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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"><title>Python进阶（五）模块和包 | BEIDAO.</title><meta name="keywords" content="面向对象编程,Python进阶"><meta name="author" content="Beidaos"><meta name="copyright" content="Beidaos"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta name="theme-color" content="#C6B3B1"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-touch-fullscreen" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Python进阶（五）模块和包"><meta name="application-name" content="Python进阶（五）模块和包"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default"><link rel="bookmark" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="512x512" href="/img/siteicon/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:320px) and (device-height:568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1136x640.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:320px) and (device-height:568px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_640x1136.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2688x1242.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1792x828.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1125x2436.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:896px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_828x1792.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:812px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2436x1125.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1242x2208.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:414px) and (device-height:736px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:3) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2208x1242.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_1334x750.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:375px) and (device-height:667px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:portrait)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_750x1334.png"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" media="screen and (device-width:1024px) and (device-height:1366px) and (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio:2) and (orientation:landscape)" href="/img/siteicon/splashIcons/icon_2732x2048.png"><meta name="description" content="目标 了解模块 导入模块 制作模块 __all__ 包的使用方法 一. 模块 Python 模块(Module)，是一个 Python 文件，以 .py 结尾，包含了 Python 对象定义和Python语句。 模块能定义函数，类和变量，模块里也能包含可执行的代码。 1.1. 导入模块 1.1.1 导入模块的方式 import 模块名 from 模块名 import 功能名 fro">
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src="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/AnZhiJJ/Blog_Img@main/博客站点配图/python-logo.6puefdh4wtk0.png"></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="目标">目标</h1>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">了解模块</li>
<li class="lvl-2">导入模块</li>
<li class="lvl-2">制作模块</li>
<li class="lvl-2"><code>__all__</code></li>
<li class="lvl-2">包的使用方法</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="一-模块">一. 模块</h1>
<p>Python <strong>模块(Module)，是一个 Python 文件，以 .py 结尾，包含了 Python 对象定义和Python语句。</strong></p>
<p><font color='red'>模块能定义函数，类和变量</font>，模块里也<font color='red'>能包含可执行的代码</font>。</p>
<h2 id="1-1-导入模块">1.1. 导入模块</h2>
<h3 id="1-1-1-导入模块的方式">1.1.1 导入模块的方式</h3>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>import 模块名</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>from 模块名 import 功能名</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>from 模块名 import *</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>import 模块名 as 别名</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>from 模块名 import 功能名 as 别名</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-1-2-导入方式详解">1.1.2 导入方式详解</h3>
<h4 id="1-1-2-1-import">1.1.2.1 import</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p><font color='red'>语法</font></p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1. 导入模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 模块名</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 模块名<span class="number">1</span>, 模块名<span class="number">2.</span>..</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 调用功能</span></span><br><span class="line">模块名.功能名()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> math</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(math.sqrt(<span class="number">9</span>)) <span class="comment"># 3.0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-1-2-2-from…import…">1.1.2.2 from…import…</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1. 导入模块及其功能名 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> 功能<span class="number">1</span>, 功能<span class="number">2</span>, 功能<span class="number">3.</span>..