getcolb.c

/*  This file, getcolb.c, contains routines that read data elements from   */
/*  a FITS image or table, with unsigned char (unsigned byte) data type.   */

/*  The FITSIO software was written by William Pence at the High Energy    */
/*  Astrophysic Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) at the NASA      */
/*  Goddard Space Flight Center.                                           */

#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "fitsio2.h"

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgpvb( fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
            long  group,      /* I - group to read (1 = 1st group)           */
            LONGLONG  firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
            LONGLONG  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
            unsigned char nulval, /* I - value for undefined pixels          */
            unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are returned   */
            int  *anynul,     /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
            int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of values from the primary array. Data conversion
  and scaling will be performed if necessary (e.g, if the datatype of
  the FITS array is not the same as the array being read).
  Undefined elements will be set equal to NULVAL, unless NULVAL=0
  in which case no checking for undefined values will be performed.
  ANYNUL is returned with a value of .true. if any pixels are undefined.
*/
{
    long row;
    char cdummy;
    int nullcheck = 1;
    unsigned char nullvalue;

    if (fits_is_compressed_image(fptr, status))
    {
        /* this is a compressed image in a binary table */
         nullvalue = nulval;  /* set local variable */

        fits_read_compressed_pixels(fptr, TBYTE, firstelem, nelem,
            nullcheck, &nullvalue, array, NULL, anynul, status);
        return(*status);
    }
    /*
      the primary array is represented as a binary table:
      each group of the primary array is a row in the table,
      where the first column contains the group parameters
      and the second column contains the image itself.
    */

    row=maxvalue(1,group);

    ffgclb(fptr, 2, row, firstelem, nelem, 1, 1, nulval,
               array, &cdummy, anynul, status);
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgpfb( fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
            long  group,      /* I - group to read (1 = 1st group)           */
            LONGLONG  firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
            LONGLONG  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
            unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are returned   */
            char *nularray,   /* O - array of null pixel flags               */
            int  *anynul,     /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
            int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of values from the primary array. Data conversion
  and scaling will be performed if necessary (e.g, if the datatype of
  the FITS array is not the same as the array being read).
  Any undefined pixels in the returned array will be set = 0 and the 
  corresponding nularray value will be set = 1.
  ANYNUL is returned with a value of .true. if any pixels are undefined.
*/
{
    long row;
    int nullcheck = 2;

    if (fits_is_compressed_image(fptr, status))
    {
        /* this is a compressed image in a binary table */

        fits_read_compressed_pixels(fptr, TBYTE, firstelem, nelem,
            nullcheck, NULL, array, nularray, anynul, status);
        return(*status);
    }

    /*
      the primary array is represented as a binary table:
      each group of the primary array is a row in the table,
      where the first column contains the group parameters
      and the second column contains the image itself.
    */

    row=maxvalue(1,group);

    ffgclb(fptr, 2, row, firstelem, nelem, 1, 2, 0,
               array, nularray, anynul, status);
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffg2db(fitsfile *fptr,  /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
           long  group,     /* I - group to read (1 = 1st group)           */
           unsigned char nulval, /* set undefined pixels equal to this     */
           LONGLONG  ncols,     /* I - number of pixels in each row of array   */
           LONGLONG  naxis1,    /* I - FITS image NAXIS1 value                 */
           LONGLONG  naxis2,    /* I - FITS image NAXIS2 value                 */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array to be filled and returned    */
           int  *anynul,    /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
           int  *status)    /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an entire 2-D array of values to the primary array. Data conversion
  and scaling will be performed if necessary (e.g, if the datatype of the
  FITS array is not the same as the array being read).  Any null
  values in the array will be set equal to the value of nulval, unless
  nulval = 0 in which case no null checking will be performed.
*/
{
    /* call the 3D reading routine, with the 3rd dimension = 1 */

    ffg3db(fptr, group, nulval, ncols, naxis2, naxis1, naxis2, 1, array, 
           anynul, status);

    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffg3db(fitsfile *fptr,  /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
           long  group,     /* I - group to read (1 = 1st group)           */
           unsigned char nulval, /* set undefined pixels equal to this     */
           LONGLONG  ncols,     /* I - number of pixels in each row of array   */
           LONGLONG  nrows,     /* I - number of rows in each plane of array   */
           LONGLONG  naxis1,    /* I - FITS image NAXIS1 value                 */
           LONGLONG  naxis2,    /* I - FITS image NAXIS2 value                 */
           LONGLONG  naxis3,    /* I - FITS image NAXIS3 value                 */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array to be filled and returned    */
           int  *anynul,    /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
           int  *status)    /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an entire 3-D array of values to the primary array. Data conversion
  and scaling will be performed if necessary (e.g, if the datatype of the
  FITS array is not the same as the array being read).  Any null
  values in the array will be set equal to the value of nulval, unless
  nulval = 0 in which case no null checking will be performed.
*/
{
    long tablerow, ii, jj;
    LONGLONG narray, nfits;
    char cdummy;
    int  nullcheck = 1;
    long inc[] = {1,1,1};
    LONGLONG fpixel[] = {1,1,1};
    LONGLONG lpixel[3];
    unsigned char nullvalue;

    if (fits_is_compressed_image(fptr, status))
    {
        /* this is a compressed image in a binary table */

        lpixel[0] = ncols;
        lpixel[1] = nrows;
        lpixel[2] = naxis3;
        nullvalue = nulval;  /* set local variable */

        fits_read_compressed_img(fptr, TBYTE, fpixel, lpixel, inc,
            nullcheck, &nullvalue, array, NULL, anynul, status);
        return(*status);
    }

