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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Dotless Domains</title>
<meta name="author" content="Matheus Avellar">
<meta name="description" content="List of active and historical dotless domains!">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="./apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="./favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="./favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="mask-icon" href="./safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#000">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.avl.la" crossorigin>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css?v4">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Dotless Domains</h1>
</header>
<main>
<p>
"Dotless domains" are domains that consist of a single label (e.g.
<a href="http://ai/">http://ai/</a>, as opposed to
http://<em>example</em>.ai/; or contact@<strong>pa</strong> as opposed to
contact@<em>example</em>.pa) due to there being A/AAAA or MX records in
the apex of a TLD zone.<a href="#ref1">[1]</a>
</p>
<p>
ICANN is notoriously against the practice,<a href="#ref1">[1]</a> and
prohibits it where it can – namely, on gTLDs.<a href="#ref3">[3]</a>
However, ccTLDs are under the country's jurisdiction, so it can do as it
pleases, and as such there are examples of active dotless ccTLD domains.
</p>
<p>
For email, the protocol itself would need to allow a dotless domain as a
destination address. According to ICANN's SSAC,<a href="#ref1">[1]</a>
SMTP requires at least two labels (i.e. "domain.tld") to deliver an email,
so it is unlikely Panama would receive an email sent to
<strong>contact@pa</strong>, for example. For completeness' sake, however,
apex MX servers are listed below as well.
</p>
<p><b>Table of Contents:</b></p>
<ol id="toc">
<li>
<a href="#aaaaa">A or AAAA</a>
<ol>
<li>
<a href="#aaaaa-current">Current</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#aaaaa-screenshots">Screenshots</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#aaaaa-new">New TLDs</a></li>
<li>
<a href="#aaaaa-historical">Historical</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#aaaaa-hist-shots">Screenshots</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#mx">MX only</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#mx-current">Current</a></li>
<li><a href="#mx-historical">Historical</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#bonus">Bonus: Dotless Dot?</a></li>
<li><a href="#special-thanks">Special Thanks</a></li>
<li><a href="#references">References</a></li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h2>
<a id="aaaaa" href="#aaaaa">#</a>
A or AAAA
</h2>
<h3>
<a id="aaaaa-current" href="#aaaaa-current">#</a>
Current
</h3>
<section class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<th>Territory</th>
<th>ccTLD</th>
<th>URL</th>
<th>IP<br>(A/AAAA)</th>
<th>Email server<br>(MX)</th>
<th>Status</th>
<th>First seen on</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="alive">
<td>Anguilla (UK)</td>
<td>.ai</td>
<td><a href="http://ai./">http://ai/</a></td>
<td><a href="http://209.59.119.34/">209.59.119.34</a></td>
<td>mail.offshore.ai</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP</dt>
<dd>Alive (information page)</dd>
<dt>HTTPS</dt>
<dd>Connection refused</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="no-content">
<td>Cameroon</td>
<td>.cm</td>
<td><a href="http://cm./">http://cm/</a></td>
<td><a href="http://195.24.205.60/">195.24.205.60</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP/S</dt>
<dd>Timeout</dd>
<dt>Other</dt>
<dd>SSH open</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tokelau (NZ)</td>
<td>.tk</td>
<td><a href="http://tk./">http://tk/</a></td>
<td><a href="http://217.119.57.22/">217.119.57.22</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP/S</dt>
<dd>Timeout</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="alive">
<td>Uzbekistan</td>
<td>.uz</td>
<td><a href="https://uz./">https://uz/</a></td>
<td><a href="https://91.212.89.8/">91.212.89.8</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP</dt>
<dd>500 Internal Server Error</dd>
<dt>HTTPS</dt>
<dd>Alive (<a href="https://cctld.uz/">cctld.uz</a> mirror)</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vatican</td>
<td>.va</td>
<td><a href="http://va./">http://va/</a></td>
<td><a href="http://[2a01:b8:0:1:212:77:0:2]/">[2a01:b8:0:1:212:77:0:2]</a><br>
<a href="http://[2a01:b8:0:1:212:77:0:110]/">[2a01:b8:0:1:212:77:0:110]</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>Other</dt>
<dd>No known open ports, aside from DNS</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>Aug. 2021</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Samoa</td>
