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<title>REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE KAROO CENTRAL ASTRONOMY ADVANTAGE AREAS IMPLEMENTATION </title>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="dropbtn">Declaration</a>
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<p><button class="btn danger"><a href="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Core.jpeg">Core Astronomy Advantage Area</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Central.jpeg">Central Astronomy Advantage Area</a></button></p>
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<p><button class="btn danger"><a href="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Corridor.jpeg">Buffers for radio equipment and electrical equipment</a></button></p>
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<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-WebExport/qgis2web_2020_08_28-14_50_30_982545/">Farmhouse and Renewable energy Maps</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-RFI-Studies/FarmPortions50km/Losses.html">Farmhouse pathloss to SKA Virtual Centre</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-RFI-Studies/REDZ/Losses.html">Renewable energy development zones (REDZ)</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-RFI-Studies/REEA/Losses.html">Path loss calculation for renewable energy facilities</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-WebExport/qgis2web_2020_08_03-11_25_02_774525/">Map of renewable energy facilities</a></button></p>
<p><button class="btn danger"><a href= "http://bigrat.jb.man.ac.uk/~sjm/Spectrum/Karoo-WebExport/qgis2web_2020_08_03-11_25_02_774525/">Path loss calculation for renewable energy facilities</a></button></p>
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<div id="content" class="row" style="margin-bottom: 10px">
<h1 style="margin-top: 12px;text-align:center; font-size:3vw;"><b>REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE KAROO CENTRAL ASTRONOMY ADVANTAGE AREAS</b></h1>
<div class="col-sm-6">
<div id="home-carousel" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">
<ol class="carousel-indicators">
<li data-target="#home-carousel" data-slide-to="0" class=""></li>
<li data-target="#home-carousel" data-slide-to="1" class=""></li>
<li data-target="#home-carousel" data-slide-to="2" class="active"></li>
</ol>
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<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Core.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%">
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">Core Astronomy Advantage Area is the physical area in which most of observatory or instruments are located</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item active">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Central.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%" >
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">Central Astronomy Advantage Areas is the area where the Minister restrict radio spectrum use that has detrimental use on astronomy</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Buffer.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%">
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">Buffers includes 20 KM radius for saturation and 50 KM radius that ICASA exempted spectrum require a permit</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Corridor.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%" >
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">Corridors include 10 KM for saturation, 30 KM for electrical equipment, 50 KM for wind turbines</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/RSA.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%">
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">The AGA legislation in South Africa preserve and protect areas that are uniquely suited for radio astronomy</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Africa.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%" >
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">African patner countries are Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/FarmsKCAAA.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%" >
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">The radio frequency spectrum from 100 MHz to 25.5 GHz is restricted for astronomy purpose</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Farms50KM.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:99%">
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">The circle with a 50 KM radius identifies the area that ICASA exempted spectrum require a permit</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="item">
<img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Servitude.jpeg" class="img-rounded img-responsive" alt="banner" style="width:100%" >
<div class="carousel-caption">
<p style="color:black;">The location for the remote telescope stations in the SKA spiral arm</p>
</div>
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<h4 class="panel-title">
<a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#accordion" href="#collapse1">Booklet & brochure for KCAAA Regulations</a>
</h4>
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<div id="collapse1" class="panel-collapse collapse in">
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<a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#accordion" href="#collapse2">Background on Regulations to protect KCAAAs</a>
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<div class="panel-body" font-size: 10px;><button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://www.dst.gov.za/ama/index.php/documents/regulations/43-regulations-on-the-protection-of-the-karoo-central-astronomy-advantage-areas/file">Regulations</a></button> on the protection of the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Areas (KCAAAs) were developed in terms of the Astronomy Geographic Advantage legislation (AGA Act of 2007). These regulations protect, preserve and properly maintain the KCAAAs in respect of radio frequency interference or interference in any other manner. The draft regulations were published on 23 November 2015 in the Government Gazette No. 39939.The public consultation was undertaken in the form of written submission and oral presentation. Professor JCW van Rooyen SC chaired the public consultation meetings in Pretoria and Carnarvon, respectively on 13 and 20 October 2016. <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://www.dst.gov.za/ama/index.php/documents/regulations/42-publication-of-a-report-by-the-minister-on-public-oral-hearings-on-regulations-to-protect-the-karoo-central-astronomy-advantage-areas/file">Professor van Rooyen</a></button> submitted his report to the Minister on 24 January 2017 with the recommendation to finalise the regulations. The final regulations were gazetted on 15 December 2017 and became operational starting from 15 December 2018. The requirement to comply with the regulations was extended to 15 December 2020.</div>