    /*
      the primary array is represented as a binary table:
      each group of the primary array is a row in the table,
      where the first column contains the group parameters
      and the second column contains the image itself.
    */
    tablerow=maxvalue(1,group);

    if (ncols == naxis1 && nrows == naxis2)  /* arrays have same size? */
    {
       /* all the image pixels are contiguous, so read all at once */
       ffgclb(fptr, 2, tablerow, 1, naxis1 * naxis2 * naxis3, 1, 1, nulval,
               array, &cdummy, anynul, status);
       return(*status);
    }

    if (ncols < naxis1 || nrows < naxis2)
       return(*status = BAD_DIMEN);

    nfits = 1;   /* next pixel in FITS image to read */
    narray = 0;  /* next pixel in output array to be filled */

    /* loop over naxis3 planes in the data cube */
    for (jj = 0; jj < naxis3; jj++)
    {
      /* loop over the naxis2 rows in the FITS image, */
      /* reading naxis1 pixels to each row            */

      for (ii = 0; ii < naxis2; ii++)
      {
       if (ffgclb(fptr, 2, tablerow, nfits, naxis1, 1, 1, nulval,
          &array[narray], &cdummy, anynul, status) > 0)
          return(*status);

       nfits += naxis1;
       narray += ncols;
      }
      narray += (nrows - naxis2) * ncols;
    }

    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgsvb(fitsfile *fptr, /* I - FITS file pointer                         */
           int  colnum,    /* I - number of the column to read (1 = 1st)    */
           int naxis,      /* I - number of dimensions in the FITS array    */
           long  *naxes,   /* I - size of each dimension                    */
           long  *blc,     /* I - 'bottom left corner' of the subsection    */
           long  *trc,     /* I - 'top right corner' of the subsection      */
           long  *inc,     /* I - increment to be applied in each dimension */
           unsigned char nulval, /* I - value to set undefined pixels       */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array to be filled and returned     */
           int  *anynul,   /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0   */
           int  *status)   /* IO - error status                             */
/*
  Read a subsection of data values from an image or a table column.
  This routine is set up to handle a maximum of nine dimensions.
*/
{
    long ii, i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, row, rstr, rstp, rinc;
    long str[9], stp[9], incr[9], dir[9];
    long nelem, nultyp, ninc, numcol;
    LONGLONG felem, dsize[10], blcll[9], trcll[9];
    int hdutype, anyf;
    char ldummy, msg[FLEN_ERRMSG];
    int  nullcheck = 1;
    unsigned char nullvalue;

    if (naxis < 1 || naxis > 9)
    {
        snprintf(msg, FLEN_ERRMSG,"NAXIS = %d in call to ffgsvb is out of range", naxis);
        ffpmsg(msg);
        return(*status = BAD_DIMEN);
    }

    if (fits_is_compressed_image(fptr, status))
    {
        /* this is a compressed image in a binary table */

        for (ii=0; ii < naxis; ii++) {
	    blcll[ii] = blc[ii];
	    trcll[ii] = trc[ii];
	}

        nullvalue = nulval;  /* set local variable */

        fits_read_compressed_img(fptr, TBYTE, blcll, trcll, inc,
            nullcheck, &nullvalue, array, NULL, anynul, status);
        return(*status);
    }

/*
    if this is a primary array, then the input COLNUM parameter should
    be interpreted as the row number, and we will alway read the image
    data from column 2 (any group parameters are in column 1).
*/
    if (ffghdt(fptr, &hdutype, status) > 0)
        return(*status);

    if (hdutype == IMAGE_HDU)
    {
        /* this is a primary array, or image extension */
        if (colnum == 0)
        {
            rstr = 1;
            rstp = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            rstr = colnum;
            rstp = colnum;
        }
        rinc = 1;
        numcol = 2;
    }
    else
    {
        /* this is a table, so the row info is in the (naxis+1) elements */
        rstr = blc[naxis];
        rstp = trc[naxis];
        rinc = inc[naxis];
        numcol = colnum;
    }

    nultyp = 1;
    if (anynul)
        *anynul = FALSE;

    i0 = 0;
    for (ii = 0; ii < 9; ii++)
    {
        str[ii] = 1;
        stp[ii] = 1;
        incr[ii] = 1;
        dsize[ii] = 1;
        dir[ii] = 1;
    }

    for (ii = 0; ii < naxis; ii++)
    {
      if (trc[ii] < blc[ii])
      {
        if (hdutype == IMAGE_HDU)
        {
           dir[ii] = -1;
        }
        else
        {
          snprintf(msg, FLEN_ERRMSG,"ffgsvb: illegal range specified for axis %ld", ii + 1);
          ffpmsg(msg);
          return(*status = BAD_PIX_NUM);
        }
      }

      str[ii] = blc[ii];
      stp[ii] = trc[ii];
      incr[ii] = inc[ii];
      dsize[ii + 1] = dsize[ii] * naxes[ii];
      dsize[ii] = dsize[ii] * dir[ii];
    }
    dsize[naxis] = dsize[naxis] * dir[naxis];

    if (naxis == 1 && naxes[0] == 1)
    {
      /* This is not a vector column, so read all the rows at once */
      nelem = (rstp - rstr) / rinc + 1;
      ninc = rinc;
      rstp = rstr;
    }
    else
    {
      /* have to read each row individually, in all dimensions */
      nelem = (stp[0]*dir[0] - str[0]*dir[0]) / inc[0] + 1;
      ninc = incr[0] * dir[0];
    }