<td>.ws</td>
<td><a href="http://ws./">http://ws/</a></td>
<td><a href="http://64.70.19.33/">64.70.19.33</a></td>
<td>mail.worldsite.ws</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dt>HTTP/S</dt>
<dd>Timeout</dd>
<dt>Other</dt>
<dd>SSH timeout</dd>
</dl>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<p class="timestamp">Last checked: 10 Jan. 2024.</p>
<h4>
<a id="aaaaa-screenshots" href="#aaaaa-screenshots">#</a>
Screenshots
</h4>
<section class="gallery">
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2022-10-23_ai.png" data-llb-src="href" data-llb-gallery>
<img src="./screenshots/2022-10-23_ai.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>http://ai/</b> as of 23 Oct. 2022.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2021-08-13_ai.png" data-llb-src="href" data-llb-gallery>
<img src="./screenshots/2021-08-13_ai.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>http://ai/</b> on 13 Aug. 2021.<br>
(mirror of <a href="http://offshore.ai">offshore.ai</a>)
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2023-08-21_cm.png" data-llb-src="href" data-llb-gallery>
<img src="./screenshots/2023-08-21_cm.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>cm:22</b> as of 21 Aug. 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2021-08-13_tk.png" data-llb-src="href" data-llb-gallery>
<img src="./screenshots/2021-08-13_tk.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>tk:443</b> on 13 Aug. 2021.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2021-08-13_uz.png" data-llb-src="href" data-llb-gallery>
<img src="./screenshots/2021-08-13_uz.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>https://uz/</b> as of 13 Aug. 2021.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<h3>
<a id="aaaaa-new" href="#aaaaa-new">#</a>
New TLDs
</h3>
<p>
In order to prevent local aliases from colliding with newly registered
TLDs (think programmers using <b>foo.bar</b> as a test domain before the
creation of the gTLD <b>.bar</b>), ICANN published a resolution in 2014
requiring new TLDs to include a few apex DNS records on their TLDs for at
least 90 days.<a href="#ref4">[4]</a>
</p>
<p>
As such, the following TLDs also contain apex records, but they're merely
informational and don't point to real servers:
</p>
<section class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<th>TLD</th>
<th>IP<br>(A/AAAA)</th>
<th>Email server<br>(MX)</th>
<th>Text record<br>(TXT)</th>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>.arab</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="http://127.0.53.53/">127.0.53.53</a></td>
<td>your-dns-needs-immediate-attention.arab</td>
<td rowspan="2">"Your DNS configuration needs immediate attention see
<a href="https://icann.org/namecollision">https://icann.org/namecollision</a>"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>.music</td>
<td>your-dns-needs-immediate-attention.music</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<p class="timestamp">Last checked: 10 Jan. 2024.</p>
<h3>
<a id="aaaaa-historical" href="#aaaaa-historical">#</a>
Historical
</h3>
<p>
These are TLDs that previously had apex records, but no longer do so. The
bulk of it comes from a list by the IETF from 2013:
</p>
<section class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<th>Territory</th>
<th>ccTLD</th>
<th>URL</th>
<th>IP<br>(A/AAAA)</th>
<th>Email server<br>(MX)</th>
<th>Known<br>working date</th>
</thead>
<tbody class="td-last-center">
<tr>
<td>Ascension (UK)</td>
<td>.ac</td>
<td>http://ac/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.223.78.210/">193.223.78.210</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bahrain</td>
<td>.bh</td>
<td>http://bh/</td>
<td><a href="http://88.201.27.211/">88.201.27.211</a><br>
<a href="http://10.10.10.10/">10.10.10.10</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Aug. 2021—<br>Jan. 2022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Denmark</td>
<td>.dk</td>
<td>http://dk/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.163.102.24/">193.163.102.24</a><br>
<a href="http://[2a01:630:0:40:b1a:b1a:2011:1]">[2a01:630:0:40:b1a:b1a:2011:1]</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guernsey (UK)</td>
<td>.gg</td>
<td>http://gg/</td>
<td><a href="http://87.117.196.80/">87.117.196.80</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>British Indian<br>Ocean Territory (UK)</td>
<td>.io</td>
<td>http://io/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.223.78.212/">193.223.78.212</a></td>
<td>mailer2.io</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jersey (UK)</td>
<td>.je</td>
<td>http://je/</td>
<td><a href="http://87.117.196.80/">87.117.196.80</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cambodia</td>
<td>.kh</td>
