+    else {
+      flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
+      // cout << "<<< " << last << "\n";
+      // cout << ">>> " << decode (last) << "\n";
+      S << decode (last);
+      if ((S == "") && (N (C) == 0)) C << "";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (skip_flag) spc_flag= ret_flag= false;
+  flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
+  if (N (C) == 1) D << C[0];
+  else if (N (C) > 1) D << C;
+  // cout << "*** " << D << "\n";
+  if (N (D) == 0) return "";
+  if (N (D) == 1) {
+    if (!skip_flag) return D[0];
+    if (is_func (D[0], COLLECTION)) return D[0];
+  }
+  return D;
+}
+
+tree
+tmu_to_tree (string s) {
+  tmu_reader tmr (s);
+  return tmr.read (true);
+}
+
+tree
+tmu_to_tree (string s, string version) {
+  tmu_reader tmr (s, version);
+  return tmr.read (true);
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Conversion of TeXmacs trees to TMU strings
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+const string TMU_VERSION= "1.1.0";
+
+struct tmu_writer {
+  string buf; // the resulting string
+  string spc; // "" or " "
+  string tmp; // not yet flushed characters
+
+  int  tab;      // number of tabs after CR
+  bool spc_flag; // true if last printed character was a space or CR
+  bool ret_flag; // true if last printed character was a CR
+
+  tmu_writer ()
+      : buf (""), spc (""), tmp (""), tab (0), spc_flag (true),
+        ret_flag (true) {}
+
+  void cr ();
+  void flush ();
+  void write_space ();
+  void write_return ();
+  void write (string s, bool flag= true, bool encode_space= false);
+  void br (int indent= 0);
+  void tag (string before, string s, string after);
+  void apply (string func, array<tree> args);
+  void write (tree t);
+};
+
+void
+tmu_writer::cr () {
+  int i, n= N (buf);
+  for (i= n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+    if ((buf[i] != ' ') || ((i > 0) && (buf[i - 1] == '\\'))) break;
+  if (i < n - 1) {
+    buf= buf (0, i + 1);
+    n  = n - N (buf);
+    for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
+      buf << "\\ ";
+  }
+  buf << '\n';
+  for (i= 0; i < min (tab, 20); i++)
+    buf << ' ';
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::flush () {
+  int i, m= N (spc), n= N (tmp);
+  if ((m + n) == 0) return;
+  buf << spc << tmp;
+  spc= "";
+  tmp= "";
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::write_space () {
+  if (spc_flag) tmp << "\\ ";
+  else {
+    flush ();
+    spc= " ";
+  }
+  spc_flag= true;
+  ret_flag= false;
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::write_return () {
+  if (ret_flag) {
+    buf << "\\;\n";
+    cr ();
+  }
+  else {
+    if ((spc == " ") && (tmp == "")) {
+      spc= "";
+      tmp= "\\ ";
+    }
+    flush ();
+    buf << "\n";
+    cr ();
+  }
+  spc_flag= true;
+  ret_flag= true;
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::write (string s, bool flag, bool encode_space) {
+  if (flag) {
+    int i, n= N (s);
+    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
+      char c= s[i];
+      if ((c == ' ') && (!encode_space)) write_space ();
+      else {
+        if (c == ' ') tmp << "\\ ";
+        else if (c == '\\') tmp << "\\\\";
+        else if (c == '<') tmp << "\\<";
+        else if (c == '|') tmp << "\\|";
+        else if (c == '>') tmp << "\\>";
+        else tmp << c;
+        spc_flag= false;
+        ret_flag= false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    tmp << s;
+    if (N (s) != 0) {
+      spc_flag= false;
+      ret_flag= false;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::br (int indent) {
+  flush ();
+  tab+= indent;
+  int i;
+  int buf_N= N (buf);
+  for (i= buf_N - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (buf[i] == '\n') return;
+    if (buf[i] != ' ') {
+      cr ();
+      spc_flag= true;
+      ret_flag= false;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::tag (string before, string s, string after) {
+  write (before, false);
+  write (s);
+  write (after, false);
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::apply (string func, array<tree> args) {
+  int i, last, n= N (args);
+  for (i= n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+    if (is_document (args[i]) || is_func (args[i], COLLECTION)) break;
+  last= i;
+
+  if (last >= 0) {
+    for (i= 0; i <= n; i++) {
+      bool flag=
+          (i < n) && (is_document (args[i]) || is_func (args[i], COLLECTION));
+      if (i == 0) {
+        write ("<\\", false);
+        write (func, true, true);
+      }
+      else if (i == last + 1) {