    for (row = rstr; row <= rstp; row += rinc)
    {
     for (i8 = str[8]*dir[8]; i8 <= stp[8]*dir[8]; i8 += incr[8])
     {
      for (i7 = str[7]*dir[7]; i7 <= stp[7]*dir[7]; i7 += incr[7])
      {
       for (i6 = str[6]*dir[6]; i6 <= stp[6]*dir[6]; i6 += incr[6])
       {
        for (i5 = str[5]*dir[5]; i5 <= stp[5]*dir[5]; i5 += incr[5])
        {
         for (i4 = str[4]*dir[4]; i4 <= stp[4]*dir[4]; i4 += incr[4])
         {
          for (i3 = str[3]*dir[3]; i3 <= stp[3]*dir[3]; i3 += incr[3])
          {
           for (i2 = str[2]*dir[2]; i2 <= stp[2]*dir[2]; i2 += incr[2])
           {
            for (i1 = str[1]*dir[1]; i1 <= stp[1]*dir[1]; i1 += incr[1])
            {

              felem=str[0] + (i1 - dir[1]) * dsize[1] + (i2 - dir[2]) * dsize[2] + 
                             (i3 - dir[3]) * dsize[3] + (i4 - dir[4]) * dsize[4] +
                             (i5 - dir[5]) * dsize[5] + (i6 - dir[6]) * dsize[6] +
                             (i7 - dir[7]) * dsize[7] + (i8 - dir[8]) * dsize[8];

              if ( ffgclb(fptr, numcol, row, felem, nelem, ninc, nultyp,
                   nulval, &array[i0], &ldummy, &anyf, status) > 0)
                   return(*status);

              if (anyf && anynul)
                  *anynul = TRUE;

              i0 += nelem;
            }
           }
          }
         }
        }
       }
      }
     }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgsfb(fitsfile *fptr, /* I - FITS file pointer                         */
           int  colnum,    /* I - number of the column to read (1 = 1st)    */
           int naxis,      /* I - number of dimensions in the FITS array    */
           long  *naxes,   /* I - size of each dimension                    */
           long  *blc,     /* I - 'bottom left corner' of the subsection    */
           long  *trc,     /* I - 'top right corner' of the subsection      */
           long  *inc,     /* I - increment to be applied in each dimension */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array to be filled and returned     */
           char *flagval,  /* O - set to 1 if corresponding value is null   */
           int  *anynul,   /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0   */
           int  *status)   /* IO - error status                             */
/*
  Read a subsection of data values from an image or a table column.
  This routine is set up to handle a maximum of nine dimensions.
*/
{
    long ii,i0, i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,row,rstr,rstp,rinc;
    long str[9],stp[9],incr[9],dsize[10];
    LONGLONG blcll[9], trcll[9];
    long felem, nelem, nultyp, ninc, numcol;
    int hdutype, anyf;
    unsigned char nulval = 0;
    char msg[FLEN_ERRMSG];
    int  nullcheck = 2;

    if (naxis < 1 || naxis > 9)
    {
        snprintf(msg, FLEN_ERRMSG,"NAXIS = %d in call to ffgsvb is out of range", naxis);
        ffpmsg(msg);
        return(*status = BAD_DIMEN);
    }

    if (fits_is_compressed_image(fptr, status))
    {
        /* this is a compressed image in a binary table */

        for (ii=0; ii < naxis; ii++) {
	    blcll[ii] = blc[ii];
	    trcll[ii] = trc[ii];
	}

        fits_read_compressed_img(fptr, TBYTE, blcll, trcll, inc,
            nullcheck, NULL, array, flagval, anynul, status);
        return(*status);
    }

/*
    if this is a primary array, then the input COLNUM parameter should
    be interpreted as the row number, and we will alway read the image
    data from column 2 (any group parameters are in column 1).
*/
    if (ffghdt(fptr, &hdutype, status) > 0)
        return(*status);

    if (hdutype == IMAGE_HDU)
    {
        /* this is a primary array, or image extension */
        if (colnum == 0)
        {
            rstr = 1;
            rstp = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            rstr = colnum;
            rstp = colnum;
        }
        rinc = 1;
        numcol = 2;
    }
    else
    {
        /* this is a table, so the row info is in the (naxis+1) elements */
        rstr = blc[naxis];
        rstp = trc[naxis];
        rinc = inc[naxis];
        numcol = colnum;
    }

    nultyp = 2;
    if (anynul)
        *anynul = FALSE;

    i0 = 0;
    for (ii = 0; ii < 9; ii++)
    {
        str[ii] = 1;
        stp[ii] = 1;
        incr[ii] = 1;
        dsize[ii] = 1;
    }

    for (ii = 0; ii < naxis; ii++)
    {
      if (trc[ii] < blc[ii])
      {
        snprintf(msg, FLEN_ERRMSG,"ffgsvb: illegal range specified for axis %ld", ii + 1);
        ffpmsg(msg);
        return(*status = BAD_PIX_NUM);
      }

      str[ii] = blc[ii];
      stp[ii] = trc[ii];
      incr[ii] = inc[ii];
      dsize[ii + 1] = dsize[ii] * naxes[ii];
    }