<td>http://kh/</td>
<td><a href="http://203.223.32.21/">203.223.32.21</a></td>
<td>ns1.dns.net.kh</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitcairn Islands (UK)</td>
<td>.pn</td>
<td>http://pn/</td>
<td><a href="http://139.162.17.173/">139.162.17.173</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Aug. 2021—<br>Aug. 2023</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Saint Helena (UK)</td>
<td>.sh</td>
<td>http://sh/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.223.78.211/">193.223.78.211</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Turkmenistan</td>
<td>.tm</td>
<td>http://tm/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.223.78.213/">193.223.78.213</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tonga</td>
<td>.to</td>
<td>http://to/</td>
<td><a href="http://216.74.32.107/">216.74.32.107</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Virgin Islands (US)</td>
<td>.vi</td>
<td>http://vi/</td>
<td><a href="http://193.0.0.198/">193.0.0.198</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<h4>
<a id="aaaaa-screenshots" href="#aaaaa-hist-shots">#</a>
Screenshots
</h4>
<section class="gallery">
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2021-08-13_bh.png" data-llb-src="href">
<img src="./screenshots/2021-08-13_bh.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>http://bh/</b> on 13 Aug. 2021.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2023-08-21_pn.png" data-llb-src="href">
<img src="./screenshots/2023-08-21_pn.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>http://pn/</b> on 21 Aug. 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
<hr>
<h2>
<a id="mx" href="#mx">#</a>
MX only
</h2>
<h3>
<a id="mx-current" href="#mx-current">#</a>
Current
</h3>
<section class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<th>Territory</th>
<th>ccTLD</th>
<th>Email server<br>(MX)</th>
<th>First seen on</th>
</thead>
<tbody class="td-last-center">
<tr>
<td>Central African Republic</td>
<td>.cf</td>
<td>mail.intnet.cf</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guadeloupe (FR)</td>
<td>.gp</td>
<td>ns1.nic.gp</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guatemala</td>
<td>.gt</td>
<td>aspmx2.googlemail.com<br>
aspmx4.googlemail.com<br>
aspmx5.googlemail.com<br>
aspmx.l.google.com<br>
alt1.aspmx.l.google.com<br>
alt2.aspmx.l.google.com<br>
</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Croatia</td>
<td>.hr</td>
<td>alpha.carnet.hr</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Comoros</td>
<td>.km</td>
<td>mail1.comorestelecom.km</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sri Lanka</td>
<td>.lk</td>
<td>malithi-slt.nic.lk<br>
malithi-lc.nic.lk</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Martinique (FR)</td>
<td>.mq</td>
<td>mx1-mq.mediaserv.net</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mauritania</td>
<td>.mr</td>
<td>mail.nic.mr</td>
<td>Aug. 2021</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Panama</td>
<td>.pa</td>
<td>ns.pa</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Suriname</td>
<td>.sr</td>
<td>spsbbank.sr</td>
<td>Aug. 2021</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trinidad and Tobago</td>
<td>.tt</td>
<td>aspmx.l.google.com<br>
alt1.aspmx.l.google.com</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ukraine</td>
<td>.ua</td>
<td>mr.kolo.net</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<p class="timestamp">Last checked: 10 Jan. 2024.</p>
<h3>
<a id="mx-historical" href="#mx-historical">#</a>
Historical
</h3>
<p>
Similarly to the historical A/AAAA records, these are TLDs that previously
(only) had apex MX records, but no longer do so:
</p>
<section class="table-wrapper">
<table>
<thead>
<th>Territory</th>
<th>ccTLD</th>
<th>Email server<br>(MX)</th>
<th>Known<br>working date</th>
</thead>
<tbody class="td-last-center">
<tr>
<td>Åland Islands (FI)</td>
<td>.ax</td>
<td>mail.aland.net</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dominica</td>
<td>.dm</td>
<td>mail.nic.dm</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cambodia</td>
<td>.kh</td>
<td>ns1.dns.net.kh</td>
<td>Jan. 2022—<br>Oct. 2022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Philippines</td>
<td>.ph</td>
<td>mx1.sendnow.ph<br>
mx2.sendnow.ph<br>
mx3.sendnow.ph<br>
mx4.sendnow.ph<br>
mx5.sendnow.ph</td>
<td>Aug. 2021—<br>Oct. 2022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vatican</td>
<td>.va</td>
<td>raphaelmx1.posta.va<br>
raphaelmx2.posta.va<br>
raphaelmx3.posta.va</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yemen</td>
<td>.ye</td>
<td>mail.yemen.net.ye</td>
<td>2013<a href="#ref5">[5]</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<hr>
<h2>
<a id="bonus" href="#bonus">#</a>
Bonus: Dotless Dot?
