03.Data_Wrangling_1of3.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python in Data Science"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Wrangling with Pandas \n",
    "### Part 1 of 3 - introduction"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Wrangling 1\n",
    "- Data wrangling, munging, tidying\n",
    "- Pandas - introduction\n",
    "- Row selection\n",
    "- Formating"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "---\n",
    "## Exercise 1 - easy\n",
    "\n",
    "Sort `long_list` according to the absolute value (ie. forget about the `-`)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20', '-1', '-2', '-3', '-4', '-5', '-6', '-7', '-8', '-9', '-10', '-11', '-12', '-13', '-14', '-15', '-16', '-17', '-18', '-19', '-20']\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_list = [ str(i) for i in range(21)] + [ str(i) for i in range(-1, -21, -1)]\n",
    "str(long_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abs(-1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "bad operand type for abs(): 'str'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-3-676b127b15ab>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mabs\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'-1'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abs('-1')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def absolute(x):\n",
    "    x = float(x)\n",
    "    return x if x > 0 else -x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "absolute('-1')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"['0', '1', '-1', '2', '-2', '3', '-3', '4', '-4', '5', '-5', '6', '-6', '7', '-7', '8', '-8', '9', '-9', '10', '-10', '11', '-11', '12', '-12', '13', '-13', '14', '-14', '15', '-15', '16', '-16', '17', '-17', '18', '-18', '19', '-19', '20', '-20']\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_list.sort(key=absolute)\n",
    "str(long_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"['-1', '-2', '-3', '-4', '-5', '-6', '-7', '-8', '-9', '-10', '-11', '-12', '-13', '-14', '-15', '-16', '-17', '-18', '-19', '-20', '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16', '17', '18', '19', '20']\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_list =  [ str(i) for i in range(-1, -21, -1)] + [ str(i) for i in range(21)]\n",
    "str(long_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"['0', '-1', '1', '-2', '2', '-3', '3', '-4', '4', '-5', '5', '-6', '6', '-7', '7', '-8', '8', '-9', '9', '-10', '10', '-11', '11', '-12', '12', '-13', '13', '-14', '14', '-15', '15', '-16', '16', '-17', '17', '-18', '18', '-19', '19', '-20', '20']\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_list.sort(key=absolute)\n",
    "str(long_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 2 - medium\n",
    "\n",
    "Generate numbers in the range `1-1000` that are NOT divisible by any number between `2` and `9`.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(1, []),\n",
       " (2, [2]),\n",
       " (3, [3]),\n",
       " (4, [2, 4]),\n",
       " (5, [5]),\n",
       " (6, [2, 3, 6]),\n",
       " (7, [7]),\n",
       " (8, [2, 4, 8]),\n",
       " (9, [3, 9]),\n",
       " (10, [2, 5]),\n",
       " (11, []),\n",
       " (12, [2, 3, 4, 6]),\n",
       " (13, []),\n",
       " (14, [2, 7]),\n",
       " (15, [3, 5]),\n",
       " (16, [2, 4, 8]),\n",
       " (17, []),\n",
       " (18, [2, 3, 6, 9]),\n",
       " (19, []),\n",
       " (20, [2, 4, 5])]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[ (num,[div for div in range(2,10) if num%div == 0])  for num in range(1,21)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "``` python\n",
    "[num for num in range(1,1001) if not [div for div in range(2,10) if num%div == 0]]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "str([num for num in range(1,1001) if not [div for div in range(2,10) if num%div == 0]][:21])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "str([num for num in range(1,1001) if not [div for div in range(2,10) if num%div == 0]][-20:])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 3 - hard\n",
    "\n",
    "Create a function that 'flattens' lists\n",
    "\n",
    "`l = [4, 1, [ 2, [7] ], 3]`\n",
    "\n",
    "`flatten(l)`\n",
    "\n",
    "`[4, 1, 2, 7, 3]`\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def flatten(input_list):\n",
    "    ret = []\n",
    "    for x in input_list:\n",
    "        if type(x)==type([]):\n",
    "            for y in flatten(x):\n",
    "                ret.append(y)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            ret.append(x)\n",
    "    return ret"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[4, 1, 2, 7, 3]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [4, 1, [ 2, [7] ], 3]\n",
    "l = flatten(l)\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def flatten(input_list):\n",
    "    copy = list(input_list)\n",
    "    for i in range(len(input_list)-1,-1,-1):\n",
    "        del input_list[i]\n",
    "    for x in copy:\n",
    "        if type(x)==type([]):\n",
    "            for y in flatten(x):\n",
    "                input_list.append(y)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            input_list.append(x)\n",
    "    return input_list"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = [4, 1, [ 2, [7] ], 3]\n",
    "flatten(l)\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters\n",
      "\n",
      "Beautiful is better than ugly.\n",
      "Explicit is better than implicit.\n",
      "Simple is better than complex.\n",
      "Complex is better than complicated.\n",
      "Flat is better than nested.\n",
      "Sparse is better than dense.\n",
      "Readability counts.\n",
      "Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.\n",
      "Although practicality beats purity.\n",
      "Errors should never pass silently.\n",
      "Unless explicitly silenced.\n",
      "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.\n",
      "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.\n",
      "Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.\n",