    if (naxis == 1 && naxes[0] == 1)
    {
      /* This is not a vector column, so read all the rows at once */
      nelem = (rstp - rstr) / rinc + 1;
      ninc = rinc;
      rstp = rstr;
    }
    else
    {
      /* have to read each row individually, in all dimensions */
      nelem = (stp[0] - str[0]) / inc[0] + 1;
      ninc = incr[0];
    }

    for (row = rstr; row <= rstp; row += rinc)
    {
     for (i8 = str[8]; i8 <= stp[8]; i8 += incr[8])
     {
      for (i7 = str[7]; i7 <= stp[7]; i7 += incr[7])
      {
       for (i6 = str[6]; i6 <= stp[6]; i6 += incr[6])
       {
        for (i5 = str[5]; i5 <= stp[5]; i5 += incr[5])
        {
         for (i4 = str[4]; i4 <= stp[4]; i4 += incr[4])
         {
          for (i3 = str[3]; i3 <= stp[3]; i3 += incr[3])
          {
           for (i2 = str[2]; i2 <= stp[2]; i2 += incr[2])
           {
            for (i1 = str[1]; i1 <= stp[1]; i1 += incr[1])
            {
              felem=str[0] + (i1 - 1) * dsize[1] + (i2 - 1) * dsize[2] + 
                             (i3 - 1) * dsize[3] + (i4 - 1) * dsize[4] +
                             (i5 - 1) * dsize[5] + (i6 - 1) * dsize[6] +
                             (i7 - 1) * dsize[7] + (i8 - 1) * dsize[8];

              if ( ffgclb(fptr, numcol, row, felem, nelem, ninc, nultyp,
                   nulval, &array[i0], &flagval[i0], &anyf, status) > 0)
                   return(*status);

              if (anyf && anynul)
                  *anynul = TRUE;

              i0 += nelem;
            }
           }
          }
         }
        }
       }
      }
     }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffggpb( fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
            long  group,      /* I - group to read (1 = 1st group)           */
            long  firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
            long  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
            unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are returned   */
            int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of group parameters from the primary array. Data conversion
  and scaling will be performed if necessary (e.g, if the datatype of
  the FITS array is not the same as the array being read).
*/
{
    long row;
    int idummy;
    char cdummy;
    /*
      the primary array is represented as a binary table:
      each group of the primary array is a row in the table,
      where the first column contains the group parameters
      and the second column contains the image itself.
    */

    row=maxvalue(1,group);

    ffgclb(fptr, 1, row, firstelem, nelem, 1, 1, 0,
               array, &cdummy, &idummy, status);
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgcvb(fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
           int  colnum,      /* I - number of column to read (1 = 1st col)  */
           LONGLONG  firstrow,   /* I - first row to read (1 = 1st row)         */
           LONGLONG  firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
           LONGLONG  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
           unsigned char nulval, /* I - value for null pixels               */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are read       */
           int  *anynul,     /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
           int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of values from a column in the current FITS HDU. Automatic
  datatype conversion will be performed if the datatype of the column does not
  match the datatype of the array parameter. The output values will be scaled 
  by the FITS TSCALn and TZEROn values if these values have been defined.
  Any undefined pixels will be set equal to the value of 'nulval' unless
  nulval = 0 in which case no checks for undefined pixels will be made.
*/
{
    char cdummy;

    ffgclb(fptr, colnum, firstrow, firstelem, nelem, 1, 1, nulval,
           array, &cdummy, anynul, status);
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgcfb(fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
           int  colnum,      /* I - number of column to read (1 = 1st col)  */
           LONGLONG  firstrow,   /* I - first row to read (1 = 1st row)         */
           LONGLONG  firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
           LONGLONG  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
           unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are read       */
           char *nularray,   /* O - array of flags: 1 if null pixel; else 0 */
           int  *anynul,     /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
           int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of values from a column in the current FITS HDU. Automatic
  datatype conversion will be performed if the datatype of the column does not
  match the datatype of the array parameter. The output values will be scaled 
  by the FITS TSCALn and TZEROn values if these values have been defined.
  Nularray will be set = 1 if the corresponding array pixel is undefined, 
  otherwise nularray will = 0.
*/
{
    unsigned char dummy = 0;

    ffgclb(fptr, colnum, firstrow, firstelem, nelem, 1, 2, dummy,
           array, nularray, anynul, status);
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgclb( fitsfile *fptr,   /* I - FITS file pointer                       */
            int  colnum,      /* I - number of column to read (1 = 1st col)  */
            LONGLONG  firstrow,   /* I - first row to read (1 = 1st row)         */
            LONGLONG firstelem,  /* I - first vector element to read (1 = 1st)  */
            LONGLONG  nelem,      /* I - number of values to read                */
            long  elemincre,  /* I - pixel increment; e.g., 2 = every other  */
            int   nultyp,     /* I - null value handling code:               */
                              /*     1: set undefined pixels = nulval        */
                              /*     2: set nularray=1 for undefined pixels  */
            unsigned char nulval, /* I - value for null pixels if nultyp = 1 */
            unsigned char *array, /* O - array of values that are read       */
            char *nularray,   /* O - array of flags = 1 if nultyp = 2        */
            int  *anynul,     /* O - set to 1 if any values are null; else 0 */
            int  *status)     /* IO - error status                           */
/*
  Read an array of values from a column in the current FITS HDU.
  The column number may refer to a real column in an ASCII or binary table, 
  or it may refer be a virtual column in a 1 or more grouped FITS primary
  array or image extension.  FITSIO treats a primary array as a binary table
  with 2 vector columns: the first column contains the group parameters (often
  with length = 0) and the second column contains the array of image pixels.
  Each row of the table represents a group in the case of multigroup FITS
  images.

