test_executor.py

import os
import datetime
import unittest
from datetime import date, time
from multiprocessing import Pool

import duckdb
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas.testing import assert_frame_equal

from sqlglot import exp, parse_one, transpile
from sqlglot.errors import ExecuteError
from sqlglot.executor import execute
from sqlglot.executor.python import Python
from sqlglot.executor.table import Table, ensure_tables
from sqlglot.optimizer import optimize
from sqlglot.planner import Plan
from tests.helpers import (
    FIXTURES_DIR,
    SKIP_INTEGRATION,
    TPCH_SCHEMA,
    TPCDS_SCHEMA,
    load_sql_fixture_pairs,
    string_to_bool,
)

DIR_TPCH = FIXTURES_DIR + "/optimizer/tpc-h/"
DIR_TPCDS = FIXTURES_DIR + "/optimizer/tpc-ds/"


@unittest.skipIf(SKIP_INTEGRATION, "Skipping Integration Tests since `SKIP_INTEGRATION` is set")
class TestExecutor(unittest.TestCase):
    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        cls.tpch_conn = duckdb.connect()
        cls.tpcds_conn = duckdb.connect()

        for table, columns in TPCH_SCHEMA.items():
            cls.tpch_conn.execute(
                f"""
                CREATE VIEW {table} AS
                SELECT *
                FROM READ_CSV('{DIR_TPCH}{table}.csv.gz', delim='|', header=True, columns={columns})
                """
            )

        for table, columns in TPCDS_SCHEMA.items():
            cls.tpcds_conn.execute(
                f"""
                CREATE VIEW {table} AS
                SELECT *
                FROM READ_CSV('{DIR_TPCDS}{table}.csv.gz', delim='|', header=True, columns={columns})
                """
            )

        cls.cache = {}
        cls.tpch_sqls = list(load_sql_fixture_pairs("optimizer/tpc-h/tpc-h.sql"))
        cls.tpcds_sqls = list(load_sql_fixture_pairs("optimizer/tpc-ds/tpc-ds.sql"))

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        cls.tpch_conn.close()
        cls.tpcds_conn.close()

    def cached_execute(self, sql, tpch=True):
        conn = self.tpch_conn if tpch else self.tpcds_conn
        if sql not in self.cache:
            self.cache[sql] = conn.execute(transpile(sql, write="duckdb")[0]).fetchdf()
        return self.cache[sql]

    def rename_anonymous(self, source, target):
        for i, column in enumerate(source.columns):
            if "_col_" in column:
                source.rename(columns={column: target.columns[i]}, inplace=True)

    def test_py_dialect(self):
        generate = Python().generate
        self.assertEqual(generate(parse_one("'x '''")), r"'x \''")
        self.assertEqual(generate(parse_one("MAP([1], [2])")), "MAP([1], [2])")
        self.assertEqual(generate(parse_one("1 is null")), "1 == None")
        self.assertEqual(generate(parse_one("x is null")), "scope[None][x] is None")

    def test_optimized_tpch(self):
        for i, (_, sql, optimized) in enumerate(self.tpch_sqls, start=1):
            with self.subTest(f"{i}, {sql}"):
                a = self.cached_execute(sql, tpch=True)
                b = self.tpch_conn.execute(transpile(optimized, write="duckdb")[0]).fetchdf()
                self.rename_anonymous(b, a)
                assert_frame_equal(a, b)

    def subtestHelper(self, i, table, tpch=True):
        with self.subTest(f"{'tpc-h' if tpch else 'tpc-ds'} {i + 1}"):
            _, sql, _ = self.tpch_sqls[i] if tpch else self.tpcds_sqls[i]
            a = self.cached_execute(sql, tpch=tpch)
            b = pd.DataFrame(
                ((np.nan if c is None else c for c in r) for r in table.rows),
                columns=table.columns,
            )
            assert_frame_equal(a, b, check_dtype=False, check_index_type=False)