+        write ("</", false);
+        write (func, true, true);
+      }
+      else if (is_document (args[i - 1]) || is_func (args[i - 1], COLLECTION)) {
+        write ("<|", false);
+        write (func, true, true);
+      }
+      if (i == n) {
+        write (">", false);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (flag) {
+        write (">", false);
+        br (2);
+        write (args[i]);
+        br (-2);
+      }
+      else {
+        write ("|", false);
+        write (args[i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    write ("<", false);
+    write (func, true, true);
+    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
+      write ("|", false);
+      write (args[i]);
+    }
+    write (">", false);
+  }
+}
+
+void
+tmu_writer::write (tree t) {
+  if (is_atomic (t)) {
+    write (t->label);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int i, n= N (t);
+  switch (L (t)) {
+  case RAW_DATA: {
+    write ("<#", false);
+    string s= as_string (t[0]);
+    write (binary_to_hexadecimal (s), false);
+    write (">", false);
+    break;
+  }
+  case DOCUMENT:
+    spc_flag= true;
+    ret_flag= true;
+    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
+      write (t[i]);
+      if (i < (n - 1)) write_return ();
+      else if (ret_flag) write ("\\;", false);
+    }
+    break;
+  case CONCAT:
+    for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
+      write (t[i]);
+    break;
+  case EXPAND:
+    if ((n >= 1) && is_atomic (t[0])) {
+      string s= t[0]->label;
+      if (std_contains (s))
+        ;
+      else if ((N (s) > 0) && (!is_iso_alpha (s)))
+        ;
+      else {
+        apply (s, A (t (1, n)));
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    apply (as_string (EXPAND), A (t));
+    break;
+  case COLLECTION:
+    tag ("<\\", as_string (COLLECTION), ">");
+    if (n == 0) br ();
+    else {
+      br (2);
+      for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
+        write (t[i]);
+        if (i < (n - 1)) br ();
+      }
+      br (-2);
+    }
+    tag ("</", as_string (COLLECTION), ">");
+    break;
+  default:
+    apply (as_string (L (t)), A (t));
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+string
+tree_to_tmu (tree t) {
+  if (!is_snippet (t)) {
+    int  t_N= N (t);
+    tree r (t, t_N);
+    for (int i= 0; i < t_N; i++) {
+      if (is_compound (t[i], "style", 1)) {
+        tree style= t[i][0];
+        if (is_func (style, TUPLE, 1)) style= style[0];
+        r[i]   = copy (t[i]);
+        r[i][0]= style;
+      }
+      else if (is_compound (t[i], "TeXmacs")) {
+        r[i]= compound ("TMU", tuple (TMU_VERSION, string (XMACS_VERSION)));
+      }
+      else r[i]= t[i];
+    }
+    t= r;
+  }
+
+  tmu_writer tmw;
+  tmw.write (t);
+  tmw.flush ();
+  tmw.buf << "\n"; // append an extra newline at the end of TMU file
+  return tmw.buf;
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Conversion of TMU strings to TeXmacs trees (document-level)
+ ******************************************************************************/
+tree
+tmu_document_to_tree (string s) {
+  tree error (ERROR, "bad format or data");
+
+  if (starts (s, "<TMU|<tuple|")) {
+    int           i            = index_of (s, '>');
+    string        version_tuple= s (N ("<TMU|<tuple|"), i);
+    array<string> version_arr  = tokenize (version_tuple, "|");
+    string        tmu_version  = version_arr[0];
+    string        xmacs_version= version_arr[1];
+    tree          doc          = tmu_to_tree (s, xmacs_version);
+
+    if (is_compound (doc, "TeXmacs", 1) || is_expand (doc, "TeXmacs", 1) ||
+        is_apply (doc, "TeXmacs", 1))
+      doc= tree (DOCUMENT, doc);
+
+    if (!is_document (doc)) return error;
+
+    if (N (doc) == 0 || !is_compound (doc[0], "TeXmacs", 1)) {
+      tree d (DOCUMENT);
+      d << compound ("TeXmacs", string (TEXMACS_VERSION));
+      d << A (doc);
+      doc= d;
+    }
+
+    return doc;
+  }
+  return error;
+}
diff --git a/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.hpp b/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..979c6008b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/moebius/Data/Convert/tmu.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * MODULE     : tmu.hpp
+ * DESCRIPTION: conversion between TeXmacs trees and the TMU file format
+ * COPYRIGHT  : (C) 1999  Joris van der Hoeven
+ *                  2024  Darcy Shen
+ *******************************************************************************
+ * This software falls under the GNU general public license version 3 or later.