</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 调用功能，不需要书写模块名</span></span><br><span class="line">功能名()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> math <span class="keyword">import</span> sqrt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(sqrt(<span class="number">9</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-1-2-3-from-…-import-———导入模块所有代码（含功能函数）">1.1.2.3 from … import * ———导入模块所有代码（含功能函数）</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 1. 导入模块及所有功能 *</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 2. 调用功能，不需要书写模块名</span></span><br><span class="line">功能名()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> math <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(sqrt(<span class="number">9</span>))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-1-2-4-as定义别名">1.1.2.4 as定义别名</h4>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>语法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 模块定义别名（调用时模块只能使用别名）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">as</span> 别名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 功能定义别名（调用时功能只能使用别名）</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> 功能 <span class="keyword">as</span> 别名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 模块别名---只能使用模块别名来调用功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time <span class="keyword">as</span> tt</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">tt.sleep(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 功能别名---只能使用功能别名来调用 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> time <span class="keyword">import</span> sleep <span class="keyword">as</span> sl</span><br><span class="line">sl(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="1-2-制作模块">1.2. 制作模块</h2>
<p>在Python中，每个Python文件都可以作为一个模块，模块的名字就是文件的名字。<strong>也就是说自定义模块名必须要符合标识符命名规则。</strong></p>
<p>模块的作用：提升效率，降低工作量。</p>
<h3 id="1-2-1-定义模块">1.2.1 定义模块</h3>
<p>新建一个Python文件，命名为<code>my_module1.py</code>，并定义<code>testA</code>函数。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">testA</span>(<span class="params">a, b</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(a + b)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-2-2-测试模块">1.2.2 测试模块</h3>
<p>在实际开发中，当一个开发人员编写完一个模块后，为了让模块能够在项目中达到想要的效果，这个开发人员会自行在py文件中添加一些测试信息.，例如，在<code>my_module1.py</code>文件中添加测试代码。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">testA</span>(<span class="params">a, b</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(a + b)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">testA(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>此时，无论是当前文件，还是其他已经导入了该模块的文件，在运行的时候都会自动执行<code>testA</code>函数的调用。</p>
<p><strong><font color='red'>解决办法如下：</font></strong></p>
<pre><code> `__name__`表示系统变量，是模块的标识符，值是：如果是自身模块是`__mian__`，否则是当前模块的名字
</code></pre>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">testA</span>(<span class="params">a, b</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(a + b)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># __name__表示系统变量，是模块的标识符，值是：如果是自身模块是__mian__，否则是当前模块的名字</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> add_fun(<span class="number">3231</span>, <span class="number">123</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-2-3-调用模块">1.2.3 调用模块</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> my_module1</span><br><span class="line">my_module1.testA(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-2-4-注意事项">1.2.4 注意事项</h3>
<p>如果使用<code>from .. import ..</code>或<code>from .. import *</code>导入多个模块的时候，且模块内有同名功能。<strong><font color='red'>当调用这个同名功能的时候，调用到的是后面导入的模块的功能。</font></strong></p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>示例</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 模块1代码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">my_test</span>(<span class="params">a, b</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(a + b)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 模块2代码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">my_test</span>(<span class="params">a, b</span>):</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(a - b)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 导入模块和调用功能代码</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> my_module1 <span class="keyword">import</span> my_test</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> my_module2 <span class="keyword">import</span> my_test</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># my_test函数是模块2中的函数</span></span><br><span class="line">my_test(<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="1-3-模块定位顺序">1.3. 模块定位顺序</h2>
<p>当导入一个模块，Python解析器对模块位置的搜索顺序是：</p>