    def test_execute_tpch(self):
        def to_csv(expression):
            if isinstance(expression, exp.Table) and expression.name not in ("revenue"):
                return parse_one(
                    f"READ_CSV('{DIR_TPCH}{expression.name}.csv.gz', 'delimiter', '|') AS {expression.alias_or_name}"
                )
            return expression

        with Pool() as pool:
            for i, table in enumerate(
                pool.starmap(
                    execute,
                    (
                        (parse_one(sql).transform(to_csv).sql(pretty=True), TPCH_SCHEMA)
                        for _, sql, _ in self.tpch_sqls
                    ),
                )
            ):
                self.subtestHelper(i, table, tpch=True)

    def test_execute_tpcds(self):
        def to_csv(expression):
            if isinstance(expression, exp.Table) and os.path.exists(
                f"{DIR_TPCDS}{expression.name}.csv.gz"
            ):
                return parse_one(
                    f"READ_CSV('{DIR_TPCDS}{expression.name}.csv.gz', 'delimiter', '|') AS {expression.alias_or_name}"
                )
            return expression

        for i, (meta, sql, _) in enumerate(self.tpcds_sqls):
            if string_to_bool(meta.get("execute")):
                table = execute(parse_one(sql).transform(to_csv).sql(pretty=True), TPCDS_SCHEMA)
                self.subtestHelper(i, table, tpch=False)

    def test_execute_callable(self):
        tables = {
            "x": [
                {"a": "a", "b": "d"},
                {"a": "b", "b": "e"},
                {"a": "c", "b": "f"},
            ],
            "y": [
                {"b": "d", "c": "g"},
                {"b": "e", "c": "h"},
                {"b": "f", "c": "i"},
            ],
            "z": [],
        }
        schema = {
            "x": {
                "a": "VARCHAR",
                "b": "VARCHAR",
            },
            "y": {
                "b": "VARCHAR",
                "c": "VARCHAR",
            },
            "z": {"d": "VARCHAR"},
        }

        for sql, cols, rows in [
            ("SELECT * FROM x", ["a", "b"], [("a", "d"), ("b", "e"), ("c", "f")]),
            (
                "SELECT * FROM x JOIN y ON x.b = y.b",
                ["a", "b", "b", "c"],
                [("a", "d", "d", "g"), ("b", "e", "e", "h"), ("c", "f", "f", "i")],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT j.c AS d FROM x AS i JOIN y AS j ON i.b = j.b",
                ["d"],
                [("g",), ("h",), ("i",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT CONCAT(x.a, y.c) FROM x JOIN y ON x.b = y.b WHERE y.b = 'e'",
                ["_col_0"],
                [("bh",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT * FROM x JOIN y ON x.b = y.b WHERE y.b = 'e'",
                ["a", "b", "b", "c"],
                [("b", "e", "e", "h")],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT * FROM z",
                ["d"],
                [],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT d FROM z ORDER BY d",
                ["d"],
                [],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x WHERE x.a <> 'b'",
                ["a"],
                [("a",), ("c",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a AS i FROM x ORDER BY a",
                ["i"],
                [("a",), ("b",), ("c",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a AS i FROM x ORDER BY i",
                ["i"],
                [("a",), ("b",), ("c",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT 100 - ORD(a) AS a, a AS i FROM x ORDER BY a",
                ["a", "i"],
                [(1, "c"), (2, "b"), (3, "a")],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a /* test */ FROM x LIMIT 1",
                ["a"],
                [("a",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT DISTINCT a FROM (SELECT 1 AS a UNION ALL SELECT 1 AS a)",
                ["a"],
                [(1,)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT DISTINCT a, SUM(b) AS b "
                "FROM (SELECT 'a' AS a, 1 AS b UNION ALL SELECT 'a' AS a, 2 AS b UNION ALL SELECT 'b' AS a, 1 AS b) "
                "GROUP BY a "
                "LIMIT 1",
                ["a", "b"],
                [("a", 3)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT COUNT(1) AS a FROM (SELECT 1)",
                ["a"],
                [(1,)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT COUNT(1) AS a FROM (SELECT 1) LIMIT 0",
                ["a"],
                [],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x GROUP BY a LIMIT 0",
                ["a"],
                [],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x LIMIT 0",
                ["a"],
                [],
            ),
        ]:
            with self.subTest(sql):
                result = execute(sql, schema=schema, tables=tables)
                self.assertEqual(result.columns, tuple(cols))
                self.assertEqual(result.rows, rows)