+ * It comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER. For details, see the file LICENSE
+ * in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef TMU_H
+#define TMU_H
+
+#include "tree.hpp"
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Conversion of TMU strings to TeXmacs trees
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+tree tmu_to_tree (string s);
+tree tmu_to_tree (string s, string version);
+tree tmu_document_to_tree (string s);
+
+/******************************************************************************
+ * Conversion of TeXmacs trees to TMU strings
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+string tree_to_tmu (tree t);
+
+#endif // defined TMU_H
diff --git a/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.cpp b/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.cpp
index 02ac148ef5..6ef3f5bed5 100644
--- a/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.cpp
+++ b/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.cpp
@@ -84,6 +84,15 @@ is_document (tree t) {
   return L (t) == DOCUMENT;
 }
 
+bool
+is_snippet (tree doc) {
+  if (!is_document (doc)) return true;
+  int i, n= N (doc);
+  for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
+    if (is_compound (doc[i], "TeXmacs", 1)) return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
 bool
 is_concat (tree t) {
   return L (t) == CONCAT;
diff --git a/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.hpp b/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.hpp
index 7be72fb2fe..3dbdd099d0 100644
--- a/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.hpp
+++ b/moebius/Data/Tree/tree_helper.hpp
@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@ document (tree t1, tree t2, tree t3, tree t4, tree t5) {
 }
 
 bool is_document (tree t);
+bool is_snippet (tree doc);
 bool is_concat (tree t);
 bool is_format (tree t);
 bool is_formatting (tree t);
diff --git a/moebius/xmake.lua b/moebius/xmake.lua
index 3c3213185b..fa8af1cdc8 100644
--- a/moebius/xmake.lua
+++ b/moebius/xmake.lua
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ add_rules("mode.debug")
 
 local moe_root = os.scriptdir()
 local moe_files = {
+    path.join(moe_root, "Data/Convert/**.cpp"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Data/History/**.cpp"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Data/Tree/**.cpp"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Kernel/Types/**.cpp"),
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ local moe_files = {
     path.join(moe_root, "moebius/**.cpp"),
 }
 local moe_includedirs = {
+    path.join(moe_root, "Data/Convert"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Data/History"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Data/Tree"),
     path.join(moe_root, "Kernel/Types"),
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@ target("libmoebius") do
     add_deps("liblolly")
     add_packages("s7")
 
+    add_headerfiles("Data/Convert/(*.hpp)")
     add_headerfiles("Data/History/(*.hpp)")
     add_headerfiles("Data/Tree/(*.hpp)")
     add_headerfiles("Kernel/Types/(*.hpp)")
diff --git a/src/Data/Convert/Generic/generic.cpp b/src/Data/Convert/Generic/generic.cpp
index 8676e05985..5f8a58beec 100644
--- a/src/Data/Convert/Generic/generic.cpp
+++ b/src/Data/Convert/Generic/generic.cpp
@@ -16,15 +16,6 @@
 
 static url current_file_focus= url_none ();
 
-bool
-is_snippet (tree doc) {
-  if (!is_document (doc)) return true;
-  int i, n= N (doc);
-  for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
-    if (is_compound (doc[i], "TeXmacs", 1)) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
 url
 get_file_focus () {
   return current_file_focus;
diff --git a/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp b/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 530a85bf34..0000000000
--- a/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/from_tmu.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,378 +0,0 @@
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * MODULE     : from_tmu.cpp
- * DESCRIPTION: Convertion from the TMU format
- * COPYRIGHT  : (C) 1999  Joris van der Hoeven
- *                  2024  Darcy Shen
- *******************************************************************************
- * This software falls under the GNU general public license version 3 or later.
