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<div class="main-header"><h1>Gradual Typing Across the Spectrum</h1></div></div></div>
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<div class="body-content">  <div id="content"><div class="col-md-12"><h3 class="red-back-big-big">Project Overview</h3>
<div class="col-md-12 card"><p>With the rise of the web, dynamically typed &mdash; often called
<i>untyped</i> &mdash; programming languages have emerged as
major development platforms.
Untyped languages now make up around half of the top-ten languages
named in developer positions posted on job listing sites such as
Amazon, Slashdot, and SourceForge; they include JavaScript, PHP,
Perl, Python, Ruby, Shell, SQL, and Visual Basic.
Although these languages are dubbed <i>scripting languages</i>
&mdash; implying small, possibly throw-away snippets of code &mdash;
developers routinely use these languages to produce critical pieces
of software infrastructure, including
<a href="https://secure.pensionsmyndigheten.se">a country's</a>
<a href="http://janvitek.org/talks/dls09.pdf">entire pension system</a>,
the software product of
<a href="https://blog.twitter.com/2011/twitter-search-is-now-3x-faster">companie</a>s
such as <a href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/why-facebook-hasnt-ditched-php">Facebook</a>,
and <a href="http://erlang.org/faq/introduction.html#idp3203003201">more</a>.
Among many reasons, developers <a href="http://www.artima.com/scalazine/articles/twitter_on_scala.html">cite</a>
the flexibility of untyped languages as they allow the rapid
construction of robust and useful prototypes.
When it comes to software maintenance, however, untyped languages
are at a <a href="http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/221615/why-do-dynamic-languages-make-it-more-difficult-to-maintain-large-codebases">disadvantage</a>
For many maintenance tasks &mdash; debugging, adding features,
closing security holes &mdash; programmers often manipulate code
that they have never seen before or have not seen in a long time.
Without type information, they need to mentally reconstruct
the signatures of classes, methods, fields, and functions before
they modify the code.
Depending on the size and interconnectedness of the system,
this reconstruction process adds a serious amount of work to any
maintenance task.</p><p>This project brings together a diverse set of researchers that
maintain practical gradual typing systems including:
<a href="research.html#reticulated-python">Reticulated Python</a>,
<a href="research.html#diamondback-ruby">Diamondback Ruby</a>,
<a href="research.html#racket">Typed Racket</a>,
<a href="research.html#pyret">Pyret</a>,
<a href="research.html#typed-clojure">Typed Clojure</a>,
and an emerging gradual type system for the
R language.
The intention is to identify principles of gradual typing that
hold across the spectrum.</p><p>Significant open questions:
<ul><li><b>Full language integration:</b> None of the existing systems
cope with all the features that are found in modern programming
languages (e.g. reflection, dynamic code generation).</li><li><b>Efficient soundness:</b> Researchers have chosen different points
in the space between soundness (the type system makes
meaningful guarantees ahead of time) and performance
(integrations of typed and untyped components may
misinterpret bits and behave like C/C++).
These decisions have been made on an ad-hoc basis and call
for a thorough investigation.</li><li><b>Empirical evaluation:</b> The design of gradually typed
languages must be informed by
<a href="http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/assessment/howto/basics/formative-summative.html">summative</a>
evaluations of
gradual typing's feasibility and usefulness.
The former calls for studies of every single
path from untyped to a typed system; the latter calls for
user studies concerning productivity benefits.)</li></ul></p></div></div>
<div class="col-md-12"><h3 class="red-back-big">Gradual Typing Across the Spectrum</h3>
<div class="col-md-12 card"><p><i>Gradual Typing Across the Spectrum</i> is funded by the National Science Foundation
(<a href="http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1518844">SHF 1518844</a>).</p><p>Principal investigators are
<a href="www.ccs.neu.edu/home/matthias">Matthias Felleisen</a>, <a href="http://janvitek.org">Jan Vitek</a>, <a href="https://cs.brown.edu/~sk/">Shriram Krishnamurthi</a>, <a href="http://homes.soic.indiana.edu/samth">Sam Tobin-Hochstadt</a>, <a href="http://wphomes.soic.indiana.edu/jsiek/">Jeremy Siek</a>, and <a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/~jfoster">Jeffrey S. Foster</a>.</p><p>Participating universities are
<a href="http://www.ccis.northeastern.edu/">Northeastern University</a>, <a href="http://cs.brown.edu">Brown University</a>, <a href="http://cs.indiana.edu">Indiana University</a>, and <a href="http://cs.umd.edu">University of Maryland, College Park</a>.</p></div></div></div>
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