</h2>
<p>
Dotless domains work because Top Level Domains are just as much nodes in
the DNS tree as Second Level Domains, or any other level beneath them.
That means they can contain A, AAAA and MX records.
</p>
<p>
Another, often forgotten node in the DNS tree is <b>the root</b>,
represented by a single dot. It's the parent of all TLDs! Technically
speaking, every domain terminates with a dot: [example.com] is, in fact,
[example.com<b>.</b>]; "example" is a child of "com" which, in turn, is a
child of "<b>.</b>".
</p>
<p>
Followed to its logical conclusion, this means the root domain could also
contain A, AAAA and MX records! That is, accessing
<a href="http://./">http://<b>.</b>/</a> or emailing
example@<b>.</b> is, at least in theory, possible.
</p>
<p>
However, the odds of that happening are very nearly zero; as such, the
root doesn't have A, AAAA or MX records – and likely won't, ever.
</p>
<section class="gallery">
<figure>
<a href="./screenshots/2023-09-03_root.png" data-llb-src="href">
<img src="./screenshots/2023-09-03_root.png">
</a>
<figcaption data-llb-caption="visible">
<b>http://./</b> as of 3 Sep. 2023.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</section>
</main>
<footer>
<h2>
<a id="special-thanks" href="#special-thanks">#</a>
Special Thanks
</h2>
<p>
Thanks to <b>Jan Schaumann</b> for writing about quirks of TLDs (on their
blog, at <a href="https://www.netmeister.org/blog/tlds.html">netmeister.org/blog/tlds.html</a>,
and on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/jschauma/status/1426003590997495812">twitter.com/i/status/<span style="word-break:break-all">1426003590997495812</span></a>),
which is what inspired the creation of this page in the first place!
</p>
<h2>
<a id="references" href="#references">#</a>
References
</h2>
<ol>
<li id="ref1">
<p>
<a href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/sac053-dotless-domains-2012-08-24-en">SSAC
Report on Dotless Domains</a> (2012). <i>Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers</i>.<br>
<b>Relevant quote:</b> <q>As a result, the
SSAC recommended that the use of DNS resource records such as A, AAAA,
and MX in the apex of a Top-Level Domain (TLD) should be contractually
prohibited where appropriate, and strongly discouraged in all
cases.</q>
</p>
</li>
<li id="ref2">
<p>
<a href="https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/2013-2/iab-statement-dotless-domains-considered-harmful/">IAB
Statement: Dotless Domains Considered Harmful</a> (2013). <i>Internet
Architecture Board</i>.<br>
<b>Relevant quote:</b> <q>1. The IAB strongly
recommends against considering, implementing, or deploying dotless
domains; 2. The IAB believes that dotless domains are inherently
harmful to Internet security.</q>
</p>
</li>
<li id="ref3">
<p>
<a href="https://www.icann.org/resources/board-material/resolutions-new-gtld-2013-08-13-en">Approved
Resolutions | Meeting of the New gTLD Program Committee</a> (2013).
<i>New gTLD Program Committee</i>.<br>
<b>Relevant quote:</b> <q>[…]the NGPC
affirms that the use of dotless domains is prohibited.</q>
</p>
</li>
<li id="ref4">
<p>
Atallah, Akram (2014). <a href="https://newgtlds.icann.org/sites/default/files/agreements/name-collision-assessment-04aug14-en.htm">Name
Collision Occurrence Assessment</a>. <i>Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers</i>.
</p>
</li>
<li id="ref5">
<p>
Levine, John; Hoffman, Paul (2013). <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7085">Top-Level
Domains That Are Already Dotless</a>. <i>Internet Engineering Task Force</i>.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="timestamp">
Made with ♥︎<!--︎[Ref] stackoverflow.com/a/38452396/4824627-->
by Matheus Avellar<br>Last updated on Aug. 2023
</p>
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