- * It comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER. For details, see the file LICENSE
- * in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html>.
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-#include "convert.hpp"
-#include "path.hpp"
-#include "preferences.hpp"
-#include "tree_helper.hpp"
-
-#include <lolly/data/numeral.hpp>
-#include <lolly/data/unicode.hpp>
-#include <moebius/drd/drd_std.hpp>
-#include <moebius/vars.hpp>
-
-using lolly::data::decode_from_utf8;
-using lolly::data::from_hex;
-using lolly::data::to_Hex;
-using moebius::drd::STD_CODE;
-
-using namespace moebius;
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Conversion of TeXmacs strings of the present format to TeXmacs trees
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-struct tmu_reader {
-  string               version; // document was composed using this version
-  hashmap<string, int> codes;   // codes for to present version
-  string               buf;     // the string being read from
-  int                  pos;     // the current position of the reader
-  string               last;    // last read string
-
-  tmu_reader (string buf2)
-      : version (XMACS_VERSION), codes (STD_CODE), buf (buf2), pos (0),
-        last ("") {}
-  tmu_reader (string buf2, string version2)
-      : version (version2), codes (get_codes (version)), buf (buf2), pos (0),
-        last ("") {}
-
-  int    skip_blank ();
-  string decode (string s);
-  string read_char ();
-  string read_next ();
-  string read_function_name ();
-  tree   read_apply (string s, bool skip_flag);
-  tree   read (bool skip_flag);
-};
-
-int
-tmu_reader::skip_blank () {
-  int n= 0, buf_N= N (buf);
-  for (; pos < buf_N; pos++) {
-    if (buf[pos] == ' ') continue;
-    if (buf[pos] == '\t') continue;
-    if (buf[pos] == '\r') continue;
-    if (buf[pos] == '\n') {
-      n++;
-      continue;
-    }
-    break;
-  }
-  return n;
-}
-
-string
-tmu_reader::decode (string s) {
-  int    i, n= N (s);
-  string r;
-  for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
-    if (((i + 1) < n) && (s[i] == '\\')) {
-      i++;
-      if (s[i] == ';')
-        ;
-      else if (s[i] == '\\') r << '\\';
-      else r << s[i];
-    }
-    else r << s[i];
-  return r;
-}
-
-string
-tmu_reader::read_char () {
-  int buf_N= N (buf);
-  while (((pos + 1) < buf_N) && (buf[pos] == '\\') && (buf[pos + 1] == '\n')) {
-    pos+= 2;
-    skip_spaces (buf, pos);
-  }
-  if (pos >= buf_N) return "";
-
-  int start_pos= pos;
-  decode_from_utf8 (buf, pos);
-  return buf (start_pos, pos);
-}
-
-string
-tmu_reader::read_next () {
-  int    buf_N  = N (buf);
-  int    old_pos= pos;
-  string c      = read_char ();
-  if (c == "") return c;
-  switch (c[0]) {
-  case '\t':
-  case '\n':
-  case '\r':
-  case ' ':
-    pos--;
-    if (skip_blank () <= 1) return " ";
-    else return "\n";
-  case '<': {
-    old_pos= pos;
-    c      = read_char ();
-    if (c == "") return "";
-    if (c == "#") return "<#";
-    if ((c == "\\") || (c == "|") || (c == "/")) return "<" * c;
-    if (is_iso_alpha (c[0]) || (c == ">")) {
-      pos= old_pos;
-      return "<";
-    }
-    pos= old_pos;
-    return "<";
-    /*
-    string d= read_char ();
-    if ((d == "\\") || (d == "|") || (d == "/")) return "<" * c * d;
-    pos= old_pos;
-    return "<" * c;
-    */
-  }
-  case '|':
-  case '>':
-    return c;
-  }
-
-  string r;
-  pos= old_pos;
-  while (true) {
-    old_pos= pos;
-    c      = read_char ();
-    if (c == "") return r;
-    else if (c == "\\") {
-      if ((pos < buf_N) && (buf[pos] == '\\')) {
