forked from tidyverse/datascience-box
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
u3-d01-misrepresentation.html
394 lines (310 loc) · 11.4 KB
/
u3-d01-misrepresentation.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>Misrepresentation</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="datasciencebox.org" />
<script src="libs/header-attrs/header-attrs.js"></script>
<link href="libs/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/font-awesome/css/v4-shims.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/panelset/panelset.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/panelset/panelset.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../xaringan-themer.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../slides.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<textarea id="source">
class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide
# Misrepresentation
## <br><br> Data Science in a Box
### <a href="https://datasciencebox.org/">datasciencebox.org</a>
---
layout: true
<div class="my-footer">
<span>
<a href="https://datasciencebox.org" target="_blank">datasciencebox.org</a>
</span>
</div>
---
class: middle
# Causality
---
<img src="img/exercise-cancer-time.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Alice Park. [Exercise Can Lower Risk of Some Cancers By 20%](https://time.com/4330041/reduce-cancer-risk-exercise/). Time Magazine. 16 May 2016.
]
]
---
<img src="img/exercise-cancer-latimes.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Melissa Healy. [Exercising drives down risk for 13 cancers, research shows
](https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-exercising-cancer-20160516-story.html).
Los Angeles Times. 16 May 2016.
]
]
---
## Original study
Moore, Steven C., et al. **["Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults."](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2521826)** JAMA internal medicine 176.6 (2016): 816-825.
- **Volunteers** were **asked** about their physical activity level over the preceding year.
- Half exercised less than about 150 minutes per week, half exercised more.
- Compared to the bottom 10% of exercisers, the top 10% had lower rates of esophageal, liver, lung, endometrial, colon, and breast cancer.
- Researchers found no association between exercising and 13 other cancers (e.g. pancreatic, ovarian, and brain).
.footnote[
.midi[
Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West. [Calling Bullshit: The art of skepticism in a data-driven world](https://www.callingbullshit.org/).
Random House, 2020.
Sharon Begley. ["Does exercise prevent cancer?"](https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/16/exercise-prevent-cancer/). StatNews. 16 May 2016.
]
]
---
class: middle
# Axes and scale
---
.question[
What is the difference between these two pictures? Which presents a better way to represent these data?
]
<img src="img/axis-start-at-0.png" width="80%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Christopher Ingraham. ["You’ve been reading charts wrong. Here’s how a pro does it."](https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/14/youve-been-reading-charts-wrong-heres-how-pro-does-it/).
The Washington Post. 14 October 2019.
]
]
---
.question[
What is wrong with this picture? How would you correct it?
]
<img src="img/cost_of_gas.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
.pull-left-wide[
<img src="u3-d01-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="img/cost_of_gas.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
---
.question[
What is wrong with this picture? How would you correct it?
]
<img src="img/ga-dph-declining-bars.jpg" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0;" />
---
## Graph detective
.center[
<iframe width="900" height="450" src="https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/" frameborder="0"></iframe>
]
.footnote[
.midi[
Lucy D'Agostino McGowan. [Graph detective](https://livefreeordichotomize.com/2020/05/17/graph-detective/). Live Free or Dichotomize. 17 May 2020.
]
]
---
class: middle
# Maps and areas
---
.question[
Do you recognize this map? What does it show?
]
<img src="img/election-2016-county.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
--
.footnote[
.midi[
Lazaro Gamio. ["Election maps are telling you big lies about small things"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/how-election-maps-lie/).
The Washington Post. 1 Nov 2016.
]
]
---
.pull-left[
<img src="img/citizens-for-trump.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
--
.pull-right[
<img src="img/counties-for-trump.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]
---
<img src="img/cairo-vote-percentages.png" width="65%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]
---
<img src="img/cairo-what-matters.png" width="900" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [Visual Trumpery talk](https://visualtrumperytour.wordpress.com/).
]
]
---
class: middle
# Visualising uncertainty
---
On December 19, 2014, the front page of Spanish national newspaper El
País read *"Catalan public opinion swings toward 'no' for independence, says survey"*.
<img src="u3-d01-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/catalan-misleading-1.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. [The truthful art: Data, charts, and maps for communication](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/the-truthful-art-book.html). New Riders, 2016.
]
]
---
.pull-left-wide[
<img src="u3-d01-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.pull-right-narrow[
<img src="u3-d01-misrepresentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]
.footnote[
.midi[
Alberto Cairo. ["Uncertainty and Graphicacy: How Should Statisticians Journalists and Designers Reveal Uncertainty in Graphics for Public Consumption?"](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/powerfromstatistics/OR/PfS-OutlookReport-Cairo.pdf), Power from Statistics: Data Information and Knowledge, 2017.
