main.tex

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Masters/Doctoral Thesis 
% LaTeX Template
% Version 2.5 (27/8/17)
%
% This template was downloaded from:
% http://www.LaTeXTemplates.com
%
% Version 2.x major modifications by:
% Vel (vel@latextemplates.com)
%
% This template is based on a template by:
% Steve Gunn (http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/srg/softwaretools/document/templates/)
% Sunil Patel (http://www.sunilpatel.co.uk/thesis-template/)
%
% Template license:
% CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	PACKAGES AND OTHER DOCUMENT CONFIGURATIONS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\documentclass[
11pt, % The default document font size, options: 10pt, 11pt, 12pt
oneside, % Two side (alternating margins) for binding by default, uncomment to switch to one side
english, % ngerman for German
onehalfspacing, % Single line spacing, alternatives: onehalfspacing or doublespacing
%draft, % Uncomment to enable draft mode (no pictures, no links, overfull hboxes indicated)
nolistspacing, % If the document is onehalfspacing or doublespacing, uncomment this to set spacing in lists to single
%liststotoc, % Uncomment to add the list of figures/tables/etc to the table of contents
%toctotoc, % Uncomment to add the main table of contents to the table of contents
parskip, % Uncomment to add space between paragraphs
%nohyperref, % Uncomment to not load the hyperref package
headsepline, % Uncomment to get a line under the header
%chapterinoneline, % Uncomment to place the chapter title next to the number on one line
%consistentlayout, % Uncomment to change the layout of the declaration, abstract and acknowledgements pages to match the default layout
]{MastersDoctoralThesis} % The class file specifying the document structure

\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % Required for inputting international characters
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Output font encoding for international characters

\usepackage{mathpazo} % Use the Palatino font by default
\usepackage{marginnote}
\usepackage{todonotes}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
% \usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{graphics, subcaption}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{adjustbox}
\usepackage{hhline}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{tabularx,ragged2e}
\newcolumntype{C}{>{\Centering\arraybackslash}X}
% \PassOptionsToPackage{latin1}{inputenc}
\usepackage{tabularray}
\definecolor{whitesmoke}{rgb}{0.96, 0.96, 0.96}

% \newenvironment{ctabularx}[1]{% or whatever name you like
%    \rowcolors{1}{}{lightgray}%
%    \tabularx{#1}%
%   }{%
%    \endtabularx
% }

% \usepackage[style=authoryear]{biblatex}

% \usepackage[backend=biblatex,style=authoryear,natbib=true]{biblatex} % Use the bibtex
% \usepackage[backend=biber,style=authoryear, citestyle=apa,natbib=true, sorting=anyt]{biblatex} % Use the bibtex backend with the authoryear citation style (which resembles APA)
% \usepackage[backend=biber,style=authoryear]{biblatex}
% \usepackage{apacite}
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=apa, citestyle=apa, natbib=true, sorting=anyt]{biblatex}

\addbibresource{C:\\Users\\bosse\\Documents\\UNIVERSITY\\masterthesis\\01_Masterarbeit.bib} % The filename of the bibliography

\usepackage[autostyle=true]{csquotes} % Required to generate language-dependent quotes in the bibliography

\usepackage{url}

\usepackage[acronym]{glossaries} %for no numbers: nonumberlist

% \addbibresource{01_Masterarbeit.bib} % The filename of the bibliography

\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{float}
% \PassOptionsToPackage{table}{xcolor}
% \usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{epigraph}
% \epigraphsize{\large}
\renewcommand{\epigraphsize}{\small}
\setlength\epigraphwidth{12cm}
\setlength\epigraphrule{0pt}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd{\epigraph}{\@epitext{#1}}{\itshape\@epitext{#1}}{}{}
\makeatother

\newlist{questions}{enumerate}{2}
\setlist[questions,1]{label=RQ\arabic*.,ref=RQ\arabic*}
\setlist[questions,2]{label=(\alph*),ref=\thequestionsi(\alph*)}


\renewcommand*{\bibfont}{\small}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	MARGIN SETTINGS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\geometry{
	paper=a4paper, % Change to letterpaper for US letter
	inner=2.5cm, % Inner margin
	outer=2.5cm, % Outer margin
	bindingoffset=0.0cm, % Binding offset - was 0.5
	top=1.5cm, % Top margin
	bottom=1.5cm, % Bottom margin
	%showframe, % Uncomment to show how the type block is set on the page
}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	THESIS INFORMATION
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\thesistitle{Community-based Mapping and Monitoring of Water Sources in Somaliland: An integrated approach combining Citizen Science and Forecast-based Financing} % Your thesis title, this is used in the title and abstract, print it elsewhere with \ttitle
\supervisor{apl. Prof. Dr. Sven \textsc{Lautenbach}} % Your supervisor's name, this is used in the title page, print it elsewhere with \supname
\examiner{Prof. Dr. Alexander \textsc{Zipf}} % Your examiner's name, this is not currently used anywhere in the template, print it elsewhere with \examname
\degree{Master of Science} % Your degree name, this is used in the title page and abstract, print it elsewhere with \degreename
\author{Bosse \textsc{Sottmann}} % Your name, this is used in the title page and abstract, print it elsewhere with \authorname
\addresses{} % Your address, this is not currently used anywhere in the template, print it elsewhere with \addressname