-        r << c << "\\";
-        pos++;
-      }
-      else r << c << read_char ();
-    }
-    else if (c == "\t") break;
-    else if (c == "\r") break;
-    else if (c == "\n") break;
-    else if (c == " ") break;
-    else if (c == "<") break;
-    else if (c == "|") break;
-    else if (c == ">") break;
-    else r << c;
-  }
-  pos= old_pos;
-  return r;
-}
-
-string
-tmu_reader::read_function_name () {
-  string name= decode (read_next ());
-  // cout << "==> " << name << "\n";
-  while (true) {
-    last= read_next ();
-    // cout << "~~> " << last << "\n";
-    if ((last == "") || (last == "|") || (last == ">")) break;
-  }
-  return name;
-}
-
-static void
-get_collection (tree& u, tree t) {
-  if (is_func (t, COLLECTION) || is_func (t, DOCUMENT) || is_func (t, CONCAT)) {
-    for (const auto t_i : t) {
-      get_collection (u, t_i);
-    }
-  }
-  else if (is_compound (t)) u << t;
-}
-
-tree
-tmu_reader::read_apply (string name, bool skip_flag) {
-  // cout << "Read apply " << name << INDENT << LF;
-  tree t (make_tree_label (name));
-  if (codes->contains (name)) {
-    // cout << "  " << name << " -> " << as_string ((tree_label) codes [name])
-    // << "\n";
-    t= tree ((tree_label) codes[name]);
-  }
-
-  bool closed= !skip_flag;
-  int  buf_N = N (buf);
-  while (pos < buf_N) {
-    // cout << "last= " << last << LF;
-    bool sub_flag= (skip_flag) && ((last == "") || (last[N (last) - 1] != '|'));
-    if (sub_flag) (void) skip_blank ();
-    t << read (sub_flag);
-    if ((last == "/>") || (last == "/|")) closed= true;
-    if (closed && ((last == ">") || (last == "/>"))) break;
-  }
-  // cout << "last= " << last << UNINDENT << LF;
-  // cout << "Done" << LF;
-
-  if (is_func (t, COLLECTION)) {
-    tree u (COLLECTION);
-    get_collection (u, t);
-    return u;
-  }
-  return t;
-}
-
-static void
-flush (tree& D, tree& C, string& S, bool& spc_flag, bool& ret_flag) {
-  if (spc_flag) S << " ";
-  if (S != "") {
-    if ((N (C) == 0) || (!is_atomic (C[N (C) - 1]))) C << S;
-    else C[N (C) - 1]->label << S;
-    S       = "";
-    spc_flag= false;
-  }
-
-  if (ret_flag) {
-    if (N (C) == 0) D << "";
-    else if (N (C) == 1) D << C[0];
-    else D << C;
-    C       = tree (CONCAT);
-    ret_flag= false;
-  }
-}
-
-tree
-tmu_reader::read (bool skip_flag) {
-  int    buf_N= N (buf);
-  tree   D (DOCUMENT);
-  tree   C (CONCAT);
-  string S ("");
-  bool   spc_flag= false;
-  bool   ret_flag= false;
-
-  while (true) {
-    last= read_next ();
-    // cout << "--> " << last << "\n";
-    if (last == "") break;
-    if (last == "|") break;
-    if (last == ">") break;
-
-    if (last[0] == '<') {
-      char tail_char_of_last= last[N (last) - 1];
-      if (tail_char_of_last == '\\') {
-        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
-        string name= read_function_name ();
-        if (last == ">") last= "\\>";
-        else last= "\\|";
-        C << read_apply (name, true);
-      }
-      else if (tail_char_of_last == '|') {
-        (void) read_function_name ();
-        if (last == ">") last= "|>";
-        else last= "||";
-        break;
-      }
-      else if (tail_char_of_last == '/') {
-        (void) read_function_name ();
-        if (last == ">") last= "/>";
-        else last= "/|";
-        break;
-      }
-      else if (tail_char_of_last == '#') {
-        string r;
-        while ((buf[pos] != '>') && (pos + 2 < buf_N)) {
-          r << ((char) from_hex (buf (pos, pos + 2)));
-          pos+= 2;
-        }
-        if (buf[pos] == '>') pos++;