    def test_set_operations(self):
        tables = {
            "x": [
                {"a": "a"},
                {"a": "b"},
                {"a": "c"},
            ],
            "y": [
                {"a": "b"},
                {"a": "c"},
                {"a": "d"},
            ],
        }
        schema = {
            "x": {
                "a": "VARCHAR",
            },
            "y": {
                "a": "VARCHAR",
            },
        }

        for sql, cols, rows in [
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x UNION ALL SELECT a FROM y",
                ["a"],
                [("a",), ("b",), ("c",), ("b",), ("c",), ("d",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x UNION SELECT a FROM y",
                ["a"],
                [("a",), ("b",), ("c",), ("d",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x EXCEPT SELECT a FROM y",
                ["a"],
                [("a",)],
            ),
            (
                "(SELECT a FROM x) EXCEPT (SELECT a FROM y)",
                ["a"],
                [("a",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x INTERSECT SELECT a FROM y",
                ["a"],
                [("b",), ("c",)],
            ),
            (
                """SELECT i.a
                FROM (
                  SELECT a FROM x UNION SELECT a FROM y
                ) AS i
                JOIN (
                  SELECT a FROM x UNION SELECT a FROM y
                ) AS j
                  ON i.a = j.a""",
                ["a"],
                [("a",), ("b",), ("c",), ("d",)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT 1 AS a UNION SELECT 2 AS a UNION SELECT 3 AS a",
                ["a"],
                [(1,), (2,), (3,)],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT 1 / 2 AS a",
                ["a"],
                [
                    (0.5,),
                ],
            ),
            ("SELECT 1 / 0 AS a", ["a"], ZeroDivisionError),
            (
                exp.select(
                    exp.alias_(exp.Literal.number(1).div(exp.Literal.number(2), typed=True), "a")
                ),
                ["a"],
                [
                    (0,),
                ],
            ),
            (
                exp.select(
                    exp.alias_(exp.Literal.number(1).div(exp.Literal.number(0), safe=True), "a")
                ),
                ["a"],
                [
                    (None,),
                ],
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x UNION ALL SELECT a FROM x LIMIT 1",
                ["a"],
                [("a",)],
            ),
        ]:
            with self.subTest(sql):
                if isinstance(rows, list):
                    result = execute(sql, schema=schema, tables=tables)
                    self.assertEqual(result.columns, tuple(cols))
                    self.assertEqual(set(result.rows), set(rows))
                else:
                    with self.assertRaises(ExecuteError) as ctx:
                        execute(sql, schema=schema, tables=tables)
                    self.assertIsInstance(ctx.exception.__cause__, rows)

    def test_execute_catalog_db_table(self):
        tables = {
            "catalog": {
                "db": {
                    "x": [
                        {"a": "a"},
                        {"a": "b"},
                        {"a": "c"},
                    ],
                }
            }
        }
        schema = {
            "catalog": {
                "db": {
                    "x": {
                        "a": "VARCHAR",
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        result1 = execute("SELECT * FROM x", schema=schema, tables=tables)
        result2 = execute("SELECT * FROM catalog.db.x", schema=schema, tables=tables)
        assert result1.columns == result2.columns
        assert result1.rows == result2.rows