]
]
---
class: middle
# Further reading
---
.pull-left[
<img src="img/cairo-how-charts-lie.jpg" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
]
.pull-right[
[How Charts Lie](http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/reviews.html)
Getting Smarter about Visual Information
by Alberto Cairo
]
---
.pull-left[
<img src="img/calling-bullshit.png" width="350" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" />
]
.pull-right[
[Calling Bullshit](https://www.callingbullshit.org/)
The Art of Skepticism in a
Data-Driven World
by Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West
]
</textarea>
<style data-target="print-only">@media screen {.remark-slide-container{display:block;}.remark-slide-scaler{box-shadow:none;}}</style>
<script src="https://remarkjs.com/downloads/remark-latest.min.js"></script>
<script>var slideshow = remark.create({
"ratio": "16:9",
"highlightLines": true,
"highlightStyle": "solarized-light",
"countIncrementalSlides": false
});
if (window.HTMLWidgets) slideshow.on('afterShowSlide', function (slide) {
window.dispatchEvent(new Event('resize'));
});
(function(d) {
var s = d.createElement("style"), r = d.querySelector(".remark-slide-scaler");
if (!r) return;
s.type = "text/css"; s.innerHTML = "@page {size: " + r.style.width + " " + r.style.height +"; }";
d.head.appendChild(s);
})(document);
(function(d) {
var el = d.getElementsByClassName("remark-slides-area");
if (!el) return;
var slide, slides = slideshow.getSlides(), els = el[0].children;
for (var i = 1; i < slides.length; i++) {
slide = slides[i];
if (slide.properties.continued === "true" || slide.properties.count === "false") {
els[i - 1].className += ' has-continuation';
}
}
var s = d.createElement("style");
s.type = "text/css"; s.innerHTML = "@media print { .has-continuation { display: none; } }";
d.head.appendChild(s);
})(document);
// delete the temporary CSS (for displaying all slides initially) when the user
// starts to view slides
(function() {
var deleted = false;
slideshow.on('beforeShowSlide', function(slide) {
if (deleted) return;
var sheets = document.styleSheets, node;
for (var i = 0; i < sheets.length; i++) {
node = sheets[i].ownerNode;
if (node.dataset["target"] !== "print-only") continue;
node.parentNode.removeChild(node);
}
deleted = true;
});
})();
(function() {
"use strict"
// Replace <script> tags in slides area to make them executable
var scripts = document.querySelectorAll(
'.remark-slides-area .remark-slide-container script'
);
if (!scripts.length) return;
for (var i = 0; i < scripts.length; i++) {
var s = document.createElement('script');
var code = document.createTextNode(scripts[i].textContent);
s.appendChild(code);
var scriptAttrs = scripts[i].attributes;
for (var j = 0; j < scriptAttrs.length; j++) {
s.setAttribute(scriptAttrs[j].name, scriptAttrs[j].value);
}
scripts[i].parentElement.replaceChild(s, scripts[i]);
}
})();
(function() {
var links = document.getElementsByTagName('a');
for (var i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
if (/^(https?:)?\/\//.test(links[i].getAttribute('href'))) {
links[i].target = '_blank';
}
}
})();
// adds .remark-code-has-line-highlighted class to <pre> parent elements
// of code chunks containing highlighted lines with class .remark-code-line-highlighted
(function(d) {
const hlines = d.querySelectorAll('.remark-code-line-highlighted');
const preParents = [];
const findPreParent = function(line, p = 0) {
if (p > 1) return null; // traverse up no further than grandparent
const el = line.parentElement;
return el.tagName === "PRE" ? el : findPreParent(el, ++p);
};
for (let line of hlines) {
let pre = findPreParent(line);
if (pre && !preParents.includes(pre)) preParents.push(pre);
}
preParents.forEach(p => p.classList.add("remark-code-has-line-highlighted"));
})(document);</script>
<script>
slideshow._releaseMath = function(el) {
var i, text, code, codes = el.getElementsByTagName('code');
for (i = 0; i < codes.length;) {
code = codes[i];
if (code.parentNode.tagName !== 'PRE' && code.childElementCount === 0) {
text = code.textContent;
if (/^\\\((.|\s)+\\\)$/.test(text) || /^\\\[(.|\s)+\\\]$/.test(text) ||
/^\$\$(.|\s)+\$\$$/.test(text) ||
/^\\begin\{([^}]+)\}(.|\s)+\\end\{[^}]+\}$/.test(text)) {
code.outerHTML = code.innerHTML; // remove <code></code>
continue;
}
}
i++;
}
};
slideshow._releaseMath(document);
</script>
<!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained -->
<script>
(function () {
var script = document.createElement('script');
script.type = 'text/javascript';
script.src = 'https://mathjax.rstudio.com/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML';
if (location.protocol !== 'file:' && /^https?:/.test(script.src))
script.src = script.src.replace(/^https?:/, '');
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(script);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>