-        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
-        C << tree (RAW_DATA, r);
-        last= read_next ();
-        break;
-      }
-      else {
-        flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
-        string name= decode (read_next ());
-        string sep = ">";
-        if (name == ">") name= "";
-        else sep= read_next ();
-        // cout << "==> " << name << "\n";
-        // cout << "~~> " << sep << "\n";
-        if (sep == "|") {
-          last= "|";
-          C << read_apply (name, false);
-        }
-        else {
-          tree t (make_tree_label (name));
-          if (codes->contains (name)) {
-            // cout << name << " -> " << as_string ((tree_label) codes [name])
-            // << "\n";
-            t= tree ((tree_label) codes[name]);
-          }
-          C << t;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    else if (last == " ") spc_flag= true;
-    else if (last == "\n") ret_flag= true;
-    else {
-      flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
-      // cout << "<<< " << last << "\n";
-      // cout << ">>> " << decode (last) << "\n";
-      S << decode (last);
-      if ((S == "") && (N (C) == 0)) C << "";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (skip_flag) spc_flag= ret_flag= false;
-  flush (D, C, S, spc_flag, ret_flag);
-  if (N (C) == 1) D << C[0];
-  else if (N (C) > 1) D << C;
-  // cout << "*** " << D << "\n";
-  if (N (D) == 0) return "";
-  if (N (D) == 1) {
-    if (!skip_flag) return D[0];
-    if (is_func (D[0], COLLECTION)) return D[0];
-  }
-  return D;
-}
-
-tree
-tmu_to_tree (string s) {
-  tmu_reader tmr (s);
-  return tmr.read (true);
-}
-
-tree
-tmu_to_tree (string s, string version) {
-  tmu_reader tmr (s, version);
-  return tmr.read (true);
-}
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Conversion of TeXmacs strings to TeXmacs trees
- ******************************************************************************/
-tree
-tmu_document_to_tree (string s) {
-  tree error (ERROR, "bad format or data");
-
-  if (starts (s, "<TMU|<tuple|")) {
-    int           i            = index_of (s, '>');
-    string        version_tuple= s (N ("<TMU|<tuple|"), i);
-    array<string> version_arr  = tokenize (version_tuple, "|");
-    string        tmu_version  = version_arr[0];
-    string        xmacs_version= version_arr[1];
-    tree          doc          = tmu_to_tree (s, xmacs_version);
-
-    if (is_compound (doc, "TeXmacs", 1) || is_expand (doc, "TeXmacs", 1) ||
-        is_apply (doc, "TeXmacs", 1))
-      doc= tree (DOCUMENT, doc);
-
-    if (!is_document (doc)) return error;
-
-    if (N (doc) == 0 || !is_compound (doc[0], "TeXmacs", 1)) {
-      tree d (DOCUMENT);
-      d << compound ("TeXmacs", string (TEXMACS_VERSION));
-      d << A (doc);
-      doc= d;
-    }
-
-    return doc;
-  }
-  return error;
-}
diff --git a/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/to_tmu.cpp b/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/to_tmu.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d0cb1140fd..0000000000
--- a/src/Data/Convert/Mogan/to_tmu.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,302 +0,0 @@
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * MODULE     : to_tmu.cpp
- * DESCRIPTION: conversion of TeXmacs trees to the TMU file format
- * COPYRIGHT  : (C) 1999  Joris van der Hoeven
- *                  2024  Darcy Shen
- *******************************************************************************
- * This software falls under the GNU general public license version 3 or later.