    def test_execute_tables(self):
        tables = {
            "sushi": [
                {"id": 1, "price": 1.0},
                {"id": 2, "price": 2.0},
                {"id": 3, "price": 3.0},
            ],
            "order_items": [
                {"sushi_id": 1, "order_id": 1},
                {"sushi_id": 1, "order_id": 1},
                {"sushi_id": 2, "order_id": 1},
                {"sushi_id": 3, "order_id": 2},
            ],
            "orders": [
                {"id": 1, "user_id": 1},
                {"id": 2, "user_id": 2},
            ],
        }

        self.assertEqual(
            execute(
                """
            SELECT
              o.user_id,
              SUM(s.price) AS price
            FROM orders o
            JOIN order_items i
              ON o.id = i.order_id
            JOIN sushi s
              ON i.sushi_id = s.id
            GROUP BY o.user_id
        """,
                tables=tables,
            ).rows,
            [
                (1, 4.0),
                (2, 3.0),
            ],
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            execute(
                """
            SELECT
              o.id, x.*
            FROM orders o
            LEFT JOIN (
                SELECT
                  1 AS id, 'b' AS x
                UNION ALL
                SELECT
                  3 AS id, 'c' AS x
            ) x
              ON o.id = x.id
        """,
                tables=tables,
            ).rows,
            [(1, 1, "b"), (2, None, None)],
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            execute(
                """
            SELECT
              o.id, x.*
            FROM orders o
            RIGHT JOIN (
                SELECT
                  1 AS id,
                  'b' AS x
                UNION ALL
                SELECT
                  3 AS id, 'c' AS x
            ) x
              ON o.id = x.id
        """,
                tables=tables,
            ).rows,
            [
                (1, 1, "b"),
                (None, 3, "c"),
            ],
        )

    def test_execute_subqueries(self):
        tables = {
            "table": [
                {"a": 1, "b": 1},
                {"a": 2, "b": 2},
            ],
        }

        self.assertEqual(
            execute(
                """
            SELECT *
            FROM table
            WHERE a = (SELECT MAX(a) FROM table)
        """,
                tables=tables,
            ).rows,
            [
                (2, 2),
            ],
        )

        table1_view = exp.Select().select("id", "sub_type").from_("table1").subquery()
        select_from_sub_query = exp.Select().select("id AS id_alias", "sub_type").from_(table1_view)
        expression = exp.Select().select("*").from_("cte1").with_("cte1", as_=select_from_sub_query)

        schema = {"table1": {"id": "str", "sub_type": "str"}}
        executed = execute(expression, tables={t: [] for t in schema}, schema=schema)

        self.assertEqual(executed.rows, [])
        self.assertEqual(executed.columns, ("id_alias", "sub_type"))

    def test_correlated_count(self):
        tables = {
            "parts": [{"pnum": 0, "qoh": 1}],
            "supplies": [],
        }

        schema = {
            "parts": {"pnum": "int", "qoh": "int"},
            "supplies": {"pnum": "int", "shipdate": "int"},
        }

        self.assertEqual(
            execute(
                """
			select *
			from parts
			where parts.qoh >= (
			  select count(supplies.shipdate) + 1
			  from supplies
			  where supplies.pnum = parts.pnum and supplies.shipdate < 10
            )
        """,
                tables=tables,
                schema=schema,
            ).rows,
            [
                (0, 1),
            ],
        )

    def test_table_depth_mismatch(self):
        tables = {"table": []}
        schema = {"db": {"table": {"col": "VARCHAR"}}}
        with self.assertRaises(ExecuteError):
            execute("SELECT * FROM table", schema=schema, tables=tables)

    def test_tables(self):
        tables = ensure_tables(
            {
                "catalog1": {
                    "db1": {
                        "t1": [
                            {"a": 1},
                        ],
                        "t2": [
                            {"a": 1},
                        ],
                    },
                    "db2": {
                        "t3": [
                            {"a": 1},
                        ],
                        "t4": [
                            {"a": 1},
                        ],
                    },
                },
                "catalog2": {
                    "db3": {
                        "t5": Table(columns=("a",), rows=[(1,)]),
                        "t6": Table(columns=("a",), rows=[(1,)]),
                    },
                    "db4": {
                        "t7": Table(columns=("a",), rows=[(1,)]),
                        "t8": Table(columns=("a",), rows=[(1,)]),
                    },
                },
            }
        )