      "Now is better than never.\n",
      "Although never is often better than *right* now.\n",
      "If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.\n",
      "If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.\n",
      "Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import this"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "jupyter": {
     "source_hidden": true
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "![](img/road.jpg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Wrangling, Munging, Tidying "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data Wrangling\n",
    "- __Discovering__ (data exploration)\n",
    "- __Structuring__ (data preparation)\n",
    "- __Cleaning__ (standardization, getting rid of superflous data)\n",
    "- Enriching (adding new datasets)\n",
    "- Validating (verifying the business validity)\n",
    "- Publishing\n",
    "\n",
    "source: https://www.onlinewhitepapers.com/information-technology/six-core-data-wrangling-activities/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tidy Data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Wickham, Hadley - _\"Tidy Data\"_\n",
    "https://www.jstatsoft.org/index.php/jss/article/view/v059i10/v59i10.pdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "- __Each variable you measure should be in one column.__\n",
    "- __Each different observation of that variable should be in a different row.__\n",
    "- There should be one table for each \"kind\" of variable.\n",
    "- If you have multiple tables, they should include a column in the table that allows them to be linked."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pandas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "https://pandas.pydata.org/Pandas_Cheat_Sheet.pdf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = {'year': [2010, 2011, 2012, 2011, 2012, 2010, 2011, 2012],\n",
    "        'team': ['Bears', 'Bears', 'Bears', 'Packers', 'Packers', 'Lions',\n",
    "                 'Lions', 'Lions'],\n",
    "        'wins': [11, 8, 10, 15, 11, 6, 10, 4],\n",
    "        'losses': [5, 8, 6, 1, 5, 10, 6, 12]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
      "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
      "1  2011    Bears     8       8\n",
      "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
      "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
      "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
      "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
      "6  2011    Lions    10       6\n",
      "7  2012    Lions     4      12\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pandas \n",
    "\n",
    "football = pandas.DataFrame(data)\n",
    "print (football)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "1  2011    Bears     8       8\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
       "6  2011    Lions    10       6\n",
       "7  2012    Lions     4      12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>8.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011.125000</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.375000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.625000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.834523</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.377975</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.377975</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010.750000</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "              year       wins     losses\n",
       "count     8.000000   8.000000   8.000000\n",
       "mean   2011.125000   9.375000   6.625000\n",
       "std       0.834523   3.377975   3.377975\n",
       "min    2010.000000   4.000000   1.000000\n",
       "25%    2010.750000   7.500000   5.000000\n",
       "50%    2011.000000  10.000000   6.000000\n",
       "75%    2012.000000  11.000000   8.500000\n",
       "max    2012.000000  15.000000  12.000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "year       int64\n",
       "team      object\n",
       "wins       int64\n",
       "losses     int64\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "1  2011    Bears     8       8\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "<style scoped>\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
       "6  2011    Lions    10       6\n",
       "7  2012    Lions     4      12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.tail()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "footballc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2010\n",
       "1    2011\n",
       "2    2012\n",
       "3    2011\n",
       "4    2012\n",
       "5    2010\n",
       "6    2011\n",
       "7    2012\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football['year']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2010\n",
       "1    2011\n",
       "2    2012\n",
       "3    2011\n",
       "4    2012\n",
       "5    2010\n",
       "6    2011\n",
       "7    2012\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11\n",
       "1  2011    Bears     8\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6\n",
       "6  2011    Lions    10\n",
       "7  2012    Lions     4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football[['year', 'team', 'wins']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "## Row Selection\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Slicing\n",
    "2. Individual index (iloc / loc)\n",
    "3. Boolean indexing\n",
    "4. Combination"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Slicing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "1  2011    Bears     8       8\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
       "6  2011    Lions    10       6\n",
       "7  2012    Lions     4      12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football[3:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [ x*x for x in range(10)]\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[9, 16]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[3:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Individual index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### iloc\n",