- * It comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY WHATSOEVER. For details, see the file LICENSE
- * in the root directory or <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html>.
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-#include "convert.hpp"
-#include "tree_helper.hpp"
-
-#include <lolly/data/numeral.hpp>
-#include <moebius/drd/drd_std.hpp>
-
-using namespace moebius;
-using lolly::data::binary_to_hexadecimal;
-using moebius::drd::std_contains;
-
-const string TMU_VERSION= "1.1.0";
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Conversion of TeXmacs trees to the present TeXmacs string format
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-struct tmu_writer {
-  string buf; // the resulting string
-  string spc; // "" or " "
-  string tmp; // not yet flushed characters
-
-  int  tab;      // number of tabs after CR
-  bool spc_flag; // true if last printed character was a space or CR
-  bool ret_flag; // true if last printed character was a CR
-
-  tmu_writer ()
-      : buf (""), spc (""), tmp (""), tab (0), spc_flag (true),
-        ret_flag (true) {}
-
-  void cr ();
-  void flush ();
-  void write_space ();
-  void write_return ();
-  void write (string s, bool flag= true, bool encode_space= false);
-  void br (int indent= 0);
-  void tag (string before, string s, string after);
-  void apply (string func, array<tree> args);
-  void write (tree t);
-};
-
-void
-tmu_writer::cr () {
-  int i, n= N (buf);
-  for (i= n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-    if ((buf[i] != ' ') || ((i > 0) && (buf[i - 1] == '\\'))) break;
-  if (i < n - 1) {
-    buf= buf (0, i + 1);
-    n  = n - N (buf);
-    for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
-      buf << "\\ ";
-  }
-  buf << '\n';
-  for (i= 0; i < min (tab, 20); i++)
-    buf << ' ';
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::flush () {
-  int i, m= N (spc), n= N (tmp);
-  if ((m + n) == 0) return;
-  buf << spc << tmp;
-  spc= "";
-  tmp= "";
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::write_space () {
-  if (spc_flag) tmp << "\\ ";
-  else {
-    flush ();
-    spc= " ";
-  }
-  spc_flag= true;
-  ret_flag= false;
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::write_return () {
-  if (ret_flag) {
-    buf << "\\;\n";
-    cr ();
-  }
-  else {
-    if ((spc == " ") && (tmp == "")) {
-      spc= "";
-      tmp= "\\ ";
-    }
-    flush ();
-    buf << "\n";
-    cr ();
-  }
-  spc_flag= true;
-  ret_flag= true;
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::write (string s, bool flag, bool encode_space) {
-  if (flag) {
-    int i, n= N (s);
-    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
-      char c= s[i];
-      if ((c == ' ') && (!encode_space)) write_space ();
-      else {
-        if (c == ' ') tmp << "\\ ";
-        else if (c == '\\') tmp << "\\\\";
-        else if (c == '<') tmp << "\\<";
-        else if (c == '|') tmp << "\\|";
-        else if (c == '>') tmp << "\\>";
-        else tmp << c;
-        spc_flag= false;
-        ret_flag= false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    tmp << s;
-    if (N (s) != 0) {
-      spc_flag= false;
-      ret_flag= false;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::br (int indent) {
-  flush ();
-  tab+= indent;
-  int i;
-  int buf_N= N (buf);
-  for (i= buf_N - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (buf[i] == '\n') return;
-    if (buf[i] != ' ') {
-      cr ();
-      spc_flag= true;
-      ret_flag= false;
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::tag (string before, string s, string after) {
-  write (before, false);
-  write (s);
-  write (after, false);
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::apply (string func, array<tree> args) {
-  int i, last, n= N (args);
-  for (i= n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
-    if (is_document (args[i]) || is_func (args[i], COLLECTION)) break;
-  last= i;
-
-  if (last >= 0) {
-    for (i= 0; i <= n; i++) {