  The output array of values will be converted from the datatype of the column 
  and will be scaled by the FITS TSCALn and TZEROn values if necessary.
*/
{
    double scale, zero, power = 1., dtemp;
    int tcode, maxelem2, hdutype, xcode, decimals;
    long twidth, incre, ntodo;
    long ii, xwidth;
    int convert, nulcheck, readcheck = 16; /* see note below on readcheck */
    LONGLONG repeat, startpos, elemnum, readptr, tnull;
    LONGLONG rowlen, rownum, remain, next, rowincre, maxelem;
    char tform[20];
    char message[FLEN_ERRMSG];
    char snull[20];   /*  the FITS null value if reading from ASCII table  */

    double cbuff[DBUFFSIZE / sizeof(double)]; /* align cbuff on word boundary */
    void *buffer;

    union u_tag {
       char charval;
       unsigned char ucharval;
    } u;

    if (*status > 0 || nelem == 0)  /* inherit input status value if > 0 */
        return(*status);

    buffer = cbuff;

    if (anynul)
        *anynul = 0;

    if (nultyp == 2)      
       memset(nularray, 0, (size_t) nelem);   /* initialize nullarray */

    /*---------------------------------------------------*/
    /*  Check input and get parameters about the column: */
    /*---------------------------------------------------*/
    if (elemincre < 0)
        readcheck -= 1;  /* don't do range checking in this case */

    /* IMPORTANT NOTE: that the special case of using this subroutine
       to read bytes from a character column are handled internally
       by the call to ffgcprll() below.  It will adjust the effective
       *tcode, repeats, etc, to appear as a TBYTE column. */

    /* Note that readcheck = 16 is equivalent to readcheck = 0 
       and readcheck = 15 is equivalent to readcheck = -1, 
       but either of those settings allow TSTRINGS to be 
       treated as TBYTE vectors, but with full error checking */

    ffgcprll( fptr, colnum, firstrow, firstelem, nelem, readcheck, &scale, &zero,
         tform, &twidth, &tcode, &maxelem2, &startpos, &elemnum, &incre,
         &repeat, &rowlen, &hdutype, &tnull, snull, status);
    maxelem = maxelem2;

    /* special case */
    if (tcode == TLOGICAL && elemincre == 1)
    {
        u.ucharval = nulval;
        ffgcll(fptr, colnum, firstrow, firstelem, nelem, nultyp,
               u.charval, (char *) array, nularray, anynul, status);

        return(*status);
    }

    if (*status > 0)
        return(*status);
        
    incre *= elemincre;   /* multiply incre to just get every nth pixel */

    if (tcode == TSTRING && hdutype == ASCII_TBL) /* setup for ASCII tables */
    {
      /* get the number of implied decimal places if no explicit decmal point */
      ffasfm(tform, &xcode, &xwidth, &decimals, status); 
      for(ii = 0; ii < decimals; ii++)
        power *= 10.;
    }
    /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    /*  Decide whether to check for null values in the input FITS file: */
    /*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    nulcheck = nultyp; /* by default, check for null values in the FITS file */

    if (nultyp == 1 && nulval == 0)
       nulcheck = 0;    /* calling routine does not want to check for nulls */

    else if (tcode%10 == 1 &&        /* if reading an integer column, and  */ 
            tnull == NULL_UNDEFINED) /* if a null value is not defined,    */
            nulcheck = 0;            /* then do not check for null values. */

    else if (tcode == TSHORT && (tnull > SHRT_MAX || tnull < SHRT_MIN) )
            nulcheck = 0;            /* Impossible null value */

    else if (tcode == TBYTE && (tnull > 255 || tnull < 0) )
            nulcheck = 0;            /* Impossible null value */

    else if (tcode == TSTRING && snull[0] == ASCII_NULL_UNDEFINED)
         nulcheck = 0;

    /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    /*  If FITS column and output data array have same datatype, then we do */
    /*  not need to use a temporary buffer to store intermediate datatype.  */
    /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    convert = 1;
    if (tcode == TBYTE) /* Special Case:                        */
    {                             /* no type convertion required, so read */
                                  /* data directly into output buffer.    */

        if (nelem < (LONGLONG)INT32_MAX) {
            maxelem = nelem;
        } else {
            maxelem = INT32_MAX;
        }

        if (nulcheck == 0 && scale == 1. && zero == 0.)
            convert = 0;  /* no need to scale data or find nulls */
    }

    /*---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    /*  Now read the pixels from the FITS column. If the column does not   */
    /*  have the same datatype as the output array, then we have to read   */
    /*  the raw values into a temporary buffer (of limited size).  In      */
    /*  the case of a vector colum read only 1 vector of values at a time  */
    /*  then skip to the next row if more values need to be read.          */
    /*  After reading the raw values, then call the fffXXYY routine to (1) */
    /*  test for undefined values, (2) convert the datatype if necessary,  */
    /*  and (3) scale the values by the FITS TSCALn and TZEROn linear      */
    /*  scaling parameters.                                                */
    /*---------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    remain = nelem;           /* remaining number of values to read */
    next = 0;                 /* next element in array to be read   */
    rownum = 0;               /* row number, relative to firstrow   */