    "- An integer, e.g. 5.\n",
    "- A list or array of integers, e.g. [4, 3, 0].\n",
    "- A slice object with ints, e.g. 1:7.\n",
    "- A boolean array.\n",
    "- A function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.iloc[[0,3]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "year       2012\n",
       "team      Bears\n",
       "wins         10\n",
       "losses        6\n",
       "Name: 2, dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.iloc[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.iloc[3:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year   team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010  Bears    11       5\n",
       "2  2012  Bears    10       6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football.iloc[[True,False,True,False,False,False,False, False]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### loc\n",
    "- A single label\n",
    "- A list or array of labels, e.g. ['a', 'b', 'c'].\n",
    "- A slice object with labels, e.g. 'a':'f' __(WARNING - both the start and the stop are included)__ \n",
    "- A boolean array\n",
    "- A callable function "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.529746</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.129327</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.263318</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.414268</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.211658</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.879194</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.583975</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.755551</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.302686</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.409075</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.378425</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.802556</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.222384</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922392</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.319765</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.695072</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.205148</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.459194</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.391734</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.308483</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.677213</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.383917</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.224267</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.090281</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   A         B         C\n",
       "2000-01-01 -0.529746  1.129327 -1.263318\n",
       "2000-01-02  0.414268 -1.211658  0.879194\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.583975 -0.755551 -1.302686\n",
       "2000-01-04 -0.409075  0.378425  1.802556\n",
       "2000-01-05  0.222384  0.922392  0.319765\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.695072 -1.205148 -0.459194\n",
       "2000-01-07  0.391734  0.308483 -0.677213\n",
       "2000-01-08  0.383917  1.224267 -1.090281"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "index = pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=8)\n",
    "df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 3), index=index, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A   -0.583975\n",
       "B   -0.755551\n",
       "C   -1.302686\n",
       "Name: 2000-01-03 00:00:00, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['2000-01-03']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.583975</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.755551</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.302686</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.409075</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.378425</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.802556</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   A         B         C\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.583975 -0.755551 -1.302686\n",
       "2000-01-04 -0.409075  0.378425  1.802556"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['2000-01-03': '2000-01-04'] "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Boolean indexing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football[football.wins > 10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Combination"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lions</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "1  2011    Bears     8       8\n",
       "2  2012    Bears    10       6\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5\n",
       "5  2010    Lions     6      10\n",
       "6  2011    Lions    10       6\n",
       "7  2012    Lions     4      12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football[(football.wins > 10) & (football.team == \"Packers\")]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>team</th>\n",
       "      <th>wins</th>\n",
       "      <th>losses</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bears</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>2012</td>\n",
       "      <td>Packers</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   year     team  wins  losses\n",
       "0  2010    Bears    11       5\n",
       "3  2011  Packers    15       1\n",
       "4  2012  Packers    11       5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "football[(football.wins > 10) | (football.team == \"Packers\")]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***\n",
    "\n",
    "## Formating"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   A         B         C\n",
       "2000-01-01  0.457899  0.330025  1.103836\n",
       "2000-01-02 -0.182450  0.922320 -0.876598\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.639069 -0.682079  0.504647\n",