<ol>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>当前目录</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>如果不在当前目录，Python则搜索在shell变量PYTHONPATH下的每个目录。</p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>如果都找不到，Python会察看默认路径。UNIX下，默认路径一般为/usr/local/lib/python/</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>模块搜索路径存储在system模块的sys.path变量中。变量里包含当前目录，PYTHONPATH和由安装过程决定的默认目录。</p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>注意</p>
<ul class="lvl-2">
<li class="lvl-4"><strong>自己的文件名不要和已有模块名重复</strong>，否则导致模块功能无法使用</li>
<li class="lvl-4"><strong><code>使用from 模块名 import 功能</code>的时候，如果功能名字重复，调用到的是最后定义或导入的功能。</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="lvl-2">
<blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-python"># 1.自己的文件名不能和已有的模块名，如果重复导致模块无法使用 -- random函数为例：
# from random import randint
# num = randint(0, 100)
# print(num)
# 2.使用from 模块名 import 功能 导入模块的功能的时候，如果功能名字重复，导入的时候后定义或后导入的这个同名功能被调用
# sleep场景
# from time import sleep
# sleep(2)
def sleep():
print('自定义功能')
sleep(2)
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">- 拓展：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">```python</span><br><span class="line"># 拓展： 名字重复</span><br><span class="line"># 问题： import 模块名 是否担心 功能名字重复的问题 -- 不需要，因为调用的时候会加模块名</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line">print(time)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">time = 1</span><br><span class="line">print(time)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 问题： 为什么变量也能覆盖模块？ -- 在Python语言中，数据是通过 引用 传递的</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="1-4-all-——在模块文件中设置">1.4. <code>__all__</code>——在模块文件中设置</h2>
<p>如果<font color='red'>一个模块文件</font>中有<code>__all__</code>变量，<font color='blue'>当使用<code>from xxx import *</code>导入时，只能导入这个列表中的元素。</font></p>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>my_module1模块代码</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义多个功能，把某个功能 添加到__all__</span></span><br><span class="line">__all__ = [<span class="string">'testA'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">testA</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'这是A'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">testB</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'这是B'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>导入模块的文件代码</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> my_module1 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line">testA()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 因为testBh函数没有添加到all列表，只有all列表里面的功能才能导入</span></span><br><span class="line">testB()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src= "data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-lazy-src="https://cdn.statically.io/gh/AnZhiJJ/Blog_Img@Python/pythonStudy_img/image-20190305175727272.png" alt="image-20190305175727272"></p>
<h1 id="二-包">二. 包</h1>
<p><strong>包将有联系的模块组织在一起，即放到同一个文件夹下，并且在这个文件夹创建一个名字为<code>__init__.py</code> 文件</strong>，那么这个文件夹就称之为包。</p>
<h2 id="2-1-制作包">2.1 制作包</h2>
<p>[New] — [Python Package] — 输入包名 — [OK] — 新建功能模块(有联系的模块)。</p>
<p>注意：新建包后，包内部会自动创建<code>__init__.py</code>文件，这个文件控制着包的导入行为。</p>
<h3 id="2-1-1-示例">2.1.1 示例</h3>
<ol>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>新建包<code>mypackage</code></p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>新建包内模块：<code>my_module1</code> 和 <code>my_module2</code></p>
</li>
<li class="lvl-3">
<p>模块内代码如下</p>
</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># my_module1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">info_print1</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'my_module1'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># my_module2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title function_">info_print2</span>():</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="string">'my_module2'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-2-导入包">2.2 导入包</h2>
<h3 id="2-2-1-方法一">2.2.1 方法一</h3>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 包名.模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">包名.模块名.目标</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="2-2-1-1-示例">2.2.1.1 示例</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> my_package.my_module1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_package.my_module1.info_print1()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2-2-2-方法二">2.2.2 方法二</h3>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：<font color='red'>必须在包的<code>__init__.py</code>文件中添加<code>__all__ = []</code>，控制允许导入的模块列表。</font></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 包名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line">模块名.目标</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="2-2-2-1-示例">2.2.2.1 示例</h4>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> my_package <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">my_module1.info_print1()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="三-总结">三. 总结</h1>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>导入模块方法</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> 目标</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 模块名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p>导入包</p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> 包名.模块名</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> 包名 <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul class="lvl-0">