\subject{Geography Sciences} % Your subject area, this is not currently used anywhere in the template, print it elsewhere with \subjectname
\keywords{} % Keywords for your thesis, this is not currently used anywhere in the template, print it elsewhere with \keywordnames
\university{\href{https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en}{Heidelberg University}} % Your university's name and URL, this is used in the title page and abstract, print it elsewhere with \univname
\department{\href{https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/index_en.html}{Institute of Geography}} % Your department's name and URL, this is used in the title page and abstract, print it elsewhere with \deptname
\group{\href{https://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/gis/index_en.html}{GIScience}} % Your research group's name and URL, this is used in the title page, print it elsewhere with \groupname
\faculty{\href{https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/chemgeo/}{Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences}} % Your faculty's name and URL, this is used in the title page and abstract, print it elsewhere with \facname

\AtBeginDocument{
\hypersetup{pdftitle=\ttitle} % Set the PDF's title to your title
\hypersetup{pdfauthor=\authorname} % Set the PDF's author to your name
\hypersetup{pdfkeywords=\keywordnames} % Set the PDF's keywords to your keywords
% change link color examples
% \hypersetup{urlcolor=red}
% \hypersetup{citecolor=green}
% \hypersetup{allcolor=blue}

% hide links
% \hypersetup{allcolors=.}, or even better:
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
% If you want to have obvious links in the PDF but not the printed text, use:
% \hypersetup{colorlinks=false}.
}


\makeglossaries

\newglossaryentry{formula}
{
    name=formula,
    description={A mathematical expression}
}

% in alphabetical order
\newacronym{aa}{AA}{Anticipatory Action}
\newacronym{brcis}{BRCiS}{Building Resilient Communities in Somalia Consortium}
\newacronym{cbm}{CBM}{Community-based monitoring}
\newacronym{cbwm}{CBWM}{Community-based Water Monitoring}
\newacronym{cbs}{CBS}{Community-based Surveillance}
\newacronym{cdrmc}{CDRMC}{Somaliland Community Disaster Risk Management Committees}
\newacronym{cocorahs}{CoCoRaHS}{Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network}
\newacronym{crtrms}{CRTRMS}{Community Real-Time Risk Monitoring Systems}
\newacronym{cs}{CS}{Citizen Science}
\newacronym{dpia}{DPIA}{Data Protection Impact Assessment}
\newacronym{drm}{DRM}{Disaster Risk Management}
\newacronym{drr}{DRR}{Disaster Risk Reduction}
\newacronym{ea}{EA}{Early Action}
\newacronym{eap}{EAP}{Early Action Protocol}
\newacronym{ecsa}{ECSA}{European Citizen Science Association}
\newacronym{fao}{FAO}{Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation}
\newacronym{fba}{FbA}{Forecast based Action}
\newacronym{fbf}{FbF}{Forecast based Financing}
\newacronym{fewsnet}{FEWSNET}{Famine Early Warning Systems Network}
\newacronym{fsnau}{FSNAU}{Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit}
\newacronym{grc}{GRC}{German Red Cross}
\newacronym{gwp}{GWP}{Global Water Partnership}
\newacronym{heigit}{HeiGIT}{Heidelberg Institute for Geoinformation Technology}
\newacronym{idm}{IDM}{Integrated Drought Management}
\newacronym{idmp}{IDMP}{Integrated Drought Management Programme}
\newacronym{idp}{IDP}{Internally Displayed Person}
\newacronym{ifrc}{IFRC}{International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}
\newacronym{iwmi}{IWMI}{International Water Management Institute}
\newacronym{iwrm}{IWRM}{Integrated Water Resource Management}
\newacronym{mcs}{MCS}{Mobile Crowdsensing}
\newacronym{moad}{MoAD}{Ministry of Agricultural Development}
\newacronym{moh}{MoH}{Ministry of Health}
\newacronym{mowr}{MoWR}{Ministry of Water Resources}
\newacronym{ngo}{NGO}{Non-Governmental Organization}
\newacronym{nrc}{NRC}{Norwegian Red Cross}
\newacronym{nadfor}{NADFOR}{National Disaster Preparedness and Food Reserve Authority}
\newacronym{oam}{OAM}{Open Accessible and Mappable}
\newacronym{ocha}{OCHA}{United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}
\newacronym{prc}{PRC}{Project-Requirements-Catalogue}
\newacronym{qc}{QC}{Quality Control}
\newacronym{qa}{QA}{Quality Assurance}
\newacronym{rcrc}{RCRC}{Red Cross Red Crescent}
\newacronym{rcrccc}{RCRCCC}{Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre}
\newacronym{ssf}{SSF}{Six-Stage-Framework}
\newacronym{slmc}{SLMC}{Seven-layer model of collaboration}
\newacronym{ssdr}{SSDR}{Six-Stage-Design-Roadmap}
\newacronym{srcs}{SRCS}{Somalia Red Crescent Society}
\newacronym{swalim}{SWALIM}{Somali Water and Land Information Management}
\newacronym{undrr}{UNDRR}{United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction}
\newacronym{un}{UN}{United Nations}
\newacronym{wfp}{WFP}{United Nations World Food Programme}
\newacronym{who}{WHO}{World Health Organization}
\newacronym{wmo}{WMO}{World Meteorological Organization}
\newacronym{wpi}{WPI}{Water Poverty Index}