    while (remain)
    {
        /* limit the number of pixels to read at one time to the number that
           will fit in the buffer or to the number of pixels that remain in
           the current vector, which ever is smaller.
        */
        ntodo = (long) minvalue(remain, maxelem);
        if (elemincre >= 0)
        {
          ntodo = (long) minvalue(ntodo, ((repeat - elemnum - 1)/elemincre +1));
        }
        else
        {
          ntodo = (long) minvalue(ntodo, (elemnum/(-elemincre) +1));
        }

        readptr = startpos + ((LONGLONG)rownum * rowlen) + (elemnum * (incre / elemincre));

        switch (tcode) 
        {
            case (TBYTE):
                ffgi1b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, &array[next], status);
                if (convert)
                    fffi1i1(&array[next], ntodo, scale, zero, nulcheck, 
                    (unsigned char) tnull, nulval, &nularray[next], anynul, 
                           &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TSHORT):
                ffgi2b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, (short *) buffer, status);
                fffi2i1((short  *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, nulcheck, 
                       (short) tnull, nulval, &nularray[next], anynul, 
                       &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TLONG):
                ffgi4b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, (INT32BIT *) buffer,
                       status);
                fffi4i1((INT32BIT *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, nulcheck, 
                       (INT32BIT) tnull, nulval, &nularray[next], anynul, 
                       &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TLONGLONG):
                ffgi8b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, (long *) buffer, status);
                fffi8i1( (LONGLONG *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, 
                           nulcheck, tnull, nulval, &nularray[next], 
                            anynul, &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TFLOAT):
                ffgr4b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, (float  *) buffer, status);
                fffr4i1((float  *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, nulcheck, 
                       nulval, &nularray[next], anynul, 
                       &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TDOUBLE):
                ffgr8b(fptr, readptr, ntodo, incre, (double *) buffer, status);
                fffr8i1((double *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, nulcheck, 
                          nulval, &nularray[next], anynul, 
                          &array[next], status);
                break;
            case (TSTRING):
                ffmbyt(fptr, readptr, REPORT_EOF, status);
       
                if (incre == twidth)    /* contiguous bytes */
                     ffgbyt(fptr, ntodo * twidth, buffer, status);
                else
                     ffgbytoff(fptr, twidth, ntodo, incre - twidth, buffer,
                               status);

                /* interpret the string as an ASCII formated number */
                fffstri1((char *) buffer, ntodo, scale, zero, twidth, power,
                      nulcheck, snull, nulval, &nularray[next], anynul,
                      &array[next], status);
                break;

            default:  /*  error trap for invalid column format */
                snprintf(message, FLEN_ERRMSG,
                   "Cannot read bytes from column %d which has format %s",
                    colnum, tform);
                ffpmsg(message);
                if (hdutype == ASCII_TBL)
                    return(*status = BAD_ATABLE_FORMAT);
                else
                    return(*status = BAD_BTABLE_FORMAT);

        } /* End of switch block */

        /*-------------------------*/
        /*  Check for fatal error  */
        /*-------------------------*/
        if (*status > 0)  /* test for error during previous read operation */
        {
	  dtemp = (double) next;
          if (hdutype > 0)
            snprintf(message,FLEN_ERRMSG,
            "Error reading elements %.0f thru %.0f from column %d (ffgclb).",
              dtemp+1., dtemp+ntodo, colnum);
          else
            snprintf(message,FLEN_ERRMSG,
            "Error reading elements %.0f thru %.0f from image (ffgclb).",
              dtemp+1., dtemp+ntodo);

         ffpmsg(message);
         return(*status);
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------*/
        /*  increment the counters for the next loop  */
        /*--------------------------------------------*/
        remain -= ntodo;
        if (remain)
        {
            next += ntodo;
            elemnum = elemnum + (ntodo * elemincre);

            if (elemnum >= repeat)  /* completed a row; start on later row */
            {
                rowincre = elemnum / repeat;
                rownum += rowincre;
                elemnum = elemnum - (rowincre * repeat);
            }
            else if (elemnum < 0)  /* completed a row; start on a previous row */
            {
                rowincre = (-elemnum - 1) / repeat + 1;
                rownum -= rowincre;
                elemnum = (rowincre * repeat) + elemnum;
            }
        }
    }  /*  End of main while Loop  */


    /*--------------------------------*/
    /*  check for numerical overflow  */
    /*--------------------------------*/
    if (*status == OVERFLOW_ERR)
    {
        ffpmsg(
        "Numerical overflow during type conversion while reading FITS data.");
        *status = NUM_OVERFLOW;
    }

    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int ffgextn( fitsfile *fptr,        /* I - FITS file pointer                        */
            LONGLONG  offset,      /* I - byte offset from start of extension data */
            LONGLONG  nelem,       /* I - number of elements to read               */
            void *buffer,          /* I - stream of bytes to read                  */
            int  *status)          /* IO - error status                            */
/*
  Read a stream of bytes from the current FITS HDU.  This primative routine is mainly
  for reading non-standard "conforming" extensions and should not be used
  for standard IMAGE, TABLE or BINTABLE extensions.
*/
{
    if (*status > 0)           /* inherit input status value if > 0 */
        return(*status);

    /* reset position to the correct HDU if necessary */
    if (fptr->HDUposition != (fptr->Fptr)->curhdu)
        ffmahd(fptr, (fptr->HDUposition) + 1, NULL, status);

    /* rescan header if data structure is undefined */
    else if ((fptr->Fptr)->datastart == DATA_UNDEFINED)
        if ( ffrdef(fptr, status) > 0)               
            return(*status);