<li class="lvl-2">
<p><code>__all__ = []</code> ：允许导入的模块或功能列表</p>
</li>
</ul>
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href="https://mail.qq.com/cgi-bin/qm_share?t=qm_mailme&[email protected]" rel="external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank" title="Email"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-envelope"></i></a><a class="social-icon faa-parent animated-hover" href="https://www.ithome.com/" rel="external nofollow noreferrer" target="_blank" title="ItHome"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-rss"></i></a></div></div><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-bars"></i><span>文章目录</span><span class="toc-percentage"></span></div><div class="toc-content"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87"><span class="toc-text">目标</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%80-%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">一. 模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">1.1. 导入模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-1-%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-text">1.1.1 导入模块的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-2-%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3"><span class="toc-text">1.1.2 导入方式详解</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-2-1-import"><span class="toc-text">1.1.2.1 import</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-2-2-from%E2%80%A6import%E2%80%A6"><span class="toc-text">1.1.2.2 from…import…</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-2-3-from-%E2%80%A6-import-%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%EF%BC%88%E5%90%AB%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-text">1.1.2.3 from … import * ———导入模块所有代码（含功能函数）</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-1-2-4-as%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E5%88%AB%E5%90%8D"><span class="toc-text">1.1.2.4 as定义别名</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-2-%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">1.2. 制作模块</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-2-1-%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">1.2.1 定义模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-2-2-%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">1.2.2 测试模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-2-3-%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97"><span class="toc-text">1.2.3 调用模块</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-2-4-%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%B9"><span class="toc-text">1.2.4 注意事项</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-3-%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F"><span class="toc-text">1.3. 模块定位顺序</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#1-4-all-%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%9C%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%AD%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE"><span class="toc-text">1.4. __all__——在模块文件中设置</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BA%8C-%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-text">二. 包</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1-%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-text">2.1 制作包</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-1-1-%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-text">2.1.1 示例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-%E5%AF%BC%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85"><span class="toc-text">2.2 导入包</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-1-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80"><span class="toc-text">2.2.1 方法一</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-1-1-%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-text">2.2.1.1 示例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-2-%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%8C"><span class="toc-text">2.2.2 方法二</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-4"><a class="toc-link" href="#2-2-2-1-%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B"><span class="toc-text">2.2.2.1 示例</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%B8%89-%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93"><span 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document.addEventListener('pjax:complete', newestCommentInit)