       "2000-01-04 -1.611921 -0.670617  0.383995\n",
       "2000-01-05  1.631023 -0.996337  0.871324\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.667407  2.410278  1.190915\n",
       "2000-01-07 -0.718672  1.929484 -0.894280\n",
       "2000-01-08 -0.339477 -0.016698  1.760061"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "\n",
    "index = pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=8)\n",
    "df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 3), index=index, columns=['A', 'B', 'C'])\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0.45789852,  0.33002497,  1.10383596],\n",
       "       [-0.18245048,  0.92232013, -0.87659794],\n",
       "       [-0.63906945, -0.68207864,  0.50464686],\n",
       "       [-1.61192055, -0.67061725,  0.3839948 ],\n",
       "       [ 1.63102294, -0.9963374 ,  0.87132431],\n",
       "       [ 0.66740749,  2.41027762,  1.19091477],\n",
       "       [-0.71867245,  1.92948354, -0.89428028],\n",
       "       [-0.33947675, -0.01669775,  1.76006126]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "DatetimeIndex(['2000-01-01', '2000-01-02', '2000-01-03', '2000-01-04',\n",
       "               '2000-01-05', '2000-01-06', '2000-01-07', '2000-01-08'],\n",
       "              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['A', 'B', 'C'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newcols = []\n",
    "for i in range(len(df.columns)):\n",
    "    newcols.append(df.columns[i].lower())\n",
    "df.columns = newcols"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   a         b         c\n",
       "2000-01-01  0.457899  0.330025  1.103836\n",
       "2000-01-02 -0.182450  0.922320 -0.876598\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.639069 -0.682079  0.504647\n",
       "2000-01-04 -1.611921 -0.670617  0.383995\n",
       "2000-01-05  1.631023 -0.996337  0.871324\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.667407  2.410278  1.190915\n",
       "2000-01-07 -0.718672  1.929484 -0.894280\n",
       "2000-01-08 -0.339477 -0.016698  1.760061"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_42162_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_42162_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_42162_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39753fc40>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def color_negative_red(val):\n",
    "    color = 'red' if val < 0 else 'yellow'\n",
    "    return 'color: %s' % color"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_2c5dc_row0_col0, #T_2c5dc_row0_col1, #T_2c5dc_row0_col2, #T_2c5dc_row1_col1, #T_2c5dc_row2_col2, #T_2c5dc_row3_col2, #T_2c5dc_row4_col0, #T_2c5dc_row4_col2, #T_2c5dc_row5_col0, #T_2c5dc_row5_col1, #T_2c5dc_row5_col2, #T_2c5dc_row6_col1, #T_2c5dc_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  color: yellow;\n",
       "}\n",
       "#T_2c5dc_row1_col0, #T_2c5dc_row1_col2, #T_2c5dc_row2_col0, #T_2c5dc_row2_col1, #T_2c5dc_row3_col0, #T_2c5dc_row3_col1, #T_2c5dc_row4_col1, #T_2c5dc_row6_col0, #T_2c5dc_row6_col2, #T_2c5dc_row7_col0, #T_2c5dc_row7_col1 {\n",
       "  color: red;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_2c5dc_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_2c5dc_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08 00:00:00</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_2c5dc_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b798a90>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style.applymap(color_negative_red)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_6c84a_row0_col0, #T_6c84a_row0_col1, #T_6c84a_row0_col2, #T_6c84a_row1_col1, #T_6c84a_row2_col2, #T_6c84a_row3_col2, #T_6c84a_row4_col0, #T_6c84a_row4_col2, #T_6c84a_row5_col0, #T_6c84a_row5_col1, #T_6c84a_row5_col2, #T_6c84a_row6_col1, #T_6c84a_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  color: yellow;\n",
       "}\n",
       "#T_6c84a_row1_col0, #T_6c84a_row1_col2, #T_6c84a_row2_col0, #T_6c84a_row2_col1, #T_6c84a_row3_col0, #T_6c84a_row3_col1, #T_6c84a_row4_col1, #T_6c84a_row6_col0, #T_6c84a_row6_col2, #T_6c84a_row7_col0, #T_6c84a_row7_col1 {\n",
       "  color: red;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_6c84a_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_6c84a_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_6c84a_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b798640>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.index = pd.to_datetime(df.index, format = '%Y-%m-%d').strftime('%Y-%m-%d')\n",
    "df.style.applymap(color_negative_red)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def highlight_max(s):\n",
    "    is_max = s == s.max()\n",
    "    return ['background-color: blue' if v else '' for v in is_max]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_b5863_row4_col0, #T_b5863_row5_col1, #T_b5863_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  background-color: blue;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_b5863_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_b5863_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_b5863_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b7ba310>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style.apply(highlight_max)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_183df_row0_col2, #T_183df_row1_col1, #T_183df_row2_col2, #T_183df_row3_col2, #T_183df_row4_col0, #T_183df_row5_col1, #T_183df_row6_col1, #T_183df_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  background-color: blue;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_183df_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_183df_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_183df_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b7ba6d0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style.apply(highlight_max, axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_dda58_row4_col0, #T_dda58_row5_col1, #T_dda58_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  background-color: blue;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_dda58_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_dda58_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_dda58_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b77cc10>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style.apply(highlight_max, axis=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style type=\"text/css\">\n",