        t1 = tables.find(exp.table_(table="t1", db="db1", catalog="catalog1"))
        self.assertEqual(t1.columns, ("a",))
        self.assertEqual(t1.rows, [(1,)])

        t8 = tables.find(exp.table_(table="t8"))
        self.assertEqual(t1.columns, t8.columns)
        self.assertEqual(t1.rows, t8.rows)

    def test_static_queries(self):
        for sql, cols, rows in [
            ("SELECT 1", ["1"], [(1,)]),
            ("SELECT 1 + 2 AS x", ["x"], [(3,)]),
            ("SELECT CONCAT('a', 'b') AS x", ["x"], [("ab",)]),
            ("SELECT CONCAT('a', 1) AS x", ["x"], [("a1",)]),
            ("SELECT 1 AS x, 2 AS y", ["x", "y"], [(1, 2)]),
            ("SELECT 'foo' LIMIT 1", ["foo"], [("foo",)]),
            (
                "SELECT SUM(x), COUNT(x) FROM (SELECT 1 AS x WHERE FALSE)",
                ["_col_0", "_col_1"],
                [(None, 0)],
            ),
        ]:
            with self.subTest(sql):
                result = execute(sql)
                self.assertEqual(result.columns, tuple(cols))
                self.assertEqual(result.rows, rows)

    def test_aggregate_without_group_by(self):
        result = execute("SELECT SUM(x) FROM t", tables={"t": [{"x": 1}, {"x": 2}]})
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("_col_0",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(3,)])

    def test_scalar_functions(self):
        now = datetime.datetime.now()