})</script><script async data-pjax src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/[email protected]/bubble/bubble.js"></script><script data-pjax="true">if (document.querySelector(".comment-barrage")){
var commentBarrageConfig = {
maxBarrage: 1,
barrageTime: 4000,
twikooUrl: "https://twikoo.beidaoaz.top/",
accessToken: "",
pageUrl: window.location.pathname,
barrageTimer: [],
barrageList: [],
barrageIndex: 0,
dom: document.querySelector(".comment-barrage"),
};
var commentInterval = null;
var hoverOnCommentBarrage = false;
document.querySelector(".comment-barrage").addEventListener("mouseenter", function() {
hoverOnCommentBarrage = true;
console.log("热评悬浮");
});
document.querySelector(".comment-barrage").addEventListener("mouseleave", function() {
hoverOnCommentBarrage = false;
console.log("停止悬浮");
});
function initCommentBarrage() {
if (!commentBarrageConfig.dom) return;
var data = JSON.stringify({
event: "COMMENT_GET",
"commentBarrageConfig.accessToken": commentBarrageConfig.accessToken,
url: commentBarrageConfig.pageUrl,
});
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.withCredentials = true;
xhr.addEventListener("readystatechange", function () {
if (this.readyState === 4 && this.responseText) {
commentBarrageConfig.barrageList = commentLinkFilter(JSON.parse(this.responseText).data);
commentBarrageConfig.dom.innerHTML = "";
}
});
xhr.open("POST", commentBarrageConfig.twikooUrl);
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
xhr.send(data);
clearInterval(commentInterval);
commentInterval = null;
commentInterval = setInterval(() => {
if (commentBarrageConfig.barrageList.length && !hoverOnCommentBarrage) {
popCommentBarrage(commentBarrageConfig.barrageList[commentBarrageConfig.barrageIndex]);
commentBarrageConfig.barrageIndex += 1;
commentBarrageConfig.barrageIndex %= commentBarrageConfig.barrageList.length;
}
if (
commentBarrageConfig.barrageTimer.length >
(commentBarrageConfig.barrageList.length > commentBarrageConfig.maxBarrage
? commentBarrageConfig.maxBarrage
: commentBarrageConfig.barrageList.length) &&
!hoverOnCommentBarrage
) {
removeCommentBarrage(commentBarrageConfig.barrageTimer.shift());
}
}, commentBarrageConfig.barrageTime);
}
function commentLinkFilter(data) {
data.sort((a, b) => {
return a.created - b.created;
});
let newData = [];
data.forEach(item => {
newData.push(...getCommentReplies(item));
});
return newData;
}
function getCommentReplies(item) {
if (item.replies) {
let replies = [item];
item.replies.forEach(item => {
replies.push(...getCommentReplies(item));
});
return replies;
} else {
return [];
}
}
function popCommentBarrage(data) {
let barrage = document.createElement("div");
barrage.className = "comment-barrage-item";
barrage.innerHTML = `
<div class="barrageHead">
<a class="barrageTitle ${
data.mailMd5 === "d338f432ad0bf2f61e5fe4ad1642725d" ? "barrageBloggerTitle" : ""
}" href="javascript:anzhiyu.scrollTo('#post-comment')"">
${data.mailMd5 === "d338f432ad0bf2f61e5fe4ad1642725d" ? "博主" : "热评"}
</a>
<div class="barrageNick">${data.nick}</div>
<img class="nolazyload barrageAvatar" src="https://cravatar.cn/avatar/${data.mailMd5}"/>
<a class="comment-barrage-close" href="javascript:anzhiyu.switchCommentBarrage()" rel="external nofollow noreferrer"><i class="anzhiyufont anzhiyu-icon-xmark"></i></a>
</div>
<a class="barrageContent" href="#${data.id}">
<object>${data.comment}</object>
</a>
`;
commentBarrageConfig.barrageTimer.push(barrage);
commentBarrageConfig.dom.append(barrage);
}
function removeCommentBarrage(barrage) {
barrage.className = "comment-barrage-item out";
setTimeout(() => {
if (commentBarrageConfig.dom && commentBarrageConfig.dom.contains(barrage)) {
commentBarrageConfig.dom.removeChild(barrage);
}
}, 1000);
}
// 自动隐藏
const commentEntryCallback = (entries) => {
const commentBarrage = document.querySelector(".comment-barrage");
const postComment = document.getElementById("post-comment");
entries.forEach(entry => {
if (postComment && commentBarrage && document.body.clientWidth > 768) {
commentBarrage.style.bottom = entry.isIntersecting ? "-200px" : "0";
}
});
};
// 创建IntersectionObserver实例
const observer = new IntersectionObserver(commentEntryCallback, {
root: null,
rootMargin: "0px",
threshold: 0
});
// 监视目标元素
const postCommentTarget = document.getElementById("post-comment");
if (postCommentTarget) {
observer.observe(postCommentTarget);
}
initCommentBarrage();
if (localStorage.getItem("commentBarrageSwitch") !== "false") {
document.querySelector(".comment-barrage").style.display = "flex";