       "#T_c76ec_row0_col0, #T_c76ec_row0_col1, #T_c76ec_row0_col2, #T_c76ec_row1_col1, #T_c76ec_row2_col2, #T_c76ec_row3_col2, #T_c76ec_row4_col2, #T_c76ec_row5_col0, #T_c76ec_row5_col2, #T_c76ec_row6_col1 {\n",
       "  color: yellow;\n",
       "}\n",
       "#T_c76ec_row1_col0, #T_c76ec_row1_col2, #T_c76ec_row2_col0, #T_c76ec_row2_col1, #T_c76ec_row3_col0, #T_c76ec_row3_col1, #T_c76ec_row4_col1, #T_c76ec_row6_col0, #T_c76ec_row6_col2, #T_c76ec_row7_col0, #T_c76ec_row7_col1 {\n",
       "  color: red;\n",
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       "#T_c76ec_row4_col0, #T_c76ec_row5_col1, #T_c76ec_row7_col2 {\n",
       "  background-color: blue;\n",
       "  color: yellow;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table id=\"T_c76ec_\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th class=\"blank level0\" >&nbsp;</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col0\" >a</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col1\" >b</th>\n",
       "      <th class=\"col_heading level0 col2\" >c</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row0\" class=\"row_heading level0 row0\" >2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row0_col0\" class=\"data row0 col0\" >0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row0_col1\" class=\"data row0 col1\" >0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row0_col2\" class=\"data row0 col2\" >1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row1\" class=\"row_heading level0 row1\" >2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row1_col0\" class=\"data row1 col0\" >-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row1_col1\" class=\"data row1 col1\" >0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row1_col2\" class=\"data row1 col2\" >-0.876598</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row2\" class=\"row_heading level0 row2\" >2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row2_col0\" class=\"data row2 col0\" >-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row2_col1\" class=\"data row2 col1\" >-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row2_col2\" class=\"data row2 col2\" >0.504647</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row3\" class=\"row_heading level0 row3\" >2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row3_col0\" class=\"data row3 col0\" >-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row3_col1\" class=\"data row3 col1\" >-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row3_col2\" class=\"data row3 col2\" >0.383995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row4\" class=\"row_heading level0 row4\" >2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row4_col0\" class=\"data row4 col0\" >1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row4_col1\" class=\"data row4 col1\" >-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row4_col2\" class=\"data row4 col2\" >0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row5\" class=\"row_heading level0 row5\" >2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row5_col0\" class=\"data row5 col0\" >0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row5_col1\" class=\"data row5 col1\" >2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row5_col2\" class=\"data row5 col2\" >1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row6\" class=\"row_heading level0 row6\" >2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row6_col0\" class=\"data row6 col0\" >-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row6_col1\" class=\"data row6 col1\" >1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row6_col2\" class=\"data row6 col2\" >-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th id=\"T_c76ec_level0_row7\" class=\"row_heading level0 row7\" >2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row7_col0\" class=\"data row7 col0\" >-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row7_col1\" class=\"data row7 col1\" >-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td id=\"T_c76ec_row7_col2\" class=\"data row7 col2\" >1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.io.formats.style.Styler at 0x2a39b77ceb0>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.style.apply(highlight_max, axis=0).applymap(color_negative_red)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## New columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.sum = df.a + df.b + df.c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  </thead>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.457899</td>\n",
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       "      <td>1.103836</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.876598</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.639069</td>\n",
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       "      <td>0.504647</td>\n",
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       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.383995</td>\n",
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       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.631023</td>\n",
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       "      <td>0.871324</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.190915</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.894280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.760061</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   a         b         c\n",
       "2000-01-01  0.457899  0.330025  1.103836\n",
       "2000-01-02 -0.182450  0.922320 -0.876598\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.639069 -0.682079  0.504647\n",
       "2000-01-04 -1.611921 -0.670617  0.383995\n",