\begin{document}

\frontmatter % Use roman page numbering style (i, ii, iii, iv...) for the pre-content pages

\pagestyle{plain} % Default to the plain heading style until the thesis style is called for the body content

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	TITLE PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{titlepage}
\begin{center}

\vspace*{.05\textheight}
{\scshape\LARGE \univname\par}\vspace{1.5cm} % University name
\textsc{\Large Master Thesis}\\[0.5cm] % Thesis type

\HRule \\[0.4cm] % Horizontal line
{\huge \bfseries \ttitle\par}\vspace{0.4cm} % Thesis title
\HRule \\[1.5cm] % Horizontal line
 
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{flushleft} \large
\emph{Author:}\\
{\authorname}
%\href{http://www.johnsmith.com}{\authorname} % Author name - remove the \href bracket to remove the link
\end{flushleft}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{flushright} \large
\emph{Supervisor:} \\
{\supname}\\
%\href{http://www.jamessmith.com}{\supname} % Supervisor name - remove the \href bracket to remove the link  
\vspace{0.5cm}
\emph{Examiner:}\\
{\examname}
\end{flushright}
\end{minipage}\\[2cm]
 
\vfill

\large \textit{A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements\\ for the degree of \degreename}\\[0.3cm] % University requirement text
\textit{in the}\\[0.4cm]
\deptname\\\facname\\[1.5cm] % Research group name and department name
 
\vfill

{\large \today}\\[1cm] % Date
%\includegraphics{Logo} % University/department logo - uncomment to place it
 
\vfill
\end{center}
\end{titlepage}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	DECLARATION PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{declaration}
\addchaptertocentry{\authorshipname} % Add the declaration to the table of contents
\noindent I, \authorname, declare that this thesis titled, \enquote{\ttitle} and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that:

\begin{itemize} 
\item This work was done wholly while in candidature for a research degree at this University.
\item Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated.
\item Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed.
\item Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work.
\item I have acknowledged all main sources of help.
\item Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself.\\
\end{itemize}
 
\noindent Signed:\\
\rule[0.5em]{25em}{0.5pt} % This prints a line for the signature
 
\noindent Date:\\
\rule[0.5em]{25em}{0.5pt} % This prints a line to write the date
\end{declaration}

\cleardoublepage

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	QUOTATION PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% \vspace*{0.2\textheight}

% \centerline{\noindent\enquote{\itshape Can't A Guy Make One Mistake?}}\bigbreak

% \hfill {\small Baloo, The Jungle Book}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	ABSTRACT PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{abstract}
\addchaptertocentry{\abstractname} % Add the abstract to the table of contents

Ensuring water security is considered as one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. The trend of increasing demand and diminishing supplies is putting pressure on the availability of water worldwide. Particularly in the Horn of Africa, drought impacts determine the life of millions of people. Somaliland is in the midst of a years-long drought and water sources become more important than ever. Yet, information particularly about the most important water source type of berkads is incomplete and outdated. 

Insufficient data availability can severely hamper disaster risk reduction measures, especially with regard to Forecast-based Financing (FbF), a proactive natural disaster response approach that has recently become increasingly widespread. Triggered by predicted disaster impacts, Anticipatory Actions (AAs) attempt to counteract impacts before the disaster occurs, rather than responding to post-disaster impacts. However, drought is a relatively novel application focus for this approach and is highly dependent on relevant information about local impacts.\newline
One way to gather these information can be Citizen Science (CS), which has successfully been applied to provide data for acting on environmental issues primarily in North America and Europe. In addition, sub-categories of CS such as community-based monitoring, together with mobile crowdsensing, already form the conceptual backbone for the Somalia Red Crescent Society's health-related Community-based Surveillance project.\newline
Building on the combination of these concepts, the aim of this study is to first develop a new and transferable approach for community-based participatory mapping and monitoring of water sources for water-scarce and resource-limited settings to facilitate relevant AAs in the context of FbF. This framework will subsequently be applied to create an implementation roadmap for the SRCS, ultimately aiming to improve water governance and information availability to address water scarcity in Somaliland.

