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Continuous Learning for Android Malware Detection (USENIX Security 2023)

Yizheng Chen, Zhoujie Ding, and David Wagner

Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04332

Datasets

Download this from Google Drive. The zipped file contains DREBIN features of the APIGraph dataset and AndroZoo dataset we used in the paper.

Extract the downloaded file to data/, such that the datasets are under data/gen_apigraph_drebin and data/gen_androzoo_drebin.

  • We collected data/gen_apigraph_drebin by downloading the sample hashes released by the APIGraph paper. The samples are from 2012 to 2018.
  • We collected data/gen_androzoo_drebin by downloading apps from AndroZoo. The samples are from 2019 to 2021.

Example Active Learning Run

The following example trains an enc-mlp model using hi-dist-xent loss, i.e., our Hierarchical Contrastive Classifier, and it runs active learning with 200 samples / month budget using our Psuedo Loss Sample Selector.

#! /bin/bash

SEQ=088
LR=0.003
OPT=sgd
SCH=step
DECAY=0.95
E=250
WLR=0.00015
WE=100
DATA=gen_apigraph_drebin
TRAIN_START=2012-01
TRAIN_END=2012-12
TEST_START=2013-01
TEST_END=2018-12
RESULT_DIR=results_ours
AL_OPT=adam

CNT=200

modeldim="512-384-256-128"
S='half'
B=1024
LOSS='hi-dist-xent'
TS=$(date "+%m.%d-%H.%M.%S")

nohup python -u relabel.py	                                \
            --data ${DATA}                                  \
            --benign_zero                                   \
            --mdate 20230501                                \
            --train_start ${TRAIN_START}                    \
            --train_end ${TRAIN_END}                        \
            --test_start ${TEST_START}                      \
            --test_end ${TEST_END}                          \
            --encoder simple-enc-mlp                        \
            --classifier simple-enc-mlp                     \
            --loss_func ${LOSS}                             \
            --enc-hidden ${modeldim}                        \
            --mlp-hidden 100-100                            \
            --mlp-dropout 0.2                               \
            --sampler ${S}                                  \
            --bsize ${B}                                    \
            --optimizer ${OPT}                              \
            --scheduler ${SCH}                              \
            --learning_rate ${LR}                           \
            --lr_decay_rate ${DECAY}                        \
            --lr_decay_epochs "10,500,10"                   \
            --epochs ${E}                                   \
            --encoder-retrain                               \
            --al_optimizer ${AL_OPT}                        \
            --warm_learning_rate ${WLR}                     \
            --al_epochs ${WE}                               \
            --xent-lambda 100                               \
            --display-interval 180                          \
            --al                                            \
            --count ${CNT}                                  \
            --local_pseudo_loss                             \
            --reduce "none"                                 \
            --sample_reduce 'mean'                          \
            --result experiments/020_revision/${RESULT_DIR}/gen_apigraph_cnt${CNT}_${SEQ}_warm_lr${LR}_${OPT}_${SCH}_${DECAY}_e${E}_${AL_OPT}_wlr${WLR}_we${WE}_test_${TEST_START}_${TEST_END}_cnt${CNT}.csv \
            --log_path experiments/020_revision/${RESULT_DIR}/gen_apigraph_cnt${CNT}_${SEQ}_warm_lr${LR}_${OPT}_${SCH}_${DECAY}_e${E}_${AL_OPT}_wlr${WLR}_we${WE}_test_${TEST_START}_${TEST_END}_cnt${CNT}_${TS}.log \
            >> experiments/020_revision/${RESULT_DIR}/gen_apigraph_cnt${CNT}_${SEQ}_warm_lr${LR}_${OPT}_${SCH}_${DECAY}_e${E}_${AL_OPT}_wlr${WLR}_we${WE}_test_${TEST_START}_${TEST_END}_cnt${CNT}_${TS}.log 2>&1 &

Example Scripts

We used the scripts under experiments/020_revision to run experiments in the paper. We ran these jobs on a Slurm GPU cluster (thanks to Center for AI Safety). If you would like to run the same script on a GPU server, not managed by Slurm, you would need to remove the lines starting with #SBATCH and also the last line (i.e. wait).