       "2000-01-05  1.631023 -0.996337  0.871324\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.667407  2.410278  1.190915\n",
       "2000-01-07 -0.718672  1.929484 -0.894280\n",
       "2000-01-08 -0.339477 -0.016698  1.760061"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df['sum'] = df.a + df.b + df.c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.182450</td>\n",
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       "      <td>-0.876598</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.136728</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.504647</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.871324</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.506010</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.190915</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.268600</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.894280</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.316531</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.760061</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.403887</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   a         b         c       sum\n",
       "2000-01-01  0.457899  0.330025  1.103836  1.891759\n",
       "2000-01-02 -0.182450  0.922320 -0.876598 -0.136728\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.639069 -0.682079  0.504647 -0.816501\n",
       "2000-01-04 -1.611921 -0.670617  0.383995 -1.898543\n",
       "2000-01-05  1.631023 -0.996337  0.871324  1.506010\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.667407  2.410278  1.190915  4.268600\n",
       "2000-01-07 -0.718672  1.929484 -0.894280  0.316531\n",
       "2000-01-08 -0.339477 -0.016698  1.760061  1.403887"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>a</th>\n",
       "      <th>b</th>\n",
       "      <th>c</th>\n",
       "      <th>sum</th>\n",
       "      <th>new_empty</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-01</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.457899</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.330025</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.103836</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.891759</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-02</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.182450</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.922320</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.876598</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.136728</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-03</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.639069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.682079</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.504647</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.816501</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-04</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.611921</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.670617</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.383995</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.898543</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-05</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.631023</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.996337</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.871324</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.506010</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-06</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.667407</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.410278</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.190915</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.268600</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-07</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.718672</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.929484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.894280</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.316531</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2000-01-08</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.339477</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.016698</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.760061</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.403887</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                   a         b         c       sum  new_empty\n",
       "2000-01-01  0.457899  0.330025  1.103836  1.891759          0\n",
       "2000-01-02 -0.182450  0.922320 -0.876598 -0.136728          0\n",
       "2000-01-03 -0.639069 -0.682079  0.504647 -0.816501          0\n",
       "2000-01-04 -1.611921 -0.670617  0.383995 -1.898543          0\n",
       "2000-01-05  1.631023 -0.996337  0.871324  1.506010          0\n",
       "2000-01-06  0.667407  2.410278  1.190915  4.268600          0\n",
       "2000-01-07 -0.718672  1.929484 -0.894280  0.316531          0\n",
       "2000-01-08 -0.339477 -0.016698  1.760061  1.403887          0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 82,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[\"new_empty\"] = 0\n",
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "To github.com:MichalKorzycki/PythonDataScienceEN.git\n",
      "   e1bc5e8..737df92  main -> main\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!git push"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "### Exercise 1\n",
    "\n",
    "Create a summary for `Packers` (create a `DataFrame` for that team)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Exercise 2\n",
    "\n",
    "Add the column `games_played` to the DataFrame `football` "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Exercise 3\n",
    "\n",
    "Add the column `percentage_games_won` to the DataFrame `football` "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Exercise 4\n",
    "\n",
    "Display the data for the  `Packers` team only for even years"
   ]
  }
 ],
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