        for sql, expected in [
            ("CONCAT('a', 'b')", "ab"),
            ("CONCAT('a', NULL)", None),
            ("CONCAT_WS('_', 'a', 'b')", "a_b"),
            ("STR_POSITION('bar', 'foobarbar')", 4),
            ("STR_POSITION('bar', 'foobarbar', 5)", 7),
            ("STR_POSITION(NULL, 'foobarbar')", None),
            ("STR_POSITION('bar', NULL)", None),
            ("UPPER('foo')", "FOO"),
            ("UPPER(NULL)", None),
            ("LOWER('FOO')", "foo"),
            ("LOWER(NULL)", None),
            ("IFNULL('a', 'b')", "a"),
            ("IFNULL(NULL, 'b')", "b"),
            ("IFNULL(NULL, NULL)", None),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345')", "12345"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3)", "345"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3, 0)", ""),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3, 1)", "3"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3, 2)", "34"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3, 3)", "345"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 3, 4)", "345"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', -3)", "345"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', -3, 0)", ""),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', -3, 1)", "3"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', -3, 2)", "34"),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 0)", ""),
            ("SUBSTRING('12345', 0, 1)", ""),
            ("SUBSTRING(NULL)", None),
            ("SUBSTRING(NULL, 1)", None),
            ("CAST(1 AS TEXT)", "1"),
            ("CAST('1' AS LONG)", 1),
            ("CAST('1.1' AS FLOAT)", 1.1),
            ("CAST('12:05:01' AS TIME)", time(12, 5, 1)),
            ("COALESCE(NULL)", None),
            ("COALESCE(NULL, NULL)", None),
            ("COALESCE(NULL, 'b')", "b"),
            ("COALESCE('a', 'b')", "a"),
            ("1 << 1", 2),
            ("1 >> 1", 0),
            ("1 & 1", 1),
            ("1 | 1", 1),
            ("1 < 1", False),
            ("1 <= 1", True),
            ("1 > 1", False),
            ("1 >= 1", True),
            ("1 + NULL", None),
            ("IF(true, 1, 0)", 1),
            ("IF(false, 1, 0)", 0),
            ("CASE WHEN 0 = 1 THEN 'foo' ELSE 'bar' END", "bar"),
            ("CAST('2022-01-01' AS DATE) + INTERVAL '1' DAY", date(2022, 1, 2)),
            ("INTERVAL '1' week", datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)),
            ("1 IN (1, 2, 3)", True),
            ("1 IN (2, 3)", False),
            ("1 IN (1)", True),
            ("NULL IS NULL", True),
            ("NULL IS NOT NULL", False),
            ("NULL = NULL", None),
            ("NULL <> NULL", None),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)", now.year),
            ("MONTH(CURRENT_TIME)", now.month),
            ("DAY(CURRENT_DATETIME())", now.day),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_DATE())", now.year),
            ("MONTH(CURRENT_DATE())", now.month),
            ("DAY(CURRENT_DATE())", now.day),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) + 1", now.year + 1),
            (
                "YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) IN (YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) + 1, YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) * 10)",
                False,
            ),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) = (YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP))", True),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) <> (YEAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP))", False),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) + 1", now.year + 1),
            (
                "YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) IN (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) + 1, YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) * 10)",
                False,
            ),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) = (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()))", True),
            ("YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()) <> (YEAR(CURRENT_DATE()))", False),
            ("1::bool", True),
            ("0::bool", False),
            ("MAP(['a'], [1]).a", 1),
            ("MAP()", {}),
            ("STRFTIME('%j', '2023-03-23 15:00:00')", "082"),
            ("STRFTIME('%j', NULL)", None),
            ("DATESTRTODATE('2022-01-01')", date(2022, 1, 1)),
            ("TIMESTRTOTIME('2022-01-01')", datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 1)),
            ("LEFT('12345', 3)", "123"),
            ("RIGHT('12345', 3)", "345"),
            ("DATEDIFF('2022-01-03'::date, '2022-01-01'::TIMESTAMP::DATE)", 2),
            ("TRIM(' foo ')", "foo"),
            ("TRIM('afoob', 'ab')", "foo"),
            ("ARRAY_JOIN(['foo', 'bar'], ':')", "foo:bar"),
            ("ARRAY_JOIN(['hello', null ,'world'], ' ', ',')", "hello , world"),
            ("ARRAY_JOIN(['', null ,'world'], ' ', ',')", " , world"),
            ("STRUCT('foo', 'bar', null, null)", {"foo": "bar"}),
            ("ROUND(1.5)", 2),
            ("ROUND(1.2)", 1),
            ("ROUND(1.2345, 2)", 1.23),
            ("ROUND(NULL)", None),
            (
                "UNIXTOTIME(1659981729)",
                datetime.datetime(2022, 8, 8, 18, 2, 9, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
            ),
            ("TIMESTRTOTIME('2013-04-05 01:02:03')", datetime.datetime(2013, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3)),
            (
                "UNIXTOTIME(40 * 365 * 86400)",
                datetime.datetime(2009, 12, 22, 00, 00, 00, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc),
            ),
            (
                "STRTOTIME('08/03/2024 12:34:56', '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S')",
                datetime.datetime(2024, 3, 8, 12, 34, 56),
            ),
            ("STRTOTIME('27/01/2024', '%d/%m/%Y')", datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 27)),
        ]:
            with self.subTest(sql):
                result = execute(f"SELECT {sql}")
                self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(expected,)])

    def test_case_sensitivity(self):
        result = execute("SELECT A AS A FROM X", tables={"x": [{"a": 1}]})
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("a",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(1,)])

        result = execute('SELECT A AS "A" FROM X', tables={"x": [{"a": 1}]})
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("A",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(1,)])

    def test_nested_table_reference(self):
        tables = {
            "some_catalog": {
                "some_schema": {
                    "some_table": [
                        {"id": 1, "price": 1.0},
                        {"id": 2, "price": 2.0},
                        {"id": 3, "price": 3.0},
                    ]
                }
            }
        }

        result = execute("SELECT * FROM some_catalog.some_schema.some_table s", tables=tables)