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<p>The regulations are limited to what is reasonably necessary to protect the scientific integrity of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) as a priority, while other fundamental rights are also protected in so far as it is reasonably possible. The financial cost which directly results from the need to protect the SKA is payed back by the Minister of Science and Technology. The regulations protect scientific activities from radio frequency interference (RFI) of intentional radio communication services such as cellular phones or WiFi over a longer distance, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) of electrical equipment emissions over a shorter distance.</p>
<p>Weak RFI signal pollute a smaller portion of the spectrum, which can be masked to continue with astronomy observation, while strong RFI signal cannot be masked because the entire spectrum is polluted, whereas even stronger RFI could damage the telescope receiver. Although EMI travels for a shorter distance, the signal cannot be masked because a large portion of the spectrum is polluted.</p>
<p>The first intention of the AGA Act and KCAAAs Regulations is to maximise the availability of a continuous clean spectrum in the frequency band from 100 MHz to 25 500 MHz. The second intention is to minimise the impact of radio communications and electrical activities that exceed the <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://www.dst.gov.za/ama/index.php/documents/regulations/32-regulations-on-radio-astronomy-protection-levels-in-astronomy-advantage-areas-declared-for-the-purposes-of-radio-astronomy/file">SARAS</a></button> protection levels. The third intention is to avoid total disruption from interference that exceed the saturation threshold or damage to the astronomy reception equipment. The protection measures are not applied evenly over all declared astronomy advantage areas because <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Adrian_%20Infographic5.jpg">stringent protection</a></button> level is applied at the SKA virtual centre and the level relaxes as one move away from the SKA virtual centre. The least protection level is to prevent the saturation radio frequency interference threshold of (minus) -100 dBm at each of the remote telescope station, which could damage the equipment or render the telescope receiver unusable. The regulations do not prevent local community members from accessing the radio frequency spectrum. The list of exempted spectrum which can be used within the declared KCAAAs, which includes the frequency used by cellular phones and WiFi was published.</p>
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<a data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#accordion" href="#collapse4">Administration of KCAAA Regulations</a>
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<p><button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://www.dst.gov.za/ama/index.php/documents/notices/47-icasa-notice-to-radio-frequency-spectrum-licensees-operating-within-the-karoo-central-astronomy-advantage-areas-to-apply-for-a-permit/file">The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA)</a></button> issued a notice to all Radio Frequency Spectrum Licensees operating within the KCAAAs to apply for a permit with the Astronomy Management Authority to continue operating within the KCAAAs. Upon receipt of the permit, a Radio Frequency Spectrum Licensee must submit the permit together with the licence to ICASA for altering if required. Based on section 22(6) of the AGA Act, read with section 30(1) and section 31 of the Electronic Communications Act, ICASA has an obligation not to issue a Radio Frequency Spectrum Licence where the spectrum used could cause RFI in the KCAAAs.</p>
<p><button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/KCAAA_farm_attenuation.html">Farm owners located within the radius of 50 KM</a></button> from the SKA virtual centre are required to submit a permit application to continue using the radio frequency spectrum that is <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DYFJq5a7QSXQEnYyNtnDtTuksX9eEB_Z/view?usp=sharing">exempted by ICASA</a></button> for equipment such as WiFi, DECT Cordless Phone, Public Mobile Radio, Low Power Video Surveillance, and Meter Reading. Farms within the 50 KM radius are near the SKA virtual centre that has stringent protection level, whereas farms outside the 50 KM radius have a more relaxed protection level.</p>
<p>Majority of Radio Frequency Spectrum Licensees operating within the KCAAAs are expected to submit <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://ama.dst.gov.za/AGAact/fileDownload/download/238">FORM 3</a></button> Permit application with the applicant or the competent person conducting the required compliance assessment. Whereas, majority of Farm owners are expected to submit <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://ama.dst.gov.za/AGAact/fileDownload/download/237">FORM 2</a></button> Permit application that requires the management authority to perform the compliance assessment. All permit applications are submitted online. The online permit applications automatically generate all necessary technical information when the farm owner select the equipment from a dropdown list. Additional support is provided to farm owners experiencing difficulty with the online permit application. The management authority appointed a local contractor to travel to each farm for a permit application. <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://ama.dst.gov.za/AGAact/fileDownload/download/239">FORM 4</a></button> application for financial compensation and <button class="btn Links"><a href= "https://ama.dst.gov.za/AGAact/fileDownload/download/240">FORM 5</a></button> permit application in connection with electrical equipment are also submitted online. The Astronomy Management Astronomy provide remote support in relation to the Permit application and Financial compensation.</p>
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<div class="desc">FORM 5: Permit application in connection with electrical activities</div>
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<iframe src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTFX-eHMY17bfalvMGNwkRocym-A7JjY-ECVMDC-J20OkOLWTGvm_WpkET04H8DEKGitwShDdx-HXnq/pub?embedded=true" width="100%" height="500" seamless="seamless" scrolling="yes" frameBorder="0" allowFullScreen></iframe>