    /* move to write position */
    ffmbyt(fptr, (fptr->Fptr)->datastart+ offset, IGNORE_EOF, status);
    
    /* read the buffer */
    ffgbyt(fptr, nelem, buffer, status); 

    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffi1i1(unsigned char *input, /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            unsigned char tnull,  /* I - value of FITS TNULLn keyword if any */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to tnull.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {              /* this routine is normally not called in this case */
           memmove(output, input, ntodo );
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {                
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = input[ii];
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffi2i1(short *input,         /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            short tnull,          /* I - value of FITS TNULLn keyword if any */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to tnull.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] < 0)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
            }
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }

                else
                {
                    if (input[ii] < 0)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
                }
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffi4i1(INT32BIT *input,          /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            INT32BIT tnull,       /* I - value of FITS TNULLn keyword if any */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to tnull.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] < 0)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
            }
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (input[ii] < 0)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
                }
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffi8i1(LONGLONG *input,      /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            LONGLONG tnull,       /* I - value of FITS TNULLn keyword if any */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to tnull.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;
    ULONGLONG ulltemp;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero ==  9223372036854775808.)
        {       
            /* The column we read contains unsigned long long values. */
            /* Instead of adding 9223372036854775808, it is more efficient */
            /* and more precise to just flip the sign bit with the XOR operator */

            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++) {
 
                ulltemp = (ULONGLONG) (((LONGLONG) input[ii]) ^ 0x8000000000000000);

                if (ulltemp > UCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) ulltemp;
            }
        }
        else if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] < 0)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
            }
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero ==  9223372036854775808.)
        {       
            /* The column we read contains unsigned long long values. */
            /* Instead of adding 9223372036854775808, it is more efficient */
            /* and more precise to just flip the sign bit with the XOR operator */

            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++) {
 
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    ulltemp = (ULONGLONG) (((LONGLONG) input[ii]) ^ 0x8000000000000000);

                    if (ulltemp > UCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
		    {
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) ulltemp;
		    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    if (input[ii] < 0)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (input[ii] > UCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
                }
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] == tnull)
                {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                }
                else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffr4i1(float *input,         /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to NaN.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;
    short *sptr, iret;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (input[ii] > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
            }
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        sptr = (short *) input;

#if BYTESWAPPED && CFITSIO_MACHINE != VAXVMS && CFITSIO_MACHINE != ALPHAVMS
        sptr++;       /* point to MSBs */
#endif
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++, sptr += 2)
            {
              /* use redundant boolean logic in following statement */
              /* to suppress irritating Borland compiler warning message */
              if (0 != (iret = fnan(*sptr) ) )  /* test for NaN or underflow */
              {
                  if (iret == 1)  /* is it a NaN? */
                  {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                  }
                  else            /* it's an underflow */
                     output[ii] = 0;
              }
              else
                {
                    if (input[ii] < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (input[ii] > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
                }
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++, sptr += 2)
            {
              if (0 != (iret = fnan(*sptr) ) )  /* test for NaN or underflow */
              {
                  if (iret == 1)  /* is it a NaN? */
                  {  
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                  }
                  else            /* it's an underflow */
                  {
                    if (zero < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (zero > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) zero;
                  }
              }
              else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffr8i1(double *input,        /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            unsigned char nullval,/* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1   */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output,/* O - array of converted pixels           */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file.
  Check for null values and do datatype conversion and scaling if required.
  The nullcheck code value determines how any null values in the input array
  are treated.  A null value is an input pixel that is equal to NaN.  If 
  nullcheck = 0, then no checking for nulls is performed and any null values
  will be transformed just like any other pixel.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    long ii;
    double dvalue;
    short *sptr, iret;

    if (nullcheck == 0)     /* no null checking required */
    {
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)      /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                if (input[ii] < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (input[ii] > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
            }
        }
        else             /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
            {
                dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = 0;
                }
                else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                {
                    *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                    output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                }
                else
                    output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
            }
        }
    }
    else        /* must check for null values */
    {
        sptr = (short *) input;

#if BYTESWAPPED && CFITSIO_MACHINE != VAXVMS && CFITSIO_MACHINE != ALPHAVMS
        sptr += 3;       /* point to MSBs */
#endif
        if (scale == 1. && zero == 0.)  /* no scaling */
        {       
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++, sptr += 4)
            {
              if (0 != (iret = dnan(*sptr)) )  /* test for NaN or underflow */
              {
                  if (iret == 1)  /* is it a NaN? */
                  {
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                  }
                  else            /* it's an underflow */
                     output[ii] = 0;
              }
              else
                {
                    if (input[ii] < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (input[ii] > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) input[ii];
                }
            }
        }
        else                  /* must scale the data */
        {
            for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++, sptr += 4)
            {
              if (0 != (iret = dnan(*sptr)) )  /* test for NaN or underflow */
              {
                  if (iret == 1)  /* is it a NaN? */
                  {  
                    *anynull = 1;
                    if (nullcheck == 1)
                        output[ii] = nullval;
                    else
                        nullarray[ii] = 1;
                  }
                  else            /* it's an underflow */
                  {
                    if (zero < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (zero > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) zero;
                  }
              }
              else
                {
                    dvalue = input[ii] * scale + zero;