        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("id", "price"))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(1, 1.0), (2, 2.0), (3, 3.0)])

    def test_group_by(self):
        tables = {
            "x": [
                {"a": 1, "b": 10},
                {"a": 2, "b": 20},
                {"a": 3, "b": 28},
                {"a": 2, "b": 25},
                {"a": 1, "b": 40},
            ],
        }

        for sql, expected, columns in (
            (
                "SELECT a, AVG(b) FROM x GROUP BY a ORDER BY AVG(b)",
                [(2, 22.5), (1, 25.0), (3, 28.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, AVG(b) FROM x GROUP BY a having avg(b) > 23",
                [(1, 25.0), (3, 28.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, AVG(b) FROM x GROUP BY a having avg(b + 1) > 23",
                [(1, 25.0), (2, 22.5), (3, 28.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, AVG(b) FROM x GROUP BY a having sum(b) + 5 > 50",
                [(1, 25.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a + 1 AS a, AVG(b + 1) FROM x GROUP BY a + 1 having AVG(b + 1) > 26",
                [(4, 29.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, avg(b) FROM x GROUP BY a HAVING a = 1",
                [(1, 25.0)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a + 1, avg(b) FROM x GROUP BY a + 1 HAVING a + 1 = 2",
                [(2, 25.0)],
                ("_col_0", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a FROM x GROUP BY a ORDER BY AVG(b)",
                [(2,), (1,), (3,)],
                ("a",),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, SUM(b) FROM x GROUP BY a ORDER BY COUNT(*)",
                [(3, 28), (1, 50), (2, 45)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, SUM(b) FROM x GROUP BY a ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC",
                [(1, 50), (2, 45), (3, 28)],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
            (
                "SELECT a, ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG(b) FROM x GROUP BY a",
                [(1, [40, 10]), (2, [25, 20]), (3, [28])],
                ("a", "_col_1"),
            ),
        ):
            with self.subTest(sql):
                result = execute(sql, tables=tables)
                self.assertEqual(result.columns, columns)
                self.assertEqual(result.rows, expected)

    def test_nested_values(self):
        tables = {"foo": [{"raw": {"name": "Hello, World", "a": [{"b": 1}]}}]}

        result = execute("SELECT raw:name AS name FROM foo", read="snowflake", tables=tables)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("NAME",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [("Hello, World",)])

        result = execute("SELECT raw:a[0].b AS b FROM foo", read="snowflake", tables=tables)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("B",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(1,)])

        result = execute("SELECT raw:a[1].b AS b FROM foo", read="snowflake", tables=tables)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("B",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(None,)])

        result = execute("SELECT raw:a[0].c AS c FROM foo", read="snowflake", tables=tables)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("C",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [(None,)])

        tables = {
            '"ITEM"': [
                {"id": 1, "attributes": {"flavor": "cherry", "taste": "sweet"}},
                {"id": 2, "attributes": {"flavor": "lime", "taste": "sour"}},
                {"id": 3, "attributes": {"flavor": "apple", "taste": None}},
            ]
        }
        result = execute("SELECT i.attributes.flavor FROM `ITEM` i", read="bigquery", tables=tables)

        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("flavor",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [("cherry",), ("lime",), ("apple",)])

        tables = {"t": [{"x": [1, 2, 3]}]}

        result = execute("SELECT x FROM t", dialect="duckdb", tables=tables)
        self.assertEqual(result.columns, ("x",))
        self.assertEqual(result.rows, [([1, 2, 3],)])

    def test_agg_order(self):
        plan = Plan(
            optimize("""
            SELECT
              AVG(bill_length_mm) AS avg_bill_length,
              AVG(bill_depth_mm) AS avg_bill_depth
            FROM penguins
            """)
        )

        assert [agg.alias for agg in plan.root.aggregations] == [
            "avg_bill_length",
            "avg_bill_depth",
        ]