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<h3><a href="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/KCAAAs.html"> <img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Declared%20areas.jpeg" alt="DST AMA" style="width:100%" </a></h3>
<button onclick="myFunction('Demo1')" class="w3-button w3-block w3-lime w3-left-align">Detailed description of KCAAAs</button>
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<p>Core AAA is a physical area in which most of the telescope stations are located.</p>
<p>Central AAAs is where the Minister restrict the use of radio frequency spectrum that has detrimental impact on astronomy.</p>
<p>Coordinated AAA is where the Minister sets standards and conditions to prevent detrimental impact on astronomy.</p>
<p>20 KM buffer is the circle with a 20 KM radius to determine the saturation level.</p>
<p>10 KM protection corridor is the spiral arms area to determine the saturation level for radio transmitters and SARAS level for electrical equipment.</p>
<p>Permit is required for radio equipment using ICASA exempted spectrum within a 50 KM radius.</p>
<p>Permit is required for electrical equipment above 100 kVA within a distance of 30 km from the nearest SKA Infrastructure Territory corridor.</p>
<p>Permit is required for wind turbine electricity generation facility within a distance of 50 km from the nearest SKA Infrastructure Territory corridor.</p>
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<h3><a href="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/KCAAA_farm_attenuation.html"> <img src="https://matlhane.github.io/AMAwebsite/Farms50KM.jpeg" alt="DST AMA" style="width:100%"</a></h3>
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<p>The radio telescope should be located in the area that has little or no interference.</p>
<p>Cosmic radio signal detected and measured by radio telescopes are weaker than manmade radio transmission or electrical emission.</p>
<p>A cellular telephone located on the Moon would produce a signal on Earth that radio astronomers consider quite strong.</p>
<p>The radio telescope interference can be caused by terrestrial transmissions reflected by the Moon.</p>
<p>Radio astronomy interference leads to both data loss and loss of data quality.</p>
<p>The risk classification of radio transmission and electrical emission varies between extreme risk, high risk, medium risk and low risk.</p>
<p>Radio transmission and electrical emission in the core area and some of the servitude farms poses an extreme risk of interference.</p>
<p>Radio transmission and electrical emission within the 20 KM radius and some of servitude farms poses high risk of interference.</p>
<p>Radio transmission and electrical emission within the 50 KM radius, KCAAA3 and KCAAA2 poses medium risk of interference.</p>
<p>Radio transmission and electrical emission within in the KCAAA1 pose a low risk of interreference.</p>
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<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR11')"> CISPR 11: Industrial, scientific and medical equipment</button>
<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR12')"> CISPR 12: Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines</button>
<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR14')"> CISPR 14: Household appliances, electric tools </button>
<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR15')"> CISPR 15: Electrical lighting</button>
<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR20')"> CISPR 20: Sound and television broadcast</button>
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<button class="btn" onclick="filterSelection('CISPR32')"> CISPR 32: EMC of multimedia equipment – Emission requirements</button>
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Mustang</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">a.c. or d.c. power port</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">arc welding equipment</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">Microwave oven </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">Battery Chargers</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">photovoltaic power generating system (Solar)</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">Wind power generating system (Wind turbines)</div>
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<div class="filterDiv CISPR11">electromagnetic radiation</div>
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<div class="filterDiv CISPR12 CISPR25">Car radios </div>
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<div class="filterDiv CISPR12 CISPR25">Spark discharge</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Battery Chargers</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Induction cooking appliances </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Kitchen machines</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Refrigerators and freezers</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Washing machines</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Dish-washers</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Tumble dryers</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Electro-mechanical office machines</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR14">Lawn mowers</div>
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<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Audio Amplifiers </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Car radios </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">CD / DVD Player </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Copying Machine </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Data Printer: Dot matrix, laser, LED </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Data Display: CRT, plasma, LED, Liquid crystal </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Data Input Device: Keyboard, mouse </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Data Processor: Computer, calculator </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Digital Still Camera </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Digital Video Camera </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">FM sound receivers </div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Local Area Network devices</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Modem (all types)</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Telecommunication Terminal</div>
<div class="filterDiv CISPR32 CISPR35">Television receivers </div>
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