                    if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = 0;
                    }
                    else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
                    {
                        *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
                        output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
                    }
                    else
                        output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return(*status);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int fffstri1(char *input,         /* I - array of values to be converted     */
            long ntodo,           /* I - number of elements in the array     */
            double scale,         /* I - FITS TSCALn or BSCALE value         */
            double zero,          /* I - FITS TZEROn or BZERO  value         */
            long twidth,          /* I - width of each substring of chars    */
            double implipower,    /* I - power of 10 of implied decimal      */
            int nullcheck,        /* I - null checking code; 0 = don't check */
                                  /*     1:set null pixels = nullval         */
                                  /*     2: if null pixel, set nullarray = 1 */
            char  *snull,         /* I - value of FITS null string, if any   */
            unsigned char nullval, /* I - set null pixels, if nullcheck = 1  */
            char *nullarray,      /* I - bad pixel array, if nullcheck = 2   */
            int  *anynull,        /* O - set to 1 if any pixels are null     */
            unsigned char *output, /* O - array of converted pixels          */
            int *status)          /* IO - error status                       */
/*
  Copy input to output following reading of the input from a FITS file. Check
  for null values and do scaling if required. The nullcheck code value
  determines how any null values in the input array are treated. A null
  value is an input pixel that is equal to snull.  If nullcheck= 0, then
  no special checking for nulls is performed.  If nullcheck = 1, then the
  output pixel will be set = nullval if the corresponding input pixel is null.
  If nullcheck = 2, then if the pixel is null then the corresponding value of
  nullarray will be set to 1; the value of nullarray for non-null pixels 
  will = 0.  The anynull parameter will be set = 1 if any of the returned
  pixels are null, otherwise anynull will be returned with a value = 0;
*/
{
    int  nullen;
    long ii;
    double dvalue;
    char *cstring, message[FLEN_ERRMSG];
    char *cptr, *tpos;
    char tempstore, chrzero = '0';
    double val, power;
    int exponent, sign, esign, decpt;

    nullen = strlen(snull);
    cptr = input;  /* pointer to start of input string */
    for (ii = 0; ii < ntodo; ii++)
    {
      cstring = cptr;
      /* temporarily insert a null terminator at end of the string */
      tpos = cptr + twidth;
      tempstore = *tpos;
      *tpos = 0;

      /* check if null value is defined, and if the    */
      /* column string is identical to the null string */
      if (snull[0] != ASCII_NULL_UNDEFINED && 
         !strncmp(snull, cptr, nullen) )
      {
        if (nullcheck)  
        {
          *anynull = 1;    
          if (nullcheck == 1)
            output[ii] = nullval;
          else
            nullarray[ii] = 1;
        }
        cptr += twidth;
      }
      else
      {
        /* value is not the null value, so decode it */
        /* remove any embedded blank characters from the string */

        decpt = 0;
        sign = 1;
        val  = 0.;
        power = 1.;
        exponent = 0;
        esign = 1;

        while (*cptr == ' ')               /* skip leading blanks */
           cptr++;

        if (*cptr == '-' || *cptr == '+')  /* check for leading sign */
        {
          if (*cptr == '-')
             sign = -1;

          cptr++;

          while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip blanks between sign and value */
            cptr++;
        }

        while (*cptr >= '0' && *cptr <= '9')
        {
          val = val * 10. + *cptr - chrzero;  /* accumulate the value */
          cptr++;

          while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip embedded blanks in the value */
            cptr++;
        }

        if (*cptr == '.' || *cptr == ',')       /* check for decimal point */
        {
          decpt = 1;
          cptr++;
          while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip any blanks */
            cptr++;

          while (*cptr >= '0' && *cptr <= '9')
          {
            val = val * 10. + *cptr - chrzero;  /* accumulate the value */
            power = power * 10.;
            cptr++;

            while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip embedded blanks in the value */
              cptr++;
          }
        }

        if (*cptr == 'E' || *cptr == 'D')  /* check for exponent */
        {
          cptr++;
          while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip blanks */
              cptr++;
  
          if (*cptr == '-' || *cptr == '+')  /* check for exponent sign */
          {
            if (*cptr == '-')
               esign = -1;

            cptr++;

            while (*cptr == ' ')        /* skip blanks between sign and exp */
              cptr++;
          }

          while (*cptr >= '0' && *cptr <= '9')
          {
            exponent = exponent * 10 + *cptr - chrzero;  /* accumulate exp */
            cptr++;

            while (*cptr == ' ')         /* skip embedded blanks */
              cptr++;
          }
        }

        if (*cptr  != 0)  /* should end up at the null terminator */
        {
          snprintf(message, FLEN_ERRMSG,"Cannot read number from ASCII table");
          ffpmsg(message);
          snprintf(message, FLEN_ERRMSG,"Column field = %s.", cstring);
          ffpmsg(message);
          /* restore the char that was overwritten by the null */
          *tpos = tempstore;
          return(*status = BAD_C2D);
        }

        if (!decpt)  /* if no explicit decimal, use implied */
           power = implipower;

        dvalue = (sign * val / power) * pow(10., (double) (esign * exponent));

        dvalue = dvalue * scale + zero;   /* apply the scaling */

        if (dvalue < DUCHAR_MIN)
        {
            *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
            output[ii] = 0;
        }
        else if (dvalue > DUCHAR_MAX)
        {
            *status = OVERFLOW_ERR;
            output[ii] = UCHAR_MAX;
        }
        else
            output[ii] = (unsigned char) dvalue;
      }
      /* restore the char that was overwritten by the null */
      *tpos = tempstore;
    }
    return(*status);
}