-      bool flag=
-          (i < n) && (is_document (args[i]) || is_func (args[i], COLLECTION));
-      if (i == 0) {
-        write ("<\\", false);
-        write (func, true, true);
-      }
-      else if (i == last + 1) {
-        write ("</", false);
-        write (func, true, true);
-      }
-      else if (is_document (args[i - 1]) || is_func (args[i - 1], COLLECTION)) {
-        write ("<|", false);
-        write (func, true, true);
-      }
-      if (i == n) {
-        write (">", false);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      if (flag) {
-        write (">", false);
-        br (2);
-        write (args[i]);
-        br (-2);
-      }
-      else {
-        write ("|", false);
-        write (args[i]);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else {
-    write ("<", false);
-    write (func, true, true);
-    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
-      write ("|", false);
-      write (args[i]);
-    }
-    write (">", false);
-  }
-}
-
-void
-tmu_writer::write (tree t) {
-  if (is_atomic (t)) {
-    write (t->label);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  int i, n= N (t);
-  switch (L (t)) {
-  case RAW_DATA: {
-    write ("<#", false);
-    string s= as_string (t[0]);
-    write (binary_to_hexadecimal (s), false);
-    write (">", false);
-    break;
-  }
-  case DOCUMENT:
-    spc_flag= true;
-    ret_flag= true;
-    for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
-      write (t[i]);
-      if (i < (n - 1)) write_return ();
-      else if (ret_flag) write ("\\;", false);
-    }
-    break;
-  case CONCAT:
-    for (i= 0; i < n; i++)
-      write (t[i]);
-    break;
-  case EXPAND:
-    if ((n >= 1) && is_atomic (t[0])) {
-      string s= t[0]->label;
-      if (std_contains (s))
-        ;
-      else if ((N (s) > 0) && (!is_iso_alpha (s)))
-        ;
-      else {
-        apply (s, A (t (1, n)));
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    apply (as_string (EXPAND), A (t));
-    break;
-  case COLLECTION:
-    tag ("<\\", as_string (COLLECTION), ">");
-    if (n == 0) br ();
-    else {
-      br (2);
-      for (i= 0; i < n; i++) {
-        write (t[i]);
-        if (i < (n - 1)) br ();
-      }
-      br (-2);
-    }
-    tag ("</", as_string (COLLECTION), ">");
-    break;
-  default:
-    apply (as_string (L (t)), A (t));
-    break;
-  }
-}
-
-/******************************************************************************
- * Conversion of TeXmacs trees to TeXmacs strings
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-string
-tree_to_tmu (tree t) {
-  if (!is_snippet (t)) {
-    int  t_N= N (t);
-    tree r (t, t_N);
-    for (int i= 0; i < t_N; i++) {
-      if (is_compound (t[i], "style", 1)) {
-        tree style= t[i][0];
-        if (is_func (style, TUPLE, 1)) style= style[0];
-        r[i]   = copy (t[i]);
-        r[i][0]= style;
-      }
-      else if (is_compound (t[i], "TeXmacs")) {
-        r[i]= compound ("TMU", tuple (TMU_VERSION, string (XMACS_VERSION)));
-      }
-      else r[i]= t[i];
-    }
-    t= r;
-  }
-
-  tmu_writer tmw;
-  tmw.write (t);
-  tmw.flush ();
-  tmw.buf << "\n"; // append an extra newline at the end of TMU file
-  return tmw.buf;
-}
diff --git a/src/Data/Convert/convert.hpp b/src/Data/Convert/convert.hpp
index 5e3db2c3b9..50942a7417 100644
--- a/src/Data/Convert/convert.hpp
+++ b/src/Data/Convert/convert.hpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 class object;
 
 /*** Miscellaneous ***/
-bool is_snippet (tree doc);
 void set_file_focus (url u);
 url  get_file_focus ();
 
@@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ tree                 eqnumber_to_nonumber (tree t);
 string               search_metadata (tree doc, string kind);
 
 /*** TMU ***/
-tree   tmu_to_tree (string s);
-tree   tmu_document_to_tree (string s);
-string tree_to_tmu (tree t);
+#include "tmu.hpp"
 
 /*** Verbatim ***/
 string tree_to_verbatim (tree t, bool wrap= false, string enc= "default");