The work is embedded in a primarily inductive design of an exploratory, iterative case study, and guided by a mixed-methods approach combining literature analysis and expert consultations. The results indicate that it is conceptually possible to integrate the concepts of FbF and CS for monitoring water sources in resource scarce settings to eventually trigger AAs within one framework. Moreover, in the case of Somaliland, it can also reasonably be assumed that the practical feasibility of this integrated framework is given. On this basis, future work will be able to integrate and assess local information in a pilot study, thereby overcoming the main limitations of this work due to resource, time and information constraints.


\end{abstract}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{acknowledgements}
\addchaptertocentry{\acknowledgementname} % Add the acknowledgements to the table of contents
\vspace{1cm}

I would like to express my deep gratitude to \examname\,\,for providing me with the opportunity to write my thesis in the frame of the GIScience at the University Heidelberg.\newline
To \supname\,\,and \textit{Dr. Michael Auer} for their time, continuous guidance and great humour during our numerous meetings.\newline
To \textit{Melanie Eckle-Elze} and the \textit{HeiGIT Disaster Team} for their willingness to involve me in the project, practical help and encouraging support.

I would also like to express my gratitude to all interviewees for their valuable time and shared perspectives and experiences. Their contribution has been indispensable to the success of this study.

Special thanks to my \textit{family}, \textit{flatmates} and \textit{friends} for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without you. Thank you.

\end{acknowledgements}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	LIST OF CONTENTS/FIGURES/TABLES PAGES
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% \printglossary[type=\acronymtype]
% \printglossary

\tableofcontents % Prints the main table of contents

% \listoffigures % Prints the list of figures

% \listoftables % Prints the list of tables

\begingroup
\listoffigures % Prints the list of figures

\let\clearpage\relax
\vspace{0.5cm}
\listoftables % Prints the list of tables
\endgroup

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	ABBREVIATIONS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{abbreviations}{ll} % Include a list of abbreviations (a table of two columns)

% \textbf{LAH} & \textbf{L}ist \textbf{A}bbreviations \textbf{H}ere\\
% \textbf{WSF} & \textbf{W}hat (it) \textbf{S}tands \textbf{F}or\\
\printglossary[type=\acronymtype, title=List of Abbreviations]

% \printglossary[type=\acronymtype]
% \printglossary[type=\acronymtype]
% \printglossary
% \printglossary[title=Special Terms, toctitle=List of terms]
\end{abbreviations}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/OTHER DEFINITIONS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% \begin{constants}{lr@{${}={}$}l} % The list of physical constants is a three column table

% % The \SI{}{} command is provided by the siunitx package, see its documentation for instructions on how to use it

% Speed of Light & $c_{0}$ & \SI{2.99792458e8}{\meter\per\second} (exact)\\
% %Constant Name & $Symbol$ & $Constant Value$ with units\\

% \end{constants}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	SYMBOLS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% \begin{symbols}{lll} % Include a list of Symbols (a three column table)

% $a$ & distance & \si{\meter} \\
% $P$ & power & \si{\watt} (\si{\joule\per\second}) \\
% %Symbol & Name & Unit \\

% \addlinespace % Gap to separate the Roman symbols from the Greek

% $\omega$ & angular frequency & \si{\radian} \\

% \end{symbols}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	DEDICATION
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% \dedicatory{For/Dedicated to/To my\ldots} 

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	THESIS CONTENT - CHAPTERS
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\mainmatter % Begin numeric (1,2,3...) page numbering

\pagestyle{thesis} % Return the page headers back to the "thesis" style

% Include the chapters of the thesis as separate files from the Chapters folder
% Uncomment the lines as you write the chapters

\include{Chapters/Chapter1_Introduction.tex}
\include{Chapters/Chapter2_TheoreticalBackground.tex}
\include{Chapters/Chapter3_methodology.tex}
\include{Chapters/Chapter4_Results.tex}
\include{Chapters/Chapter5_Discussion.tex}
\include{Chapters/Chapter6_conclusion_outlook.tex}
% \include{Chapters/chapter_test.tex} 
% \include{Chapters/ChapterTemplate.tex} 
% \include{Chapters/example_chapter} 

\clearpage

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	BIBLIOGRAPHY
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\printbibliography[heading=bibintoc]

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	THESIS CONTENT - APPENDICES
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\appendix % Cue to tell LaTeX that the following "chapters" are Appendices

% Include the appendices of the thesis as separate files from the Appendices folder
% Uncomment the lines as you write the Appendices

\include{Appendices/AppendixA}
\include{Appendices/AppendixB}

\end{document}