document.querySelector(".menu-commentBarrage-text").textContent = "关闭热评";
} else {
document.querySelector(".comment-barrage").style.display = "none";
document.querySelector(".menu-commentBarrage-text").textContent = "显示热评";
}
document.addEventListener("pjax:send", function () {
clearInterval(commentInterval);
});
}</script><script data-pjax src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/[email protected]/catalog-bar/catalog-bar.js"></script><script async data-pjax src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/[email protected]/categoryBar/categoryBar.js"></script><script async data-pjax src="https://npm.elemecdn.com/[email protected]/waterfall/waterfall.js"></script><script src="https://lf3-cdn-tos.bytecdntp.com/cdn/expire-1-M/qrcodejs/1.0.0/qrcode.min.js"></script><script>// 初始化函数
let rm = {};
//禁止图片拖拽
let imgElements = document.getElementsByTagName("img");
for (let i = 0; i < imgElements.length; i++) {
imgElements[i].addEventListener("dragstart", function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
});
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rm.showRightMenu = function (isTrue, x = 0, y = 0) {
console.info(x, y)
let rightMenu = document.getElementById("rightMenu");
rightMenu.style.top = x + "px";
rightMenu.style.left = y + "px";
if (isTrue) {
rightMenu.style.display = "block";
stopMaskScroll();
} else {
rightMenu.style.display = "none";
}
};
// 隐藏菜单
rm.hideRightMenu = function () {
rm.showRightMenu(false);
let rightMenuMask = document.querySelector("#rightmenu-mask");
rightMenuMask.style.display = "none";
};
// 尺寸
let rmWidth = document.getElementById("rightMenu").offsetWidth;
let rmHeight = document.getElementById("rightMenu").offsetHeight;
// 重新定义尺寸
rm.reloadrmSize = function () {
rightMenu.style.visibility = "hidden";
rightMenu.style.display = "block";
// 获取宽度和高度
rmWidth = document.getElementById("rightMenu").offsetWidth;
rmHeight = document.getElementById("rightMenu").offsetHeight;
rightMenu.style.visibility = "visible";
};
// 获取点击的href
let domhref = "";
let domImgSrc = "";
let globalEvent = null;
var oncontextmenuFunction = function (event) {
if (document.body.clientWidth > 768) {
let pageX = event.clientX + 10; //加10是为了防止显示时鼠标遮在菜单上
let pageY = event.clientY;
//其他额外菜单
const $rightMenuOther = document.querySelector(".rightMenuOther");
const $rightMenuPlugin = document.querySelector(".rightMenuPlugin");
const $rightMenuCopyText = document.querySelector("#menu-copytext");
const $rightMenuPasteText = document.querySelector("#menu-pastetext");
const $rightMenuCommentText = document.querySelector("#menu-commenttext");
const $rightMenuNewWindow = document.querySelector("#menu-newwindow");
const $rightMenuNewWindowImg = document.querySelector("#menu-newwindowimg");
const $rightMenuCopyLink = document.querySelector("#menu-copylink");
const $rightMenuCopyImg = document.querySelector("#menu-copyimg");
const $rightMenuDownloadImg = document.querySelector("#menu-downloadimg");
const $rightMenuSearch = document.querySelector("#menu-search");
const $rightMenuSearchBaidu = document.querySelector("#menu-searchBaidu");
const $rightMenuMusicToggle = document.querySelector("#menu-music-toggle");
const $rightMenuMusicBack = document.querySelector("#menu-music-back");
const $rightMenuMusicForward = document.querySelector("#menu-music-forward");
const $rightMenuMusicPlaylist = document.querySelector("#menu-music-playlist");
const $rightMenuMusicCopyMusicName = document.querySelector("#menu-music-copyMusicName");
let href = event.target.href;
let imgsrc = event.target.currentSrc;
// 判断模式 扩展模式为有事件
let pluginMode = false;
$rightMenuOther.style.display = "block";
globalEvent = event;
// 检查是否需要复制 是否有选中文本
if (selectTextNow && window.getSelection()) {
pluginMode = true;
$rightMenuCopyText.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuCommentText.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuSearch.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuSearchBaidu.style.display = "block";
} else {
$rightMenuCopyText.style.display = "none";
$rightMenuCommentText.style.display = "none";
$rightMenuSearchBaidu.style.display = "none";
$rightMenuSearch.style.display = "none";
}
//检查是否右键点击了链接a标签
if (href) {
pluginMode = true;
$rightMenuNewWindow.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuCopyLink.style.display = "block";
domhref = href;
} else {
$rightMenuNewWindow.style.display = "none";
$rightMenuCopyLink.style.display = "none";
}
//检查是否需要复制图片
if (imgsrc) {
pluginMode = true;
$rightMenuCopyImg.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuDownloadImg.style.display = "block";
$rightMenuNewWindowImg.style.display = "block";
document.getElementById("rightMenu").style.width="12rem"